Bài giảng Sức khỏe toàn cầu và giới tính trình bày các nội dung chính sau: Giới và sức khỏe toàn cầu, nguyên nhân tử vong hàng đầu ở phụ nữ 2001, sự khác biệt nguy cơ thụ đắc về mặt sinh học,... Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo để nắm nội dung chi tiết.
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Chủ đề:
Nội dung Text: Bài giảng Sức khỏe toàn cầu và giới tính
- Sức Khỏe Toàn Cầu và Giới Tính
Global Health and Gender
GS TS Lê Hoàng Ninh
- Giới và sức khỏe toàn cầu
• Women Gender and 10/90 Gap
• HIV/AIDS and Women
• Maternal and Reproductive Health
• Missing Women
• Gender Based Violence
• Research on Gender and Global Health
- Gender and 10/90 GAP
10/90 GAP = only 10% current global funding for
research is spent on diseases that afflict 90% of the
world’s population
In developing countries-
• Women have less access to health care and
gender analysis to health research is lacking.
• There are distinct differences in patterns of
health and health outcomes when gender analysis is applied
- Nguyên nhân tử vong hàng đầu ở phụ nữ
2001
HIV/AIDS 1.3 million
Malaria 592,000
Maternal Conditions 509,000
Tuberculosis 500,000
Source: World Health Report 2002,
World Health Organization
- HIV/AIDS and Women
More than 50% of those living with HIV are
women
< 1% globally have access to anti-retrovirals
In sub-Saharan Africa nearly twice as many
women as men are infected
- HIV/AIDS and Women
Potential reasons
• Biological differences of risk of acquisition
• Economic vulnerability leading to transactional sex
• Coerced sex/rape/marriage
• Inability to negotiate condom use
- HIV/AIDS and Women
Sự khác biệt nguy cơ thụ đắc
về mặt sinh học
• Several studies have shown that it is easier for a woman to
contract HIV/AIDS from a sexual contact with an infected
man than it is for a man with an infected woman
• The presence of an untreated STI increases the risk to
contract 10X. STIs often do not give rise to any
symptoms in women so they remain untreated or
unrecognised
• Coerced sex increases risk of micro-lesions; more frequent
for women, although also important in young boys
- Gender and Global Health
• Women Gender and 10/90 Gap
• HIV/AIDS and Women
• Maternal and Reproductive Health
• Missing Women
• Gender Based Violence
• Research on Gender and Global Health
- Tử vong mẹ
(Maternal Deaths)
- Reasons for Maternal Deaths in
Low Income Countries
Low income countries - 53% attended during delivery
30% receive postnatal care
- Gender and Global Health
• Women Gender and 10/90 Gap
• HIV/AIDS and Women
• Maternal and Reproductive Health
• Missing Women
• Gender Based Violence
• Research on Gender and Global Health
- Missing Women
Number of Women per 1000 Men, India
- Missing Women
60 million “missing girls” mostly in Asia
Reasons:
• Neglect of female children in health care, admissions to
hospitals and feedings
• Female infanticide/abortions/dowry deaths
• Maternal mortality
- Missing Women – Young Adults
• DOWRY DEATHS:
– Bride burning - Dowry Deaths India
– 1987 - 1,786 dowry deaths in India (frequently
kerosene burning)
– Maharashtra state 19% deaths women 15-44
“accidental burns”
– < 1% in Guatemala, Ecuador
• HONOR KILLINGS: (1000 Pakistan – 1999)
- Gender and Global Health
• Women Gender and 10/90 Gap
• HIV/AIDS and Women
• Maternal and Reproductive Health
• Missing Women
• Gender Based Violence
• Research on Gender and Global Health
- Violence Against Women -
Internationally
Female Circumcision and Mutilation
>80 million women in 39 countries worldwide have
undergone female mutilation of the external sex organs.
2 million annually undergo circumcision
- Violence Against Women -
Internationally
Definitions: 3 types of “female mutilation”
1. Circumcision (type I - sunna) cutting of the hood of the clitoris
(least severe) - least practiced
2. Excision (type II - reduction) removal of clitoris and labia minora
3. Infibulation (Type III - “pharaonic circumcision”) cutting of
clitoris, labia minora and medial part of labia. Two sides of the
vulva are sewn with catgut and a small opening is left for menses
Age: few days old (Ethiopia), 7 years (Egypt, Central Africa),
Adolescence (Nigeria, Tanzania)
- Documented Female Circumcision
- Violence Against Women-Internationally
Health Sequelae of Female Circumcision
83% women will have a medical complication
Immediate:
hemorrhage (within 10 days)
urethral damage or other adjacent organs, tetanus, infection, urinary retention from pain
Long term:
chronic infections, scarring, pelvic infections, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia (painful
intercourse), difficulty with urination
Effects on Childbirth:
need for de-infibulation
delayed labor-increased mortality
fistulas
Unknown Effects:
?HIV transmission, sexuality, psychological trauma
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