Ebook Equine clinical nutrition (2/E): Part 1

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Part 1 book "Equine clinical nutrition" includes content: Feeding horses: Back to evolution, nutritional assessment of the horse, the horse - host, the horse - microbiome, water, energy, protein, minerals, vitamins, ration assessment and farm investigations, forages, toxic plants.

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ISTUDY
Equine Clinical Nutrition ISTUDY 0005434762.INDD 1 02-28-2023 11:13:56
ISTUDY 0005434762.INDD 2
Equine Clinical Nutrition Second Edition Edited by Rebecca L. Remillard, MS, PhD, DVM, DACVN CEO Veterinary Nutritional Consultations Hollister, NC, USA, 27844 ISTUDY 0005434762.INDD 3
This second edition published 2023 © 2023 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Edition History John Wiley, Blackwell Publishing Inc. (1e, 1995); All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. The right of Rebecca L. Remillard to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print- n- emand. Some content that appears in standard print versions o d of this book may not be available in other formats. Trademarks: Wiley and the Wiley logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Library of Congress Cataloging- n- ublication Data is applied for i P Hardback ISBN: 9781119303695 Cover Design: Wiley Cover Image: Courtesy of Sandra L. Durkee Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Pondicherry, India ISTUDY 0005434762.INDD 4
This work is dedicated to Dr. Donald E. Johnson and Dr. Lon D. Lewis, for, without their expert mentoring, thoughtful guidance, and collegial friendship, this textbook would not have been possible. To Pat Parelli who introduced me to “love, language, and leadership” as a way of being with a horse that forever changed my relationship with horses. And to all horses … who never forget but easily forgive, and only want freedom, forage, and friends.1 Editor’s Philosophy on the Human-Horse Relationship: Living with humans does not come naturally to horses but they benefit from the shelter, food, and health care we provide. Horses do not choose to live in our world but all the good we have to offer can only be realized when they have learned how to live with us and our unnatural ‘things’. The training to live in our world must be appropriate as they have the cognitive ability and emotional fortitude comparable to a four-year-old human. We must teach them to move in and out of closed spaces (barns, stalls, trailers) which will not come naturally to a prey specie needing to watch the horizon for predators. We must teach them to eat our processed food of various forms, textures, and flavors that is different from the grass-like and broad-leaf plants they evolved to eat. We must teach them to allow close examination of their highly perceptive and most sensitive areas (ears, eyes, nose, mouth), and to accept blinding lights, injections, medications, and our machines (scopes, ultrasound, X-ray). We must teach them to yield a limb for examination and a hoof to the farrier, neither of which is inherently easy for a prey species whose primary defense is having control of all four feet for flight. The horse will acquiesce to all those necessities and more (ropes, saddles, bits) with thoughtful training from empathetic leaders. In turn, the horse provides us with incredible, sometimes deeply personal, experiences proving their strength, beauty, elegance and heart. 1 Fraser, L. 2012. The Horse’s Manifesto. https://iaabc.org. ISTUDY 0005434762.INDD 5
ISTUDY 0005434762.INDD 6
vii Contents Contributors xvi Preface xix Section I The Horse 1 Animal Assessment 3 1 Feeding Horses: Back to Evolution 5 Rebecca L. Remillard 1.1 I ntroduction 5 1.2 T he Evolution of Equus 6 1.2.1 Environmental Changes 6 1.2.2 Musculoskeletal System Changes in Response to Predation on the Open Plains 7 1.2.3 Alimentary System Changes in Response to a Changing Food Supply 8 1.3 Equine Nutrient Requirements vs. Recommendations 10 References 13 2 Nutritional Assessment of the Horse 15 Shannon Pratt Phillips and Meri Stratton- helps P 2.1 I ntroduction 15 2.2 O btaining a History 16 2.3 P hysical Examination 16 2.3.1 Determining Body Weight 17 2.3.2 Estimating Body Composition 19 2.3.3 Body Condition Scoring 21 2.4 C hanges in Body Weight 22 2.4.1 Etiology of Weight Loss 24 2.4.2 Weight Gain in Adult Horses 26 2.5 L aboratory Tests 26 2.5.1 Weight Loss or Low Body Condition Score 26 2.5.2 Weight Gain or High Body Condition Score 27 2.5.3 Mineral and Vitamin Imbalances 27 References 30 3 The Horse: Host 33 Veronique Julliand, Sarah L. Ralston, and Rebecca L. Remillard 3.1 I ntroduction 33 3.2 O ral Cavity 34 3.3 S tomach 38 ISTUDY 0005423296.INDD 7
viii Contents 3.4 S mall Intestine, Pancreas, and Liver 40 3.5 C ecum and Large Colon 43 3.6 S mall Colon, Rectum, and Defecation 46 R eferences 47 4 The Horse: Microbiome 51 Veronique Julliand and J. Scott Weese 4.1 I ntroduction 51 4.2 M icrobiota in Adult Healthy Horses 52 4.3 M icrobiota in Healthy Foals and Young Horses 54 4.4 T he Role of the Microbiota 55 4.4.1 Nourishment 55 4.4.2 Disease 57 4.5 E xogenous Impacts on and Manipulation of the Microbiome 58 4.5.1 Diet 58 4.5.2 Probiotics 59 4.5.3 Prebiotics 60 4.5.4 Drugs 60 4.5.5 Other Factors 61 4.5.6 Fecal Microbial Transplantation 61 4.6 A ssessment of the Microbiota and Microbiome 61 4.6.1 Sampling Sites and Types 62 4.6.2 Sample Handling 62 4.6.3 Testing Methods 62 4.7 S ummary 63 References 63 Section II The Diet 69 Nutrient Metabolism 71 5 Water 73 Jonathan M. Naylor 5.1 W ater as a Nutrient 73 5.2 B ody Water Content 74 5.3 W ater Requirement 74 5.4 W ater Deficiency 76 5.5 W atering Devices 77 5.6 S ources of Water 78 5.7 W ater Quality 79 5.8 W ater as Habitat for Disease Vectors and Insects 82 References 83 6 Energy 86 Richard Godbee and Robert Coleman 6.1 T he Concept of Energy 86 6.2 D ietary Energy 89 6.2.1 Dietary Carbohydrates 89 6.2.2 Dietary Fats 91 6.3 H orse Energy Requirements 93 ISTUDY 0005423296.INDD 8
Contents ix 6.3.1 Cold Weather Care 95 6.3.2 Hot Weather Care 96 References 97 7 Protein 100 Patricia Graham- hiers T 7.1 F unction and Composition 100 7.2 D ietary Protein 101 7.2.1 Protein Digestion 101 7.2.2 Protein Quality 102 7.2.3 Ideal Protein 104 7.2.4 Protein Supplements 104 7.2.5 Non- rotein Nitrogen Sources 105 P 7.2.6 Protein Imbalance 105 7.3 H orse Protein Requirements by Life Stage 106 7.3.1 Maintenance 106 7.3.2 Growth 108 7.3.3 Gestation 108 7.3.4 Lactation 108 7.3.5 Work 109 References 110 8 Minerals 113 Ashley Fowler, Mieke Brummer- older, and Laurie A. Lawrence H 8.1 I ntroduction 113 8.2 M acrominerals 114 8.2.1 Calcium 115 8.2.2 Phosphorus 121 8.2.3 Magnesium 122 8.2.4 Sodium, Potassium, and Chlorine 124 8.2.5 Sulfur 126 8.3 M icrominerals 127 8.3.1 Selenium 127 8.3.2 Iodine 131 8.3.3 Copper 133 8.3.4 Zinc 135 8.3.5 Iron 136 8.4 O ther Minerals of Interest 138 References 140 9 Vitamins 148 Sarah Dodd, Sarah K. Abood, and Jacqueline M. Parr 9.1 I ntroduction 148 9.1.1 Sources 149 9.1.2 Requirements 149 9.1.3 Deficiencies and Toxicities 151 9.1.4 Summary 153 9.2 F S at- oluble Vitamins 154 9.2.1 Vitamin A 154 9.2.2 Vitamin D 157 ISTUDY 0005423296.INDD 9
x Contents 9.2.3 Vitamin E 159 9.2.4 Vitamin K 161 9.3 W ater- oluble Vitamins 163 S 9.3.1 Thiamine (B1) 163 9.3.2 Riboflavin (B2) 164 9.3.3 Niacin (B3) 165 9.3.4 Pantothenic Acid (B5) and Pyridoxine (B6) 165 9.3.5 Biotin (B7) 166 9.3.6 Folate (B9) 167 9.3.7 Cobalamin (B12) 168 9.3.8 Vitamin C 168 References 169 Ration Assessment 175 10 Ration Assessment and Farm Investigations 177 Rebecca L. Remillard and Sarah L. Ralston 10.1 I ntroduction 177 10.2 F arm Investigation 177 10.2.1 Animal Assessment 178 10.2.2 Ration Assessment 178 10.2.3 Water 182 10.2.4 Feeding Management Assessment 182 10.3 R ation Analysis 182 10.4 R ation Formulation 186 10.5 R eassessment 187 References 188 11 Forages 190 Bridgett McIntosh 11.1 I ntroduction 190 11.2 I mportance of Forages 190 11.3 H ay 192 11.3.1 Types of Hay 192 11.3.2 Forms of Hay 193 11.3.3 Hay Cuttings 195 11.3.4 Hay Grades and Relative Feed Value 195 11.3.5 Feeding Management of Hay 196 11.4 P asture 200 11.4.1 Soil Testing and Fertility 201 11.4.2 Forage Selection 202 11.4.3 Nutritional Considerations in Pasture Plant Selection 203 11.4.4 Grazing Management 205 R eferences 209 12 Toxic Plants 212 Bryan Stegelmeier and T. Zane Davis 12.1 I ntroduction 212 12.2 P lants that Damage Dermal and Epithelial Tissues 213 12.2.1 Skin Photosensitization 213 12.2.2 Mechanical Injuries to Facial and Oral Tissues 218 12.2.3 Inflammation of the Hoof Laminae 218 ISTUDY 0005423296.INDD 10
Contents xi 12.3 P lants that Contain Gastrointestinal Toxins 220 12.4 P lants that Contain Hepatotoxins 223 12.5 P lants Containing Neurotoxins 227 12.6 P lants that Contain Muscle Toxins 235 12.7 P lants that are Toxic to the Urogenital System 238 R eferences 241 13 Manufactured Feeds 244 Erin Perry, Kathleen Crandell, Jeanne van der Veen, and Jesse M. Fenton 13.1 I ntroduction 244 13.2 M anufacturing Processes 244 13.2.1 Ingredients 245 13.2.2 Ingredient Processing 250 13.3 P alatability and Preference 254 13.4 Q uality Control Measures 255 13.5 P ackage and Label 257 13.6 E quine Marketing Concepts 257 13.6.1 Specific Purpose 257 13.6.2 Price and Ingredients 258 13.6.3 Nutrients 258 13.6.4 Features and Benefits 258 13.7 C alculating Cost of Feeding 259 R eferences 260 14 Dietary Supplements 264 Donna M. Raditic 14.1 I ntroduction 264 14.2 R egulation of Supplements 264 14.3 M arketing of Supplements 265 14.3.1 Animal Food Additive 265 14.3.2 Dosage Forms 266 14.4 E vidence- ased Medicine 267 B 14.5 M usculoskeletal Diseases 268 14.6 G astrointestinal Diseases 270 14.7 B ehavior 272 14.8 R espiratory Diseases 272 14.9 M etabolic/Endocrine Diseases 273 References 274 15 USA Feed Regulations and Safety 279 David A. Dzanis 15.1 I ntroduction 279 15.2 U SA Regulatory Oversight 280 15.2.1 Food and Drug Administration Authority 280 15.2.2 State Authority 280 15.3 B asic Label Requirements 281 15.4 L abeling Claims 285 15.5 S pecial Products 287 15.5.1 Supplements 287 15.5.2 Medicated Feeds/Veterinary- irected Feeds 287 D 15.6 F eed Safety 290 15.7 E nforcement 291 ISTUDY 0005423296.INDD 11
xii Contents 15.8 R eporting Problems with Horse Feed Products 292 15.9 S ummary 293 References 293 Section III Feeding Management 295 Healthy Horses 297 16 Feeding and Drinking Behaviors 299 Katherine A. Houpt and Rebecca L. Remillard 16.1 I ntroduction 299 16.2 F eeding Behaviors 299 16.2.1 Time Management 300 16.2.2 Pastured Horse Feeding Behaviors 301 16.2.3 Stabled Horse Feeding Behaviors 302 16.2.4 Food and Water Intake 303 16.2.5 Pica 303 16.3 D rinking Behavior 303 References 304 17 Feeding Adult and Senior Horses 307 Géraldine Blanchard and Nettie R. Liburt 17.1 I ntroduction 307 17.2 A nimal Assessment 308 17.3 R ation Assessment 312 17.4 F eeding Management 317 17.4.1 Maintenance of Weight and Condition 318 17.4.1.1 BCS >6/9 318 17.4.1.2 BCS
Contents xiii 20 Feeding Broodmares 364 Stewart K. Morgan and Megan Shepherd 20.1 I ntroduction 364 20.2 A nimal Assessment 365 20.3 R ation Assessment 368 20.4 F eeding Management 372 20.4.1 Gestation 373 20.4.2 Lactation 374 20.4.3 BCS for Reproductive Efficiency 374 References 376 21 Feeding Growing Horses 381 Stewart K. Morgan and Megan Shepherd 21.1 I ntroduction 381 21.2 A nimal Assessment 381 21.3 R ation Assessment 383 21.4 F eeding Management 388 21.4.1 Neonate 388 21.4.2 Suckling Foal 389 21.4.3 Weanling 391 21.4.4 Yearling 392 21.4.5 Two- to Five- ear- lds 392 Y O References 393 Clinical Nutrition 399 22 Pain and Discomfort Behaviors 401 Katherine A. Houpt 22.1 I ntroduction 401 22.2 A ssessments of Discomfort, Pain, Depression, and Distress 401 22.2.1 Physical Assessments 401 22.2.2 Behavioral Assessments 402 22.3 F reedom from Thirst, Hunger, and Malnutrition 403 22.4 F reedom from Thermal and Physical Discomfort 405 22.5 F reedom from Pain, Injury, and Disease 405 22.6 F reedom from Fear and Distress 407 22.7 F reedom to Express Normal Behaviors 409 References 409 23 Weight Management 411 Shannon P. Phillips and Rebecca L. Remillard 23.1 T he Healthy Weight as a Concept 411 23.2 F eeding for Weight Loss 414 23.2.1 Animal Assessment 414 23.2.2 Ration Assessment 416 23.2.3 Feeding Management 417 23.3 Feeding for Weight Gain 421 23.3.1 Animal Assessment 421 23.3.2 Ration Assessment 422 23.3.3 Feeding Management 423 References 425 ISTUDY 0005423296.INDD 13
xiv Contents 24 Refeeding and Assisted Feeding of Horses 429 Meri Stratton- helps and Rebecca L. Remillard P 24.1 I ntroduction 429 24.2 F eed Reintroduction to Chronically Starved Horses 432 24.2.1 Animal Assessment 432 24.2.2 Ration Assessment 434 24.2.3 Feeding Management 436 24.3 A ssisted Feeding 438 24.3.1 Animal Assessment 438 24.3.2 Ration Assessment 439 24.3.3 Feeding Management 443 24.3.3.1 Adult Horses 443 24.3.3.2 Foals 448 References 452 25 Musculoskeletal System Disorders 455 Sarah Dodd and Géraldine Blanchard 25.1 M uscle Disorders 455 25.1.1 Animal Assessment 455 25.1.2 Ration Assessment 457 25.1.3 Feeding Management 457 25.2 D evelopmental Orthopedic Disease 457 25.2.1 Animal Assessment 458 25.2.2 Ration Assessment 458 25.2.3 Feeding Management 460 25.2.4 Summary 461 25.3 O steoarthritis 461 25.3.1 Animal Assessment 461 25.3.2 Ration Assessment 461 25.3.3 Feeding Management 462 25.4 L aminitis 462 25.4.1 Animal Assessment 462 25.4.2 Ration Assessment 462 25.4.3 Feeding Management 463 R eferences 464 26 Digestive System Disorders 468 Nicolás C. Galinelli, Andy E. Durham, and Rebecca L. Remillard 26.1 I ntroduction 468 26.2 O ral Disorders 468 26.3 E sophageal Obstruction 469 26.4 S tomach 470 26.4.1 Ulcers 470 26.4.2 Impaction 472 26.5 I ntestines 473 26.5.1 Colic 473 26.5.2 Diarrhea 476 References 479 ISTUDY 0005423296.INDD 14
Contents xv 27 Endocrine System Disorders 483 Nicholas Frank, Elizabeth M. Tadros, and Rebecca L. Remillard 27.1 I nsulin Dysregulation 483 27.1.1 Introduction 483 27.1.2 Animal Assessment 487 27.1.3 Ration Assessment 489 27.1.4 Feeding Management 490 27.2 P ituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction 490 27.2.1 Animal Assessment 491 27.2.2 Ration Assessment 492 27.2.3 Feeding Management 493 27.3 H yperlipemia 493 27.3.1 Introduction 493 27.3.2 Animal Assessment 494 27.3.3 Ration Assessment 495 27.3.4 Feeding Management 495 R eferences 497 28 Metabolic Syndrome 501 Patricia Harris and Simon R. Bailey 28.1 D efining Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) 501 28.2 A nimal Assessment 502 28.2.1 Obesity 502 28.2.2 Insulin Dysregulation 503 28.3 R ation Assessment 503 28.3.1 Grain Concentrates 503 28.3.2 Forages 503 28.3.3 Complementary Feeds 504 28.4 F eeding Management 504 References 507 Appendix 510 A: Case in Point Answers and Outcomes 510 B: Nutrition Resources 524 C: Nutrition Competencies of Equine Veterinarians 524 D: Feed Glossary 525 E: Average body weight and heights of horses 533 F: Abbreviations 534 Index 536 ISTUDY 0005423296.INDD 15
xvi Contributors Sarah K. Abood, DVM, PhD Sarah Dodd, BVSc, MS, PhD, DipECVCN, EBVS® CEO Dodd Veterinary Services Sit, Stay, Speak Nutrition, LLC University of Guelph Dimondale, MI, USA Guelph, ON, Canada Simon R. Bailey, BVMS, PhD, FHEA, DECVPT, FRCVS Andy E. Durham, BSc, BVSc, CertEP, DEIM, DipECEIM, MRCVS Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences RCVS and European Specialist in Equine Internal Melbourne Veterinary School Medicine The University of Melbourne Liphook Equine Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Liphook, UK Géraldine Blanchard, DVM, PhD, DipECVCN David A. Dzanis, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (Nutrition) CEO CEO Vet Nutrition Coach SAS Regulatory Discretion, Inc. Animal Nutrition Expertise SARL Santa Clarita, CA, USA Antony, France Jesse M. Fenton, MS, PhD Mieke Brummer- older, MS, PhD H Animal Science Food and Nutrition Center for Animal Nutrigenomics & Applied Animal School of Agricultural Science Nutrition Southern Illinois University Senior Research Scientist Carbondale, IL, USA Alltech Lexington, KY, USA Nicholas Frank, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (LAIM) Professor, Large Animal Internal Medicine Kathleen Crandell, MS, PhD Associate Dean for Academic Affairs Equine Nutritionist Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Kentucky Equine Research Tufts University Versailles, KY, USA North Grafton, MA, USA Robert Coleman, PhD, PAS, Diplomate ACAS- utrition N Ashley Fowler, MS, PhD Associate Professor Equine Nutritionist Department of Animal and Food Science Kentucky Equine Research University of Kentucky Versailles, KY, USA Lexington, KY, USA Nicolás C. Galinelli, DVM Thomas Z. Davis, PhD Department of Veterinary Biosciences Research Molecular Biologist Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences Poisonous Plant Research Lab Melbourne Veterinary School U.S. Department of Agriculture The University of Melbourne Logan, UT, USA Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ISTUDY 0005434764.INDD 16
Contributors xvii Patricia Graham- hiers, BS, MS, PhD T Stewart K. Morgan, PhD, DVM, DACVIM (Nutrition) Professor and Department Food Animal Medicine Head of Equine Studies Program College of Veterinary Medicine Emory & Henry College Western University Emory, VA, USA Pomona, CA USA Richard Godbee, PhD, PAS, Dipl. ACAS- utrition N Jonathan M. Naylor, DVM, PhD, DACVIM Founder, Equi- niversity U Saskatchewan Polytechnic, VetVisions Reno, NV, USA Large Animal Clinical Sciences University of Saskatchewan Patricia Harris, MA, PhD, DipECVCN, VetMB, MRCVS, RCVS Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada specialist in Clinical Nutrition (equine) Equine Studies Group Jacqueline M. Parr, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Nutrition) Waltham Petcare Science Institute Clinical Nutrition Service Melton Mowbray, UK Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine Katherine A. Houpt, VMD, PhD, DACVB University of Georgia Professor Emeritus, Section of Behavior Medicine Athens, GA, USA Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Erin Perry, MS, PhD Ithaca, NY, USA Associate Professor Animal Science Food and Nutrition Veronique Julliand, DVM, PhD College of Agricultural Sciences Professor of Animal Science Southern Illinois University Univ. Bourgogne Franche–Comté, L’Institut Agro Dijon Carbondale, IL, USA Dijon Cedex, France Meri Stratton- helps, DVM, MPVM, DACVIM (LAIM, Nutrition) P Jenna Kutzner- ulligan, MS M President Equine Nutritionist All Creatures Veterinary Nutrition Consulting, Inc. Horse of a Different Color: Equine Management and Fairfield, CA, USA Nutrition Counseling Greenville, SC, USA Shannon Pratt Phillips, BS, MS, PhD Professor, Equine Nutrition & Physiology Laurie A. Lawrence, MS, PhD Department of Animal Science Professor North Carolina State University Department of Animal and Food Sciences Raleigh, NC, USA University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA Donna M. Raditic, DVM, DACVIM (Nutrition) Nettie R. Liburt, MS, PhD, PAS CEO Senior Equine Nutrition Manager Nutrition and Integrative Medicine Consultants Mars Horsecare US / BUCKEYE™ Nutrition Athens, GA, USA Dalton, OH, USA Sarah L. Ralston, VMD, PhD, DACVN Bridgett McIntosh, MS, PhD Professor Emeritus Middleburg Agricultural Research and Extension Center Department of Animal Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Rutgers – State University of New Jersey Middleburg, VA USA New Brunswick, NJ, USA ISTUDY 0005434764.INDD 17
xviii Contributors Rebecca L. Remillard, MS, PhD, DVM, DACVN Jeanne van der Veen, MS CEO Equine & Specialty Nutritionist Veterinary Nutritional Consultations Nutrition Department Hollister, NC, USA Kent Nutrition Group Muscatine, IA, USA Megan Shepherd, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (Nutrition) Veterinary Clinical Nutrition, PLLC J. Scott Weese, DVM, DVSc, DACVIM (LAIM), FCAHS Christiansburg, VA, USA Associate Professor Department of Pathobiology Bryan Stegelmeier, DVM, PhD, DACVP Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses Poisonous Plant Research Lab Ontario Veterinary College U.S. Department of Agriculture University of Guelph Logan, UT, USA Guelph, ON, Canada Elizabeth M. Tadros, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (LAIM) Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA ISTUDY 0005434764.INDD 18

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