Bài giảng Phương pháp nghiên cứu định tính - PGS.TS.BS. Lê Hoàng Ninh

____________________________________________ GS TS BS LÊ HOÀNG NINH

______________________________________ PHƢƠNG PHÁP NGHIÊN CỨU ĐỊNH TÍNH

DỮ LiỆU TRONG NGHIÊN CỨU ĐỊNH TÍNH Dữ liệu định tính là dữ liệu mà không / khó d0o lƣờng bằng các số đo, số đếm hay một chữ số nào đó. Kiểu dữ liệu nầy đƣợc dùng trong nghiên cứu khai thác chi tiết, mô tả các đặc trƣng bàng lời nói, tình huống cụ thể, hay một nơi cụ thể nào đó

Dữ liệu trong n.c định tính

Data có thể đƣợc xếp theo nhiều thể cách khác nhau nhƣng không thể biểu thị bằng số đo là con số.

Data that is not quantitative

Tính ứng dụng của nc định tính

The question is not whether to use qualitative methods in IS, since they are always used in some way. The question is how systematic should their application be.

Qualitative Research

What are qualitative data?

Why should they be used in IS and how?

Where do we get them and how? How do we analyze them?

Qualitative IS design issues.

Basic Methods

Individual Interviews

Focus groups

Direct Observation

Participant-Observation

Software: What it does and doesn’t do

Atlas.ti NVivo/Nud*ist CDC EZ text Anthropac

Ryan 2004

Why and how should we use

qualitative methods in IS ?

Mixing Methods/Qual-quant

Three purposes (Sandelowski):

Triangulation – convergent validation

Complementarity – clarify, explain, elaborate

Development – guide additional data collection

Priority Decision

Qualitative

Comp Prelim

Qualitative Preliminary Qual QUANT

Quantitative Preliminary Quant QUAL

Sequence Decision

Qualitative follow-up QUANT Qual

Quantitative follow-up QUAL Quant

Comp Follow-up

Morgan

Quantitative

Steps in the IS/OR Process

1. 2. Generate a programmatic solution to solve

Identify and diagnose the problem

3. Design and test intervention to solve the

problem

4. Ensure results are used 5. Disseminate results

problem

Example: Loss to Follow-up from HIV testing to HAART in Mozambique

Good IS/OR views health programs as interdependent “systems” (2)

Undergo CD4 testing

Enroll at HIV clinic

Adhere to HAART

Start HAART, if eligible

HIV clinic

– How can we change the system to improve the flow? – Will improving one step affect other steps?

Local level HIV care system in Mozambique Testing center HIV testing

Health programs are complex systems

HIV testing

Enroll at HIV clinic

Undergo CD4 testing

Adhere to HAART

Start HAART, if eligible

Doctor orders CD4

Schedules doctor appointment

Arrives at HIV clinic, sees receptionist

Time & drop-off

Time & drop-off

Blood drawn for CD4 (sometimes next-day)

Potential solutions

Problems & solutions depend on system

•Staffing

•Lab location, capacity, policies

CD4 ordered by non-doctors, at enrollment? All blood draws same-day? CD4 ordered in HIV testing site? Move CD4s to another site?

How much of problem derives

Qualitative research approaches:

- Map flow from perspective of

patients

1. Identify and diagnose the problem from patient characteristics vs. system problems? - Direct observation - Focus group discussions - Individual interviews with health workers/target pop.

Why mix methods?

Triangulation – convergent validation

Complementarity – clarify, explain, elaborate

Development – guide additional data collection

2. Generate a programmatic solution to solve problem

Qualitative research approaches: - Focus group discussions - Participatory Action Research - Individual interviews with health workers/target pop Examples: Potential systemic solutions - CD4 ordered by non-doctors, at enrollment - All blood draws same-day - CD4 ordered in HIV testing site - Move CD4s to another site - Improved health worker training - Improved counseling Examples: Potential community-based solutions - Improved education about testing and treatment. - Community mobilization strategies for social support.

3. Design and test intervention to solve the problem

- Process: Individual interviewing and direct observation for regular process monitoring and evaluation, and for identification of unintended consequences of intervention.

- Impact: Interviews, focus groups, observation combined with quantitative measures to test intervention effectiveness and impact.

4. Ensure results are used:

- Examine policy documents

New research question: How to influence policymakers and program managers?: - Interviews with leaders - Focus groups with HWs 5. Disseminate results:

Identify best venues for dissemination to influence policy and generate discussion through analysis of data gathered using methods above.

Qualitative OR Design Issues

Need to scale design and plan to rapid turnaround What mix of qual and quant data will you need?

What is your unit of analysis? What should your sample strategy and size be to answer the question? Do you need unstructured free flowing responses or structured responses, or both?

What contextual data will you need?