Tài liệu Kiến thức cơ bản Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2021-2022 - Trường THPT Đào Sơn Tây

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Tài liệu "Kiến thức cơ bản Tiếng Anh 12" được chia sẻ nhằm cung cấp cho học sinh kiến thức ngữ pháp tổng quát, bài tập theo từng unit giúp bạn dễ dàng ôn tập, rèn luyện kỹ năng tiếng Anh để chuẩn bị thật tốt cho các kì thi sắp diễn ra. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo!

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Tài liệu Kiến thức cơ bản Tiếng Anh 12 Trường THPT Đào Sơn Tây Lớp: 12C… Họ và tên:………………………….. Năm học 2021 - 2022 1
UNIT 1: HOME LIFE (CUỘC SỐNG GIA ĐÌNH) I. VOCABULARY: 1. annoy (v) làm phiền, làm bực mình 2. attempt (n) sự cố gắng, sự nỗ lực  attempt (v) cố gắng, làm, nỗ lực 3. biologist (n) nhà sinh vật học  biological (adj) thuộc sinh vật học  biology (n) sinh vật học 4. caring (adj) quan tâm, hay giúp đỡ 5. close – knit (adj) gắn bó với nhau 6. come up = occur = happen (v) xảy ra 7. confidence (in sth/sb) (n) sự tin cậy, sự tự tin  confident (of sb/sth) (adj) tin tưởng  confidently (adv) một cách tự tin 8. garbage (n) rác 9. give a hand = help (v) giúp đỡ ai 10. household chore (n) việc nhà 11. join hands (v) hợp sức lại, chung tay 12. mischievous (adj) tinh nghịch, ranh mãnh  mischievously (adv) tinh nghịch  mischievousness (n) tính tinh nghịch 13. obedient (adj) biết vâng lời, ngoan ngoãn  obedience (n) sự vâng lời  obey (v) vâng lời  disobedient (adj) không vâng lời, ngang ngược 14. play trick on somebody chơi xỏ ai, chơi khăm ai 15. project (n) đề án, dự án 16. responsibility (n) trách nhiệm  responsible (for) (adj) có trách nhiệm  irresponsible (adj) vô trách nhiệm 17. rush (v) vội vã đi gấp 18. secure (adj) an toàn, chắc chắn, tự tin  security (n) sự an toàn, sự bảo đảm 19. separately (adv) một cách riêng biệt  separate (adj) riêng biệt 20. shift (n) ca (làm việc) 21. study pressure (n) áp lực học tập 22. supportive (adj) khích lệ, động viên  support (n) sự ủng hộ  support (v) ủng hộ 23. willing (to do something) (adj) vui lòng, sẵn lòng làm gì II. GRAMMAR REVISION OF TENSES 1. PAST SIMPLE (THÌ QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN) a. Form: (+) S + V2/ed (+) S + was/were + O (-) S + didn’t + V (-) S + wasn’t/weren’t + O (?) Did + S + V? (?) Was/were + S + O? b. Use: 2
- Diễn tả một hành động đã chấm dứt hẳn tại một thời điểm hay khoảng thời gian xác định trong quá khứ. Ex: She was born in 1980. - Diễn tả thói quen trong quá khứ. Trong trường hợp này thì quá khứ đơn mang nghĩa của used to. Ex: I always got up at six in those days. (= used to get) - Diễn tả một chuỗi hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ. Ex: Yesterday morning, I got up at 5 o’clock. First I did some jogging. Next I took a bath, had breakfast and then went to school. c. Recognition: - last week/ month/ year/… - yesterday/ ago/ in 1969/ in the past/… Notes: “ED” pronunciation /ɪd/; /t/; /d/ /t/ /d/ /ɪd/ Âm cuối là /f/ /k/ /p/ /s/ /tʃ/ /ʃ/ Âm cuối là /b/ /g/ /l/ /m/ /n/ Âm cuối là /t/ /d/ /r/ /v/ /z/ /dʒ/ và các nguyên âm Ex: watched, coughed, talked, Ex: entered, robbed, Ex: waited, added typed, brushed managed, agreed, caused, arrived 2. PAST PROGRESSIVE (THÌ QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN) a. Form: (+) S + was / were + V-ing (-) S + wasn’t/ weren’t + V-ing (?) Was/ were + S + V-ing? b. Use: - Diễn tả hành động đang diễn ra tại một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ. Ex: - A What were you doing at 7 o’clock last night? B I was driving home from work. - Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra trong quá khứ thì bị một hành động khác cắt ngang. Ex: - I met her when / while we were working for the same company. - Diễn tả hai hành động tiếp diễn song song xảy ra cùng một lúc trong quá khứ. Ex: - I was listening to music while my parents were watching TV last night. * Note: Với cách dùng này while thường đứng giữa câu. c. Recognition: at that time, at 8 a.m yesterday… 3. PRESENT PERFECT (THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH) a. Form: 3
(+) S + have/ has + V3/ed (-) S + haven’t/ hasn’t + V3/ed (?) Have/ Has + S + V3/ed? b. Use: - Diễn tả một hành động bắt đầu ở quá khứ và còn tiếp diễn đến hiện tại. Với ý nghĩa này thì hiện tại hoàn thành được dùng với since và for. Ex: - Mr. Brown has taught maths in this school for five years. - The child has been ill since yesterday. * Note: since + mốc thời gian for + khoảng thời gian - Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ không xác định thời gian. Ex: - Mr. Clark has travelled around the world. - Diễn tả một hành động lặp đi lặp lại nhiều lần trong quá khứ. Ex: - We have seen this play several times. - Diễn tả hành động hoàn thành trước một hành động khác ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai. Ex: - The young scientist declares that he has completed the experiment successfully. c. Recognition: - ever, never, before, already, lately, recently, yet, just… - so far, up to now = until now = up to the present, since, for… - This is the first (second/ third...) time III. EXERCISES I. Choose the word whose main stress is put on a different syllable from that of the others in the group: 1. A. obedient B. confidence C. mischievous D. reference 2. A. close-knit B. supportive C. biologist D. generally II. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others in the group: 3. A. safe B. staff C. base D. bass 4. A. discussion B. revision C. attention D. admission 5. A. served B. hoped C. liked D. coughed III. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence: 6. I don’t have my own room. I have to ______ the bedroom with my elder brother. A. divide B. share C. separate D. live 7. “Have you been abroad recently?” “I last ________ abroad in 2004”. A. go B. went C. have gone D. was going 8. Five dollars _______ all that he had when he first arrived in this city. A. have been B. has been C. were D. was 9. She ______ the piano when she was a child. A. played B. was playing C. has played D. had played 10. Someone ______ my bike! Now I’ll have to walk home. A. steals B. stolen C. has stolen D. had stolen 11. As soon as Debbie got out of bed, she opened the window and _______ in fresh air. A. breathes B. breathed C. was breathing D. has breathed 12. In the middle of the night, I _____ on the sofa when someone ______ at the door. A. had slept – was knocking B. was sleeping – knocked C. slept – was knocking D. was sleeping – had knocked 13. I wish Maureen worked as hard as Theresa _________. A. does B. can C. will D. did 14. I haven’t had a Chinese meal ____________. A. since ages B. for 2002 C. since two years D. for years 4
15. Many people are ready to ______ to improve health care around the world. A. gather heads B. consider legs C. open hearts D. join hands 16. They closed the road in an ______ to reduce traffic in the city. A. attempt B. advance C. effort D. ability 17. I am ______ a lot of study pressure because I am now in my final year at the secondary school. A. above B. with C. under D. on 18. My mother need someone dependable to _______ the children while she is at work. A. look up B. look after C. look into D. look on 19. Because they are a ______ and supportive of one another, they often share their feelings and whenever problems come up, they discuss them frankly and quickly find solutions. A. close-knit B. close-founded C. close-worn D. close-made 20. Daisy: “What a lovely house you have!” – Mary: “______.” A. Lovely. I think so. B. Thank you. Hope you will drop in. C. Of course not. It’s not costly D. No problem. IV. Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question: NUCLEAR FAMILY The traditional definition of a nuclear family is a family unit that includes two married parents of opposite genders and their biological or adopted children living in the same residence. However, the term “nuclear family” can mean several different things in today’s society. Understanding the classic roles in this type of family and how it is defined can help you understand the relationships in your own family, whether it’s nuclear or not. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the term “nuclear family” was first used in 1947, but the concept of a family that consists of just parents and children is much older. This basic unit of a family’s structure has existed for millennia, but it wasn’t until the 1960s and 1970s that the nuclear family became the majority situation. At that time, industrial economic booms and rising wages made it possible for young parents to afford their own homes without living with extended family members. At the same time, better healthcare contributed to the nuclear family, as elderly members became more self-sufficient and independent for decades after their children were grown. Today, the era of the nuclear family is often glamorized, complete with mom in the kitchen, dad out earning the paychecks, and the kids building a tree house or hosting a stuffed animal tea party. In reality, there is no ideal type of family, and today’s definition of a nuclear family can greatly differ from that it was a few decades ago. 21. Nuclear family is ______. A. a family that includes not only parents and children but also other relatives. B. a family that includes only the father, mother, and children. C. a family that includes a person’s parents, spouse, children and siblings. D. a family that includes children from a previous marriage of the wife, husband, or both parents. 22. When was the term “nuclear family” officially used? A. in 1947 B. in 1960 C. in 1970 D. until the 1960- 1970 23. The word “millennia” in paragraph 2 means ______. A. 200 years B. 500 years C. about 10000 years D. about 1000 years 24. According to the passage, which of the following statements is not true? A. The children should take care of their elderly members after they are grown. B. The nuclear family didn’t become the majority situation until the 1960s and 1970s. C. Understanding the roles in nuclear family helps you understand the relationships in your family. 5
D. Young parents afford their own homes because of industrial economic booms and rising wages. 25. The word “glamorized” in paragraph 3 mostly means ______. A. unexpected B. disclaimed C. desirable D. admirable V. Choose the underlined part in each sentence that should be corrected 26. All of the homework given (A) by our teachers are (B) useful to (C) every student (D). 27. When Helen was (A) a child, she has worked (B) in a factory for (C) more than (D) three years. 28. The tourist guide only has (A) a twenty-dollar bill (B) with her when (C) she landed at (D) the airport. 29. After Mrs. Wang had returned (A) to her house (B) from work (C), she was cooking (D) dinner. 30. Elizabeth has resigned (A) as (B) queen (C) of England from (D) 1558 to 1603. VI. Choose the word or phrase that best fits each space in the following passage. To many people, their friends are the most important in their life. really good friends always ______(31) joys and sorrows with you and never turn their backs on you. Your best friend may be someone you have known all your life or someone you have grown ________ (32) with. There are all sorts of things that can ________ (33) about this special relationship. It may be the result of enjoying the same activities and sharing experiences. Most of us have met someone that we have immediately felt relaxed with as if we had known them for ages. However, it really takes you years to get to know someone well ________ (34) to consider your best friend. To the majority of us, this is someone we trust completely and _______ (35) understands us better than anyone else. It’s the person you can tell him or her your most intimate secrets. 31. A. have B. share C. give D. spend 32. A. up B. through C. on D. in 33. A. provide B. bring C. cause D. result 34. A. such B. too C. enough D. so 35. A. whose B. whom C. which D. who VII. Word form: 1. Despression is both _________ and psychological. (biology) 2. Protecting the environment is every man’s _____________. (responsible) 3. With careful training, a dog will __________ its master completely. (obedient) 4. He ______________ looked for a chance to embarrass his sister. (mischievous) 5. __________ in yourself is the first step on the road to success. (confident) VIII. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. 1. I have never seen such a beautiful building.  It’s ______________________________________________. 2. I have never read such a romantic story.  This is ___________________________________________. 3. They had never had such a cold winter.  It was ____________________________________________. 4. You will never meet anyone more dangerous than Mrs. Jones.  Mrs. Jones is _______________________________________. 5. Man has never had such efficient servants as computers.  Computers are ______________________________________. 6. I haven’t played football since 2000.  The last time _______________________________________. 7. I haven’t been to Ho Chi Minh city for 2 years. 6
 The last time _______________________________________. 8. I’ve never met such a famous person before.  It’s _______________________________________________. 9. She hasn’t seen that boy here before.  It’s _______________________________________________. 10. She hasn’t written to us since last year.  The last time _______________________________________. 11. She started to learn English 8 years ago.  It’s _______________________________________________. 12. He hasn’t laughed so much for ages.  It’s _______________________________________________. 13. I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for years.  It’s _______________________________________________. 14. The telephone rang for hours.  It’s _______________________________________________. 15. I haven’t seen him for ages.  It’s _______________________________________________. UNIT 2: CULTURAL DIVERSITY (ĐA DẠNG VĂN HÓA) I. VOCABULARY 1. attractiveness (n) sự hấp dẫn, sự quyến rũ  attract (v) thu hút, hấp dẫn  attractive (adj) hấp dẫn, quyến rũ  attractively (adv) một cách hấp dẫn 2. be supposed to do sth (idiom) lẽ ra phải làm gì  suppose (v) cho là, tin rằng, nghĩ rằng 3. bride (n) cô dâu 4. conduct (v) thực hiện 5. confide (v) tâm sự  confide something to somebody (v) kể (một bí mật) cho ai nghe  confide in somebody (v) giãi bày tâm sự với ai  confidence (n) sự tin tưởng, sự giãi bài tâm sự  have confidence in someone (v) tin tưởng ai 6. contractual (adj) theo hợp đồng  contract (v) ký hợp đồng, đính ước  contract (n) hợp đồng, khế ước 7. diversity (n) tính đa dạng  diversify (v) đa dạng hoá  diverse (adj) thay đổi khác nhau 8. determine (v) xác định, định rõ 9. equal (adj) ngang, bằng nhau  equal (n) người ngang hàng  equal (v) bằng, ngang, sánh kịp  equality (n) sự bình đẳng  equalize (v) bình đẳng hoá, làm bằng nhau  equally (adv) bằng nhau 10. groom = bridegroom (n) chú rể 11. key (adj) then chốt, chủ yếu 12. maintain (v) duy trì 7
 maintenance (n) sự duy trì, sự bảo trì 13. majority (n) phần lớn, đa số  minority (n) thiểu số 14. marriage (n) sự kết hôn, hôn nhân  marry (v) kết hôn, cưới  married (adj) có gia đình 15. oblige (v) bắt buộc  obligation (n) nghĩa vụ, bổn phận, sự bắt buộc 16. on the other hand (adv) mặt khác, trái lại 17. particularly (adv) đặc biệt là  particular (adj) đặc thù 18. partnership (n) mối quan hệ, mối tương quan  partner (n) vợ hoặc chồng 19. physical (adj) thuộc cơ thể  physically (adv) về cơ thể, về vật lý 20. precede (v) đến trước, xảy ra trước  precedence (n) quyền được trước, quyền ưu tiên 21. reject (v) bác bỏ, loại bỏ  rejection (n) sự bác bỏ, sự khước từ 22. response (n) sự trả lời, câu trả lời  respond to sb/sth (v) đáp lại 23. romantic (adj) lãng mạn  romance (n) sự lãng mạn, chuyện tình 24. sacrifice (v) hy sinh  sacrifice (n) sự hy sinh, vật hy sinh  sacrificial (adj) hy sinh 25. significantly (adv) rất quan trọng, đáng chú ý  significant (adj) quan trọng, có ý nghĩa  significance (n) sự quan trọng, ý nghĩa  signify (v) có nghĩa, biểu thị 26. survey (n) sự khảo sát, sự điều tra  survey (v) khảo sát, điều tra 27. traditionally (adv) theo truyền thống  tradition (n) truyền thống  traditional (adj) cổ truyền 28. trust (n) sự tín nhiệm, lòng tin  trust (v) tin cậy, tín nhiệm  trustful (adj) đáng tin 29. value (n) giá trị  valuable (adj) có giá trị  invaluable (adj) vô giá 30. wise (adj) khôn ngoan, sáng suốt  wisdom (n) sự khôn ngoan, sự sáng suốt  wisely (adv) một cách khôn ngoan  unwise (adj) không khôn ngoan II. GRAMMAR REVISION OF TENSES 1. PRESENT SIMPLE (THÌ HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN) a. Form: (+) S (plu.) + V + O (+) S + am/is/are + O 8
S (sing.) + Vs/es + O (-) S + am/is/are + not + O (-) S (plu.) + don’t + V + O (?) Am/Is/Are + S + O? S (sing.) + doesn’t + V + O (?) Do + S (plu.) + V + O? Does + S (sing.) + V + O? b. Use: - Diễn tả sự thật hiển nhiên hay sự kiện luôn luôn đúng. Ex: - The sun rises in the East and sinks in the West. - I work in an office and live in a flat. - Diễn tả thói quen hay hoạt động hàng ngày. Trạng ngữ chỉ tần suất thường được dùng với cách dùng này. Ex: - I usually go to school by bicycle. - Thì hiện tại đơn còn được dùng để tóm tắt các sự kiện trong văn kể, hay các sự kiện lịch sử. Ex: - In Chapter 1, Susan meets David, and agrees to go to the dance school with him. c. Recognition: Adverbs of frequency: always, frequently, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, hardly, never. S + (be) + Adv of frequency + V Note: “S” PRONUNCIATION /S/ /Z/ /IZ/ /s/ /z/ /ɪz/ Âm cuối là /f/ /k/ /p/ /t/ /θ/ Âm cuối là /b/ /d/ /g/ /l/ /m/ Âm cuối là /s/ /z/ /tʃ/ /ʃ/ /dʒ/ /n/ /r/ /v/ /ð/ /ŋ/ và các nguyên âm Ex: laughs, cloths, hopes Ex: hugs, comes, goes, Ex: matches, judges, pushes enjoys, clothes, covers 2. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE ( THÌ HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN) a. Form: (+) S + am/is/are + V-ing (-) S + am/is/are + not + V-ing (?) Am/Is/Are + S + V-ing? b. Use: - Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra vào đúng thời điểm nói. Ex: - Please don’t make so much noise. I’m studying. - Nói về việc nào đó diễn ra trong khoảng thời gian hiện tại, không nhất thiết chính xác ngay tại lúc nói. Hãy xem một số tình huống sau: Ex: Mike and Jane are talking and drinking in a café. Mike says: “I’m reading an interesting book at the moment. I’ll lend it to you when I’ve finished it.” - Diễn tả một hành động trong tương lai gần đã được sắp đặt trước. Ex: - I am meeting Tom for lunch tomorrow. - Chúng ta dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn khi nói về khoảng thời gian bao gồm cả hiện tại. Ví dụ như today, this season, this year... Ex: - Tom isn’t playing football this season. He wants to concentrate on his studies. - Chúng ta dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn khi nói về những tình huống đang thay đổi. 9
Ex: - The population of the world is rising very fast. - Trạng từ “always: có thể dùng trong thì hiện tại tiếp diễn khi muốn diễn tả sự bực mình, hoặc có vẻ không hợp lý theo ý người nói. Ex: - I’m always making this mistake. (tôi cứ mắc lỗi lầm đó mãi  bực mình) c. Recognition: now, right now, at the moment, at this time, Look! , Listen! … * Lưu ý: Những động từ trạng thái chỉ hoạt động nhận thức, tri giác, tình cảm không dùng ở thì hiện tại tiếp diễn, mà chỉ dùng ở thì hiện tại đơn cho dù các hoạt động nhận thức, tri giác, tình cảm này đang diễn ra vào thời điểm nói. Đó là những động từ: see (thấy), hear (nghe thấy), taste (có vị), feel (cảm thấy), smell (toả mùi), love (yêu), like (thích), hate (ghét), know (biết), want (muốn), need (cần), think (cho rằng, nghĩ rằng), look (có vẻ), appear (có vẻ, hình như), remember (nhớ), belong to (thuộc về), contain (chứa đựng)... Trong tiếng Việt ta có thể nói: “Bạn đang cảm thấy thế nào / ra sao?” hoặc “Bạn đang muốn gì?” nhưng trong tiếng Anh ta chỉ nói: + How do you feel? - I feel thirsty. + What do you want? - I want some water. 3. THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN) a. Form: (+) S + have/has + been + V-ing (-) S + have/ has + not + been + V-ing (?) Have/has + S + been + V-ing? b. Use: - Dùng diễn tả hành động diễn ra liên tục vừa mới chấm dứt, nhưng kết quả có liên quan đến hiện tại. Ex: “You look hot” “Yes. I’ve been running” - Diễn tả hành động kéo dài liên tục cho đến lúc đang nói. Trong cách nói này, ta dùng thời gian với “for” hoặc “since”, hoặc câu hỏi “how long” Ex: Carol has been talking on the phone for two hours. 4. PAST PERFECT (THÌ QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH) a. Form: (+) S + had + V3/ed (-) S + hadn’t + V3/ed (?) Had + S + V3/ed? b. Use: - Diễn tả một hành động hoàn thành trước một hành động khác trong quá khứ. Ex: - Jane had gone home when I phoned her at the office. - Diễn tả một hành động hoàn thành trước một khoảng thời gian nào đó trong quá khứ. Ex: - The secretary had typed 10 letters before the lunchtime yesterday. c. Recognition: Before, after, by the time, when, as soon as, by the age of… 5. THE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (THÌ QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN) a. Form: 10
(+) S + had + been + V-ing (-) S + hadn’t + been + V-ing (?) Had + S + been + V-ing? b. Use: - Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra liên tục trong bao lâu trước khi một sự việc khác xảy đến. Ex: We had been walking for an hour when it suddenly started to rain. 6. SIMPLE FUTURE (THÌ TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN) a. Form: (+) S + will + Vo (-) S + won’t/will not + Vo (?) Will + S + Vo? b. Use: - Diễn tả một hành động sẽ xảy ra tại một thời điểm nào đó ở tương lai. Ex: - He will finish his work tomorrow. - Chúng ta dùng thì tương lai đơn khi quyết định làm một việc gì đó ngay tại lúc nói mà trước đó không hề có ý định thực hiện. Ex: - What are you going to do this weekend?  I haven’t decided yet. Oh, I will go to the countryside. - Chúng ta dùng thì tương lai đơn để dự đoán điều có thể xảy ra trong tương lai. Ex: - According to the weather forecast, it will be cloudy tomorrow. - Be careful! You’ll hurt yourself! - Chúng ta thường dùng thì tương lai đơn với các từ: probably, (I’m) sure, (I) expect, (I) think ... Ex: - I’ll probably be a bit late. - Chúng ta dùng will trong các tình huống sau: * Ngỏ ý sẵn lòng muốn giúp ai làm gì: Ex: - That bag looks heavy. I’ll help you with it. * Đồng ý hay từ chối làm gì: Ex: - I’ve asked Tom to help me, but he won’t. * Hứa hẹn làm điều gì đó: Ex: - I promise I won’t tell anybody what you said. * Yêu cầu ai làm làm gì: (Will you...?) Ex: - Will you shut the door, please? - Chúng ta dùng shall trong các câu nghi vấn mang ý nghĩa đề nghị, hoặc thỉnh cầu: Shall I....? đề nghị làm gì cho ai. Ex:- Shall I take off your coat? = Do you want me to take off your coat? Shall we...? đề nghị ai cùng làm gì với mình: Ex: - Shall we go to the cinema tonight? 7. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE (THÌ TƯƠNG LAI TIẾP DIỄN) a. Form: (+) S + will be + V-ing (-) S + won’t/will not be + V-ing (?) Will + S + be + Ving? b. Use: - Thì tương lai tiếp diễn diễn tả một hành động sẽ đang diễn ra tại một thời điểm ở tương lai. 11
Ex: - Right now I’m sitting in class. At this same time tomorrow, I will be sitting in class. Note: Đôi khi cũng không có sự khác nhau mấy giữa thì tương lai tiếp diễn và thì tương lai đơn, đặc biệt là khi một sự kiện / hành động tương lai sẽ xảy ra tại một thời điểm xác định ở tương lai. Ex: - Don’t get impatient. She will be coming soon. - Don’t get impatient. She will come soon. 8. FUTURE PERFECT (THÌ TƯƠNG LAI HOÀN THÀNH) a. Form: (+) S + will have + V3/ed (-) S + won’t/will not have + V3/ed (?) Will + S + have + V3/ed? b. Use: - Thì tương lai hoàn thành diễn tả một hành động sẽ hoàn thành trước một mốc thời gian hoặc trước một sự kiện nào đó trong tương lai. Cụm từ by the time và động từ ở thì hiện tại đơn thường được dùng ở mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian. Ex: - I will graduate in June. I will see you in July. By the time I see you, I will have graduated. - I will have finished my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight. 9. FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (THÌ TƯƠNG LAI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN) a. Form: (+) S + will have been + V-ing (-) S + won’t/will not have been + V-ing (?) Will + S + have been + Ving? b. Use: - Thì tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn diễn tả một hành động liên tục xảy ra bao lâu cho đến một thời điểm trong tương lai. Ex: - By the end of this year, Ms Yang will have been teaching English for six years. 10. THE FUTURE WITH “BE GOING TO” a. Form: (+) S + am/is/are going to + Vo (-) S + am/is/are + not + going to + Vo (?) Am/Is/Are + S + going to + Vo? b. Use: - Nói về một sự việc tương lai mà chúng ta có thể thấy kết quả từ 1 tình huống trong hiện tại. Ex: Look out! That lady is going to fall. - Diễn tả một hành động mà chún ta dự định làm trong tương lai, đã có quyết định trước rồi. Ex: “Why did you buy so much paint?” “I’m going to paint the house again” Note: Hình thức quá khứ “Was/were going to do sth” được dùng với ý nghĩa “đã dự định làm việc gì rồi nhưng không làm” III. EXERCISES I. Choose the word whose main stress is put on a different syllable from that of the others in the group 12
1. A. maintain B. attitude C. determine D. develop 2. A. brilliant B. different C. secretary D. attractive II. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others in the group 3. A. bride B. fridge C. bridge D. driver 4. A. borrow B. neighbor C. stapler D. harbor 5. A. booked B. pushed C. caused D. matched III. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence: 6. _________, women are responsible for the chores in the house and taking care of the children. A. With tradition B. On tradition C. Traditional D. Traditionally 7. All of the students are __________ to pass the entrance examination in order to attend the university. A. obsessed B. obliged C. obtained D. observed 8. It is important to have someone you can _______ in. A. talk B. speak C. confide D. know 9. Most adjective can be used to _______ a noun. A. precede B. advance C. occur D. stand 10. I’m very tired. _______ more than 800 kilometers today. A. I’m driving B. I’ve driven C. I drive D. I’ve been driving 11. When he returned home from work, he ________ a bath. A. takes B. took C. has taken D. was taking 12. Our relatives _________ meet us at the station this evening. A. are being B. are going to C. go to D. will be to 13. He ________ for that company for five months when it went bankrupt. A. has been worked B. has worked C. had been working D. was working 14. At this time next week, all of the students _________ for their examination. A. will be sat B. have been sitting C. have sat D. will be sitting 15. Rachel is good at badminton. She ________ every game. A. wins B. winning C. have won D. is able win 16. “Let’s have pizza”. “________________” A. Not again B. It doesn’t matter C. Not at all D. Not really 17. He can’t go out because he _________ his work. A. doesn’t finish B. hasn’t finished C. didn’t finish D. hadn’t finished 18. Her father ______ when she was a small girl. A. dies B. died C. has died D. had died 19. Almost everyone _______ for home by the time we arrived. A. leave B. left C. leaves D. had left 20. By the age of 25, he ______ two famous novels. A. wrote B. writes C. has written D. had written 21. While her husband was in the army, Mary ______ to him twice a week. A. was writing B. wrote C. was written D. had written 22. I have never played badminton before. This is the first time I _____ to play. A. try B. tried C. have tried D. am trying 23. Since _______, I have heard nothing from him. A. he had left B. he left C. he has left D. he was left 24. After I _______ lunch, I looked for my bag. A. had B. had had C. have has D. have had 25. By the end of next year, George _______ English for two years. A. will have learned B. will learn C. has learned D. would learn IV. Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question: 13
My aunt is one of those people who can talk to anyone about anything. If she goes to a party where she doesn’t know any of the people, she just walks up to the first person that she sees and introduces herself. And yet she doesn’t seem to talk about deeply important things like politics or religions. She always starts off with something very obvious like the other person’s job. Very soon she is talking as if she has known the other person for years. I asked her once what her secret was. She said that the most important thing in a conversation was listening. People love to talk about themselves, so if you allow them to do so, it’s very easy to keep a conversation going. You have to listen carefully and ask questions. And you have to look interested, too. So don’t keep looking at other things in the room while you’re talking to someone. Another thing that I’ve noticed is that she only pays people compliments. She says: “I like your hair. Which hairdresser do you go to?” or “You look very well. Have you been on holiday?” Friendly messages like this seem to provide an easy way into a conversation. 26. According to my aunt, the most important thing in the conversation was__________. A. speaking B. discussing C. looking D. listening 27. At parties where she doesn’t know anybody, she normally _______________. A. feels embarrassed and stays away from people. B. asks people to introduce themselves to her C. comes over to the first person and introduces herself. D. sits alone and avoids talking to other people. 28. My aunt thinks that it’s easy to keep a conversation going if you __________. A. let people talk about themselves B. let people hear about themselves C. talk about politics and religions D. ask people about their secrets 29. What should you NOT do when you have a conversation with someone? A. Looking very interested in his or her story. B. Looking at other things in the room. C. Listening very carefully and asking questions. D. Paying him or her compliments. 30. According to the passage, my aunt often starts a conversation by talking about ______ A. the other person’s wealth B. the other person’s health C. the other person’s daily activities D. the other person’s job V. Choose the underlined part in each sentence that should be corrected 36. Last year (A), my son was lost (B) among (C) the crowd when we have gone (D) shopping. 37. Almost (A) 300 million people had visited (B) America’s national parks (C) every year (D). 38. They have studied (A) English before (B) they went (C) to London (D). 39. They have got married (A) for (B) 30 years by (C) the end of this month (D). 40. They will help (A) you whenever (B) you will ask (C) them (D). VI. Choose the word or phrase that best fits each space in the following passage. In Germany, it’s important to be serious in a work situation. They don’t mix work and play so you shouldn’t make jokes ________ (36) you do in the UK and USA when you first meet people. They work in a very organized way and prefer to do one thing at a time. They don’t like interruptions or _______ (37) changes of schedule. Punctuality is very important so you should arrive on time for appointments. At meeting, it’s important to follow the agenda and not interrupt_______ (38) speaker. If you give a presentation, you should focus ________ (39) facts and technical information and the quality of your company’s products. You should also prepare well, as they may ask a lot of questions. Colleagues normally use the family names, and title – for example, “Doctor” or “Professor”, so you shouldn’t use first names _______ (40) a person asks you do. 36. A. while B. as if C. such as D. as 37. A. sudden B. suddenly C. abruptly D. promptly 38. A. other B. others C. another D. the other 14
39. A. on B. to C. at D. in 40. A. if only B. as C. unless D. since VII. Word form: 1. I like John but I don’t find him ___________ physically. (attract) 2. Civil rights include freedom, _________ in law and in employment, and the right to vote. (equal) 3. Nancy wondered whether it was her distiny to live in England and _______ John. (marriage) 4. Agriculture work is ___________ seen as a male occupation. (tradition) 5. Experience is the father of _______ and memory is the mother of it. (wise) VIII. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. 1. I haven’t seen Alice for ages.  It’s ages _______________________________________. 2. She started to teach 13 years ago.  She has ________________________________________. 3. We last visited Rome three years ago.  We have _______________________________________. 4. It’s 3 months since she last phoned me.  The ___________________________________________. 5. Peter has never heard classical music before.  It’s ____________________________________________. 6. This is the silliest joke I have ever heard.  I have _________________________________________. 7. I arrived in London last week and I’m still here.  I have _________________________________________. 8. When did you meet Antonio?  How __________________________________________? 9. I last saw Alison over a year ago.  I ______________________________________________. 10. I began learning English at the end of 2010.  I ______________________________________________. UNIT 3: WAYS OF SOCIALISING (CÁC CÁCH THỨC GIAO TIẾP XÃ HỘI) I. VOCABULARY 1. acceptable (adj) có thể chấp nhận được  accept (v) chấp nhận  acceptance (n) sự chấp nhận  unacceptable (adj) không thể chấp nhận 2. approach (n) sự đến gần  approach (v) đến gần 3. appropriate for sb/sth (adj) thích hợp 4. assistance (n) sự giúp đỡ  assist (v) giúp đỡ  assistant (n) người trợ lý 5. attention (n) sự chú ý  attract sb’s attention (v) lôi cuốn sự chú ý  pay attention to (v) chú ý đến  draw attention to sth (v) thu hút sự chú ý 15
6. brief (adj) ngắn, nhanh  briefly = in brief (adv) một cách ngắn gọn, tóm lại 7. clap (v) vỗ  clap one’s hands (v) vỗ tay 8. common (adj) phổ biến  commonly (adv) thông dụng 9. communication (n) sự giao tiếp, sự truyền đạt  communicate (v) giao tiếp, truyền đạt  communicative (adj) cởi mở, thân thiện  uncommunicative (adj) ít nói, không cởi mở 10. informality (n) sự thân mật  informal (adj) không nghi thức, thân mật  informally (adv) thân mật  formal (adj) trang trọng, theo nghi thức  formality (n) sự trang trọng, đúng nghi thức  formally (adv) trang trọng, chính thức 11. instance (n) trường hợp  for instance = for example ví dụ 12. non-verbal (adj) không bằng lời nói  non-verbal communication (n) giao tiếp bằng cử chỉ  verbal (adj) dùng lời nói 13. obvious (adj) rõ ràng, hiển nhiên  obviously (adv) rõ ràng 14. point at (v) chỉ vào 15. probably (adv) có lẽ 16. rude = impolite (adj) thô lỗ  rudeness (n) sự thô lỗ  rudely = impolitely (adv) thô lỗ 17. signal (n) dấu hiệu, tín hiệu, hiệu lệnh  signal (adj) nổi bật, đáng chú ý  signal (v) ra hiệu, báo hiệu 18. situation (n) tình huống 19. slightly (adv) nhẹ nhàng 20. socialize (socialise) with (v) hòa nhập XH, XH hoá  socialization (n) sự hòa nhập XH, XH hoá  social (adj) có tính chất xã hội  society (n) xã hội 21. suppose (v) giả sử 22. wave (v) vẫy tay 23. whistle (v) huýt sáo; huýt gió 24. cue (n) sự gợi ý, lời ám chỉ, cử chỉ II. GRAMMAR REPORTED SPEECH Câu gián tiếp là câu dùng để thuật lại nội dung của lời nói trực tiếp. Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì hiện tại thì khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp ta chỉ đổi ngôi; không đổi thì của động từ và trạng từ. Ex: She says: “I am a teacher.” She says that she is a teacher. Ex: “I am writing a letter now” Tom says. Tom says that he is writing a letter now. 16
Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì quá khứ thì khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp ta đổi ngôi, thì của động từ, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn. I. Thay đổi ngôi (Đại từ nhân xưng, Đại từ sở hữu và Tính từ sở hữu) 1. Ngôi thứ nhất: dựa vào chủ từ của mệnh đề tường thuật; thường đổi sang ngôi thứ ba I → He / She me → him / her my → his / her We → They us → them our → their Ex: He said: “I learned English.” He said that he had leared English. 2. Ngôi thứ hai: (You, your) - Xét ý nghĩa của câu và đổi cho phù hợp, thường đổi dựa vào túc từ của mệnh đề tường thuật Ex: Mary said: “You are late again.” Mary said that you were late again. 3. Ngôi thứ ba (He / She / Him / Her / His / They / Them / Their): giữ nguyên, không đổi II. Thay đổi về thì trong câu: DIRECT INDIRECT Simple present - V1 /Vs(es) Simple past – V2 / V-ed Present progressive – am / is / are + V-ing Past progressive – was / were + V-ing Present perfect – have / has + V3/ed Past perfect – had + V3/ed Present perfect progressive – have / has been Past perfect progressive - had been + V-ing +V-ing Past perfect – had + V3/ed Simple past – V2 / -ed Past perfect progressive – had been +V-ing Past progressive – was / were + V-ing Future in the past - would + V1 Simple future – will + V1 Future progressive in the past - would be + Future progressive will be + V-ing V-ing III. Thay đổi các trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn: DIRECT INDIRECT Now Then Here There This That These Those Today That day Yesterday The day before / the previous day Last year The year before / the previous year Tonight That night Tomorrow The following day / the next day/ the day after Next month The following month / the next month/ the Ago month after Before CÁC THAY ĐỔI CỤ THỂ CHO TỪNG LOẠI CÂU TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP 1. COMMANDS / REQUESTS (Câu mệnh lệnh, câu đề nghị) - Mệnh lệnh khẳng định: Direct: S + V + O: “V1 + O …” Indirect: S + asked / told + O + to + V1 + …. Ex: He said to her: “Keep silent, please.” → He told her to keep silent - Mệnh lệnh phủ định: Direct: S + V + O: “Don’t + V1 + …” 17
Indirect: S + asked / told + O + not + to+ V1 …. Ex: “Don’t forget to phone me this afternoon,” he said. → He reminded me not to forget to phone to him that afternoon. Tùy theo ngữ cảnh trong lời nói động từ tường thuật said hoặc said to có thể đổi thành told, asked, advised, persuaded, directed, begged, encouraged, … 2. STATEMENT (Câu trần thuật) Direct: S + V + (O) : “clause” Indirect: S + told / said + (O) + (that) + clause Note: said to → told Ex: Tom said, “I want to visit my friend this weekend.” → Tom said (that) he wanted to visit his friend that weekend 3. QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi) Yes – No question Direct: S + V + (O) : “Aux. V + S + V1 + O….?” Indirect: S + asked + O + IF / WHETHER + S + V + O …. Ex: He asked: “Have you ever been to Japan, Mary?”  He asked Mary if/whether she had ever been to Japan? Wh – question Direct: S + V + (O): “Wh- + Aux. V + S + V1 + O ?” Indirect: S + asked + O + Wh- + S + V + O. Ex: “How long are you waiting for the bus?” he asked me. → He asked me how long I was waiting for the bus. 4. DANH ĐỘNG TỪ (V-ING) TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP Khi lời nói trực tiếp là lời đề nghị , chúc mừng, cảm ơn, xin lỗi, …động từ tường thuật cùng với danh động từ (V-ing) theo sau nó thường được dùng để chuyển tải nội dung lời nói trên. Reporting Verb + V-ing + …. Deny (phủ nhận), admit (thừa nhận), suggest (đề nghị), regret (nuối tiếc), appreciate (đánh giá cao, cảm kích) Ex: Peter said: “I didn’t steal the painting.”  Peter denied stealing the painting. Reporting Verb + (Someone) + Preposition + V-ing + …. thank someone for (cám ơn ai về ….) apologize someone for (xin lỗi ai về …) accuse someone of (buộc tội ai về …) congratulate someone on (chúc mừng ai về ….) warn someone against (cảnh báo ai về ….) prevent someone from (ngăn cản ai làm gì) blame someone for (đổ lỗi ai làm gì) think of (nghĩ về) dream of (mơ về …) object to (chống đối về ….) insist on (khăng khăng dòi …) complain about (phàn nàn về ….) look forward to (mong đợi) 18
Ex: “I’m happy to know that you win the game. Congratulations!”, Jim said to Mary. → Jim congratulated Mary on winning the game. Note: 1. Why don’t you / Why not / How about → suggested + (someone) + V-ing … Ex: “Why don’t you send her some flowers?” he said. → He suggested me sending her some flowers. 2. Let’s → suggested + V-ing … Let’s not → suggested + not + V-ing … Ex: “Let’s meet outside the cinema,” he said. → He suggested meeting outside the cinema. She said: “Let’s not talk about that problem again.” → She suggested not talking about that problem again. 3. Shall we / It’s a good idea → suggested + V-ing … Ex: “It’s a good idea to go for a picnic this weekend,” she said. → She suggested going for a picnic that weekend. III. EXERCISES I. Choose the word whose main stress is put on a different syllable from that of the others in the group 1. A. polite B. pollen C. police D. pollute 2. A. focus B. remind C. circus D. patient II. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others in the group 3. A. signal B. resign C. sign D. assign 4. A. sorrow B. pillow C. allow D. follow 5. A. whistle B. bristle C. little D. castle III. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence: 6. Katie is a very _________ girl. She can make friends easily even though she is in a strange place. A. shy B. unfriendly C. sociable D. reticent 7. His achievements were partly due to the _______ of his wife. A. assist B. assistant C. assisted D. assistance 8. Waving is considered the most_________ way of attracting someone’s attention. A. slightly B. non-verbal C. common D. simply 9. He thought that he ___________ the movie, so he gave the ticket to his brother. A. saw B. has seen C. would see D. had seen 10. He said that he _________ me the book soon. A. will return B. would return C. is returning D. returns 11. Jack asked me _____. A. where do you come from? B. where I came from C. where I am from D. where did I come from? 12. She asked me _____ I liked pop music. A. when B. what C. if D. x 13. The doctor ____ him to take more exercise. A. told B. tell C. have told D. are telling 14. I wanted to know_____ return home. A. when would she B. when will she C. when she will D. when she would 15. Claire told me that her father____ a race horse. A. owns B. owned C. owning D. A and B 16. What did that man say ______? 19
A. at you B. for you C. to you D. you 17. I rang my friend in Australia yesterday, and she said it _______ raining there. A. is B. were C. has been D. was 18. “How about driving to the countryside this Sunday?” “___________” A. Sounds good! B. That’s my pleasure C. Yes, I’m driving D. Never mind 19. The last time I saw Linda, she looked very relaxed. She explained she’d been on holiday the _______ week. A. ago B. following C. next D. previous 20. When I rang Tessa sometime last week, she said she was busy ______ day. A. that B. the C. then D. this 21. I wonder _____ the tickets are on sale yet. A. what B. when C. where D. whether 22. Mathew _____ Emma that her train was about to leave. A. has reminded B. has reminded that C. reminded D. reminded that 23. Hello, Jim. I didn’t expect to see you today. Sophie said you _____ ill. A. are B. were C. was D. should be 24. Ann ______ and left. A. said goodbye to me B. says goodbye to me C. tell me goodbye D. told me goodbye 25. Naomi asked her doctor __________________. A. how many times a day should she take the medicine. B. how many times should she take the medicine a day. C. should she take the medicine how many times a day. D. how many times a day she should take the medicine. IV. Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question: I’ve always been a bit of an entertainer and played the funny man. I was apart-time comedian for years, so I learned how to stand in front of the audiences. It made me sure of myself. I like being liked and I love making everyone smile. I’ve lived in London all my life and have just moved to a larger house with my wife Clare and out two children, Jimmy and Madeleine. We spend a lot of time just singing and dancing around the house. I grew up with music because my dad is the pianist, Chester Harriot – who’s still playing, by the way. My working day is divided between television and writing cook books, though TV takes most of my time. I spend about five days a fortnight working on the cooking programs I appear in. I eat all sorts of things at home but I only buy quality food. When I’m cooking, I experiment with whatever is in the fridge – it’s good practice for my TV series. I’m a football fan and enjoy going to matches, but I’m a home-loving person really. I don’t like going to the pub but we do go out to eat about twice a month. There’s no better than a night at home playing with the children. I rarely go to bed before midnight. Late evening is when fresh thoughts on cooking usually come to me, so I often write and plan programs then. When I eventually get to bed, I have no trouble sleeping. 26. What is the writer’s main purpose in writing the text? A. to describe how he lives B. to say what makes him laugh C. to talk about his cooking ideas D. to explains how he started in TV 27. What would a reader learn about Ainsley (the writer) from the text? A. He is a very good musician B. He likes to plan the family meals. C. He is nervous about performing on stage. D. He enjoys spending time with his family. 28. What does the writer say about himself? A. He loves going out and meeting people. B. He is very similar to his father. C. He enjoys being popular. D. He should go to bed early. 20