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Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " MACADAMIA – A PROMISING START TO A NEWHIGH VALUE AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY FOR VIETNAM "

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Sự hỗ trợ nhiệt tình và có tầm nhìn xa thành viên chủ chốt của chính phủ Việt Nam đặc biệt là của Phó Thủ tướng. thời gian ông Công Tân, người giới thiệu Macadamia Việt Nam và Bộ trưởng Bộ Bông, đóng góp rất lớn đến sự thành công chung của dự án và sự phát triển trong ngành công nghiệp cho đến nay. các Việt giám đốc dự án, Giáo sư Hoàng Hòe, thông qua tầm nhìn và sự cống hiến của ông, đã mang lại dự án kết thúc thành công. Một số năm lập kế hoạch cẩn thận và chuẩn bị và 5 năm thực hiện dự...

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  1. Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program MACADAMIA – A PROMISING START TO A NEW HIGH VALUE AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY FOR VIETNAM Project title: CARD 037/05VIE - Establish nurseries and training to effectively propagate high quality trees and trial plantation models of Macadamia in 3 provinces of North Vietnam Code of the project: CARD 037/05 VIE Authors: Prof. Hoang Hoe1, Martin Novak2 and Kim Wilson2 Project Implementing organisations: 1 Center for Environment, Tourism and Development, Vietnam 2 Subtropical Farm Forestry Association, Australia involved, including the enthusiastic farmers, 1. Introduction the agency partners, the CARD program team, The enthusiastic and far sighted support from and also the private enterprises. key members of the Vietnamese government The project, spanning 5 years has helped to particularly that of Vice Prime minister of the bring all the stakeholders together to work time Mr Cong Tan who introduced macadamia toward a sustainable high value macadamia to Vietnam and Minister Bong, contributed industry for Vietnam. Beneficiaries have greatly to the overall success of the project and included farmers, nursery and farm staff and the developments in the industry to date. The workers, technicians, extension staff, state and Vietnamese project director, Prof. Hoang Hoe, private companies, government agencies, other through his vision and dedication, has brought businesses and households. the project to a successful conclusion. Several The activities of the project have gained years of careful planning and preparation and 5 support from the Provincial governments and years of project implementation by the People’s Committees of 5 provinces of professor, with assistance from the Australian Vietnam including Hanoi, Hoa Binh, Lang project director Martin Novak and by Son, Ba Vi, and Dak Lak. Australian Macadamia Society (AMS) Chair Kim Wilson, have culminated in outcomes that 5 Macadamia training workshops have been significantly enhance the development of a held in these 5 provinces. There has also been macadamia industry in Vietnam. training and new technology presented to field staff in all of the relevant agencies in these The project has been made possible through provinces. The workshops involved presenters the support of the Australian and Vietnamese from Australia, China, Thailand and Vietnam, government under framework of the AusAID- who have contributed significantly to this funded CARD program training and technology transfer stemming (http://www.card.com.vn) and by the hard from researchers recommendations. work and collaboration of all of those 196
  2. CARD 037/05 VIE – Development of Macadamia A focus to strengthen the capacity of a new Vietnam, which will help coordinate the demonstration nursery and 3 existing nurseries sustainable long term development of the involved in growing macadamia by way of industry, including the planning of research participatory workshops and infield training, priorities and an industry development has been maintained throughout the duration of strategy. the project. In addition to this technical The project has been promoted via the public assistance select varieties and equipment, has media, including national and regional TV, been provided to FSI and WASI also. magazines, newspapers and a media seminar. This capacity building has been achieved by This has helped to promote the objectives of way of: the project specifically and the benefits of a macadamia industry for Vietnam in general.  Collaborative preparation of technical information and training material. 2. Research contents and methods  Delivery of information, and training at workshops and in the field. The project focused on 3 aspects of research;  Delivery of seed and graft stock of at firstly macadamia variety selection trials, least 17 best bet Varieties. secondly nursery production options of quality  Delivery samples of nursery macadamia trees and thirdly a developmental equipment, including grafting planes, strategy for a new macadamia industry for tape, wounds dressing, propagation and Vietnam. potting mix, and potting bags.  2.1 Established 3 variety trials and Establishment of 2 new demonstration reviewed existing trials of Forest nursery based on Australian nursery Science Institute (FSI) and Central practice. Encouraging investment from Highland Agriculture Forestry the private sector and by ensure Science & Technology Institute adequate supply of quality grafting (WASI) stock of suitable varieties.  Preparation and delivery of nursery 14 macadamia varieties have been selected for business plans, records and monitoring the projects 3 variety trials. These include 10 systems. best bet varieties from Australia and 4 from The project has facilitated the trial of 14 China. They include 264, 344, 741, 849, 816, varieties of macadamia in 4 different provinces 842, 814, A4, A38, A16, based on variety trials including Ba Vi, Hoa Binh, Dak Lak and Lang from Australia. Guy Yan1, 695, 788, OC were Son. This has involved the design and planting selected from China. of 4 trial plots in these provinces. The trials sites were initially established in 3 The project has provided seed and graft wood provinces including Ba Vi, Hoa Binh and Lang of 17 varieties, to the demonstration nursery, Son in the subtropical northern parts of the 4 project partnered research nurseries, as Vietnam in 2007 and 2008. In 2009 an well to FSI and WASI. In addition to this the additional 2 have been established in Dak Lak, project has provided nursery equipment as it became evident due to the trials of FSI including grafting planes, graft wounds and WASI that the central tablelands was the dressing, samples of potting bags and most promising region to grow macadamia in information via DVD video, CD and hardcopy. Vietnam. Craig Hardener (CSIRO) and Kim Wilson FSI planted the first macadamia seedlings at (AMS) principally undertook the design of the Ba vi in 1993-4. Over the past 7 years they trials. Both have extensive experience with have established trials to test varieties, 900, variety trials in Australia. Dr Kha FSI and Prof 856, 842, 246, 344, 800, 788, 816, H2, NG8, Hoang Hoe provided review of the design. OC, Daddow, 741 and 849 in 16 trials in 6 provinces. These trials range in age from 4-7 The project team has also facilitated the years just old enough for early analysis in development of a Macadamia Association of 197
  3. Hoang Hoe, Martin Novak & Kim Wilson relation to kernel. They have been collecting a developmental issues particularly in helping to range of data of survival, growth, flowering balance the interests of the industry and all its and fruit production. stakeholders. From 2002-2009, WASI has imported five An interim committee involving government varieties originating from China (H2, 508, OC, and private sector stake holders, has been 814, 344), 6 varieties originating from formed in Dak Lak and a Constitution is being Thailand (H2, 508, 246, 344, 741, 660), 8 drafted based on the AMS. varieties derived from Australian and has 3. Research results and discussions grown at the Institute on an area of 1.5 ha, the density is 400 trees/ha to conduct research. 3.1 Established 3 variety trials and The selection criteria include; the yield, nut reviewed existing trials of Forest quality and the ability to grow. Science Institute FSI and WASI 2.2 Nursery options for quantity and Trials will need to be 6-7 years old before data quality production of macadamia can be analysis to provide early indication of trees the performance of varieties based on kernel, the key criteria. The capacity of existing nurseries in terms of quantity and quality has increased, over the 5  Van Linh Station – variety trial years of the project, producing over 330,000 seedlings (2008-30,000 trees) and 10,000 Density – 7m x 4m, 14 varieties, 5 trees / grafted trees of 10–17 varieties. Nursery variety (3 monitored), Replicated 4 times production data has been progressively Trees required: 14 varieties x 5 x 4 = 280, collected and a spreadsheet analysis model has Buffer trees = 108, Total 388 trees been prepared and updated for nursery data Total area = 1.1 ha. and financial returns.  Progress as at October 2008: The principal 3 commercial nurseries have 0.62 Ha Planted March 2007, 5m x 4m produced and sold some grafted trees at prices = 500 trees / Ha. 312 trees fully ranging from 30–55,00 VND per tree (2008- planted. Recording growth every 3 30-40,00 VND) and a small quantity have months, Recorded trial layout & been utilised in trials and pilot plantings. Data varieties. Trees require more fertiliser. on volume is far more readily available than data on quality, which continues to be mostly  Progress August 02,2010: determined by survival at this point in time. Trial plot 1: 47 trees of H2 + The new private sector nurseries run by 741(planted in 2003) 7 years old: Vinamaca Co have raised the standards both in growing well, spacing 3mx3m too quality and quantity setting a benchmark for dense ( H=5m, ) harvest 120kg NIS the rest of the industry. The demonstration (2009) estimate 150 kg NIS ( 2010) nursery at Yen Thuy, supported by this project, Trial plot 2: planted in Nov.2007 trees continues to grow quality seedlings and grafted growing well ( 60%) H2, 5M-3,0M, trees. However, the focus of potential 40% trees look not so good, there are sustainable development has turned towards some trees have a few early fruit (3 years-old) fruit mostly size big. the central highlands so it was decided to send grafted trees to Dak Lak and establish  Ba vi Station –variety trial demonstration nurseries there. Density – 7m x 4m, 14 varieties, 10 trees / 2.3 A developmental strategy for a new variety (8 monitored), Replicated 4 times. macadamia industry for Vietnam Trees required, 14 varieties x 10 x 4 = 560, Buffer trees = 102, Total 662 trees. This project has worked towards the formation Total area = 1.85 ha. of a Macadamia Association of Vietnam, which will play a key role in managing 198
  4. CARD 037/05 VIE – Development of Macadamia  Progress as at October 2008: .  Progress as at October 2008: 85 Ha. Planted January 2007, 4m x Yen thuy trial plot, planted Spring 2.5m = 1000 trees / Ha, 825 trees fully 2008. Trees look good new flush. planted. Recorded trial layout &  Progress as at July 2010: varieties, Recording costs. Newly planted 02 ha of trial plot (Yen  Progress at January 14,2010 1 ha, Duc 1 ha) (600 trees) Trials plot 1: 240 trees of 19 varieties(  Vinamaca Co – Additional New 2009 from Australia & China), 5-6 years-old, Macadamia variety trial. look good. H= 6-7 M. All varieties show Green leaves. Harvested in Village: Ka Mang, Commune: Deliza October 2009, total fruit 250 Kg, 119 District: Krongnoang Province: Dak Lak. Kg NIS. [Compare with the trial plot of Total area 1.3ha including trial plot buffer farm of Mr. Thu in Krong nang Dak trees fully fenced. Transplanted from Yen Lak, 6 years old trees, total harvested Thuy Nov 2009 360 grafted trees most 600 Kg of NIS. Indicates that tagged. difference in the climate, has  FSI- variety trials significant influence. Research indicates that a number of Trial plot 2: 2007 planted 1000 trees, varieties are performing well in Vietnam. now H=2-3m, 50% of trees good, the The key findings are included in the full rest not so good smaller and poorer report as follows: color for all varieties. - In Dong Hoi (Quang Binh) varieties, Trial plot 3: Jan 2008 they planted 2 OC, 741, 816 246 grow well and the Ha ( 660 trees) in Bavi, look about bearing fruit rate is high. 50% trees good H=2-2,5 M, green leaves. - In Krong Nang, Dak Lak, varieties 842, 800, 849,246, 741 and OC grow well  Progress at March 2010: and the bearing fruit rate is high Plot 2: 1 ha planted 2007 & flowering. - In Mai Son, Son La, varieties OC and Plot 3: 600 trees planted 2008 half do 246 grow well and are capable of not look healthy at this time. 2009 crop bearing fruit. 400 trees produced 250 kg NIH 119 - In Drakpao, Dak Nong, varieties 816, NIS used for seed nut. Flowering time OC, NG8, MC2 and A800 grow well. was in April. 695 had lots flowers. Overall not much nut set due to lacked - In Dai Lai, Vinh Phuc, varieties 816, of water & nutrition. Collecting data on 246, OC, A800 and Daddow grow well. nut yield, measure flowering and fruit. - In Ba Vi bear buds from December to 7 trees died in trial plot 3. Fertiliser 1kg the following February. Flowers bloom NPK x 2 pa will do not yet done Plus 5 from March to April, bearing fruits -10 kg organic manure. from the end of April to June, fruits ripe and fall from December to  Progress at July 2010: November. The length of flowers is There are some early fruit on the trees from 11.1 to 21.6. Number of flowers is of trial plot 3 after a good flowering in 226 to 453, bearing fruits rate is 0.02 to March –April (2008 planting) 1.6 %. Radiance of fruits is from 2.8 to  Yen thuy –variety trial. 3.2 cm. Density – 7m x 4m, 14 varieties, 10 trees / - There are differences in the blooming variety (8 monitored), Replicated 4 times time, so it is necessary to grow the varieties with same blooming time Trees required, 14 varieties x 10 x 4 = 560, together. This makes it easier for trees Buffer trees = 128, Total 688 trees of different varieties to inter-pollinate Total area = 1.9 ha. 199
  5. Hoang Hoe, Martin Novak & Kim Wilson and increase bearing fruits rate. For a and producing fruit are H2, 508 and high-productive garden we should grow OC. trees of different varieties together: - Initially OC is seen as a quite suitable (900, 856, 842, 246, 344); (800, 788, variety with the ecological conditions 816, H2); (NG8, 800, 856, OC, in Dak Lak. It has high potential yield, Daddow, 816); (741, OC, Daddow, large seed size, less pest and in 816, 849). particular, the balanced canopy; it is also solid, drought-resistant and well  WASI – variety trials adapted to the weather conditions in the Findings include the following: Central Highlands. - The macadamia from Thailand after - Macadamia imported from China after more than 3 years of planting have 6 years have been growing well. All the been growing well. There is currently varieties can produce flowers and no pest risk. fruits. Percentage of flowering plant of all the varieties is 100%; currently three 3.2 Nursery production options for varieties have high rate of flowering quality macadamia trees Macadamia nurseries technical data 30 April 2010 Organization FSI WASI NERFSE Long Khan Vina- Lang son Phuong Khina maca Technical data (March 2008)* (Yen Thuy) (Ba vi) (Dak lak) Area (Sqm) 500 250 2500 1000 2000 15000 No of Seedlings 2000 300 3700 5000 80,000 220,000 No of Grafted trees 1500 300 2000 400 15,000 3000 Graft success rate. 75% 70% 60% 60% 75% 80% No of Varieties AU 7 5 3 11 6 4 No of Varieties CN 3 3 5 4 4 No of Varieties VN 3 No Varieties Thai 4 Cost of tree 20,000 30,000 25,000 Price of tree 40,000 42,000 35,000 50,000 35-40,000 *Note: NERFSE has stopped nursery production and purchases seed and trees from China most of which are sold to farmers in central highlands. Long Phuong Company is responsible for the propagation and its strong relationship with establishment of the new demonstration Chinese researchers to obtain quality seed and nursery at Yen Thuy. It now found joint scion wood for plantation requirements in venture partners and established Vinamaca Vietnam particularly for the central highlands. Co., which has set up much larger nurseries in 3.3 A developmental strategy for a new Daklak totalling approximately 250,000 macadamia industry for Vietnam. seedlings, and 3000 grafted trees this year to date. Ba vi nursery has also expanded The interim committee of the Macadamia production significantly from 7000 seedlings Association and the project team are and 1000 grafted trees in 2008 with a success developing an industry strategy, guidelines and rate of 65% to 80,000 seedlings and 15,000 priorities. Recommendations include: grafted trees and success rate of 75% in 2010.  Lang son has scaled back on nursery Form a Macadamia Association of production because of nut set problems in the Vietnam to help implement the region due to high humidity and moist following recommendations. conditions during flowering. However the  Form a research and development center is using its knowledge with macadamia committee to facilitate and prioritise 200
  6. CARD 037/05 VIE – Development of Macadamia another planned for Thai Binh in the north of research and help coordinate research the country. bodies and activities.  Develop strategies to overcome cash It is too early to provide recommendations flow issues for farmers. with regard to suitable macadamia varieties for  Develop a macadamia tree database. Vietnam. It takes 6 to 7 years before  meaningful data is available and 15 to 20 years Membership fee structure needs to be before varieties can be fully assessed as to set and other financial support needs sustainable production of good quality kernel. to be identified to assist the industry.  The association needs to represent all Certification of varieties cannot be made until stakeholders of the industry, the research has run its course. It needs to be government and private and both will noted that varieties are not certified anywhere need to support this development. It else in the world. Certification of nurseries is is envisaged that MARD will be the underway in South Africa and under key supporting government agency. consideration in Australia. This is something  that MARD and the Macadamia Association The association needs to develop need to consider very carefully. However, the guidelines for nursery accreditation varieties chosen for the 3 project trials are such as that of the South African considered by the project team to have shown model rather than the long-term promise at this stage. They include 842, 741, accreditation of varieties.  246, 814, 816, 849, 344, A4, A16 and A38 Collaboration should be maintained from Australian and QN 1, 695, 788 and O.C with Australia, China and Thailand. from China. An industry promotions strategy developed by After 5 years of project implementation and a committee needs to be designed. research activities of FSI and WASI, it has become evident that there is high potential for 4. Conclusions and recommendations macadamia plantings in some regions, especially central highland areas and to some 4.1 Conclusions extent in the north west of the country. This projects principal aim was to assist the start of a commercial macadamia industry in 4.2 Recommendations Vietnam in order to improve the income flow  Continue research in the performance of of the farmer and the rural sector. The general macadamia varieties particularly in regards feeling is that it has been successful in to quality and yield of kernel. achieving this aim.  Continue research into the cost effective Vietnam now has a macadamia industry in its establishment and maintenance of early phase of development. There are over macadamia orchards. 350,000 macadamia trees of suitable quality and varieties, in the nurseries. Most of these  Continue education and training of nurseries now have the capacity to expand farmers, plantation managers, extension their production of quality trees. There are a staff and technicians. range of macadamia trials in 12 provinces and  several hundred hectares of commercial Form a macadamia association of Vietnam plantations being established by smaller and implement recommendations detailed farmers and large commercial enterprises, with in the section 3.3 above. preparations under way for hundreds more to REFERENCE be established. Financial modelling undertaken by the project indicates good returns for both CARD Project Milestone Reports 3, 6, 11, 12 & 13 nurseries and plantations. In addition to all this reports & attachments. http://www.card.com.vn the country now has a large commercial Macadamia : processing plant near Ho Chi Minh city and - Macadamia and potential of planting in 201
  7. Hoang Hoe, Martin Novak & Kim Wilson North of Vietnam ( by Nguyen Cong Tan- Agricultural Publishing House 2005) - Growing Macadamia in Australia. Stephenson RA, Gallagher EC, Winks CW, Firth D Agricultural Publishing House 2003- Le 1993. The breeding, selection Dinh Kha interpreted and development of new macadamia cultivars for - Macadamia Grower’s Handbook (Giáo trình the Australian industry. Final người trồng Măc ca) report, project MC014. Horticultural Research and - Macadamia problem solver & bug identifier Development Corporation, - Macadamia varieties handbook Australia. http://www.macadamias.org Hardner C, McConchie CM 2003. The future of Supattra Supamatee, et al 1992 Early performance macadamia genetic improvement in of Australian and Hawaiian Macadamia Cultivars Australia. In: 2nd International Macadamia in Thailand Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Symposium 2003. pp 85-89. Australian Macadamia Society, Lismore Australia. P. Allan, 2001 Macadamia Cultivar Evaluation at http://www.macadamias.org Pietermaritzburg and Identification in South Africa Horticultural Science, University of Natal, South Hardner C 2002. Progress in MC98009: Rootstock Africa, allan@nu.ac.za Evaluation for the Australian macadamia industry. Australian Macadamia Society News Bulletin. 29 http://www.macadamias.org 202
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