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Nội dung Text: Bài giảng Hệ điều hành nâng cao - Chapter 4: Threads
- Chapter 4: Threads
Operating System Concepts – 8th8th Edition
Operating System Concepts – Edition 4.1 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
- Chapter 4: Threads
s Overview
s Multithreading Models
s Thread Libraries
s Threading Issues
s Operating System Examples
s Windows XP Threads
s Linux Threads
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 4.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
- Objectives
s To introduce the notion of a thread — a fundamental unit of CPU utilization that forms the basis of
multithreaded computer systems
s To discuss the APIs for the Pthreads, Win32, and Java thread libraries
s To examine issues related to multithreaded programming
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 4.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
- Motivation
s Threads run within application
s Multiple tasks with the application can be implemented by separate threads
q Update display
q Fetch data
q Spell checking
q Answer a network request
s Process creation is heavy-weight while thread creation is light-weight
s Can simplify code, increase efficiency
s Kernels are generally multithreaded
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 4.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
- Single and Multithreaded Processes
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 4.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
- Benefits
s Responsiveness
s Resource Sharing
s Economy
s Scalability
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 4.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
- Multicore Programming
s Multicore systems putting pressure on programmers, challenges include:
q Dividing activities
q Balance
q Data splitting
q Data dependency
q Testing and debugging
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 4.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
- Multithreaded Server Architecture
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 4.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
- Concurrent Execution on a
Single-core System
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 4.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
- Parallel Execution on a
Multicore System
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 4.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
- User Threads
s Thread management done by user-level threads library
s Three primary thread libraries:
q POSIX Pthreads
q Win32 threads
q Java threads
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 4.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
- Kernel Threads
s Supported by the Kernel
s Examples
q Windows XP/2000
q Solaris
q Linux
q Tru64 UNIX
q Mac OS X
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 4.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
- Multithreading Models
s Many-to-One
s One-to-One
s Many-to-Many
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 4.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
- Many-to-One
s Many user-level threads mapped to single kernel thread
s Examples:
q Solaris Green Threads
q GNU Portable Threads
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 4.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
- Many-to-One Model
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 4.15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
- One-to-One
s Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread
s Examples
q Windows NT/XP/2000
q Linux
q Solaris 9 and later
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 4.16 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
- One-to-one Model
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 4.17 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
- Many-to-Many Model
s Allows many user level threads to be mapped to many kernel threads
s Allows the operating system to create a sufficient number of kernel threads
s Solaris prior to version 9
s Windows NT/2000 with the ThreadFiber package
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 4.18 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
- Many-to-Many Model
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 4.19 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
- Two-level Model
s Similar to M:M, except that it allows a user thread to be bound to kernel thread
s Examples
q IRIX
q HP-UX
q Tru64 UNIX
q Solaris 8 and earlier
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 4.20 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
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