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Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học " REPLACING FERTILISER N WITH RHIZOBIAL INOCULANTS FOR LEGUMES IN VIETNAM "

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Mục tiêu tổng thể của dự án là giảm việc sử dụng của N phân bón sử dụng trên cây họ đậu đậu tương và lạc ở Việt Nam bằng cách tăng thông qua inoculants cây họ đậu. Thay thế N phân bón với inoculants cây họ đậu sẽ cung cấp cả lợi ích kinh tế và môi trường cho nông dân và làm giảm bớt căng thẳng tài chính cho nông dân nghèo bằng cách giảm chi phí đầu vào. Cách tiếp cận là để nâng cao nhận thức và nhu cầu cho inoculants thông qua một chương trình mở rộng bao gồm cả...

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  1. Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program REPLACING FERTILISER N WITH RHIZOBIAL INOCULANTS FOR LEGUMES IN VIETNAM Project title: Replacing fertiliser N with rhizobial inoculants for legumes in Vietnam for greater farm profitability and environmental benefits Project code: CARD 013/06VIE Tran Yen Thao1, Prof. Dr. Pham Van Toan2, Prof.Dr. Pham Van Bien3, Dr. David Authors: Herridge4, Rosalind Deaker5 Project implementing organizations: 1 Research Institute for Oil and Oil Plants (IOOP) 2 Institute of Soils and Fertilizers (ISF) 3 Institute of Agricultural Science of South Vietnam (IAS) 4 NSW Department of Primary Industries 5 University of Sydney SUMMARY The overall objective of the project was to decrease the use of N fertiliser used on legume crops soybean and groundnut in Vietnam by increasing adoption of legume inoculants. Replacing N fertiliser with legume inoculants will provide both economic and environmental benefits to farmers and alleviate financial stress for poorer farmers by reducing input costs. The approach was to increase awareness and demand for inoculants through an extension program including direct demonstration of the benefits of inoculants and training in their function and u se. Simultaneously, a technical program targeted at increasing the production capacity of high quality inoculants in Vietnam was initiated. This included development of inoculant formulation suited to Vietnamese conditions, a system for quality control to ensure farmers would have access to high quality products and technology transfer to the commercial sector to scale up production to meet demand. The project has been successful in achieving its goals. A survey of farmers and extension officers at the beginning and end of the project indicated a clear increase in the awareness of the benefits of inoculation and demand for their availability in the market. Over the two years of the project, inoculant product formulation development reached a point where peat-based inoculants could be produced with consistently high quality by the research institutes. On-going research and development will continue to improve formulation technology to meet requirements of large scale production. Following a series of training workshops and capital investment a quality control laboratory was established at IOOP and national standards were modified to more specifically address issues relating to legume inoculant quality. The proposed standards define quality standards as well as quality control protocols. The private sector was engaged in inoculant production, distribution and extension during the project and foundations prepared for increasing involvement. Institutes have forged strong linkages with private sector companies and it is anticipated that effective relationships will continue to develop. A 218
  2. CARD 013/06 – Replacing fertiliser N with rhizobial inoculants number of strategies have been proposed to allow future growth of the inoculant industry in Vietnam including increasing profitability to the private sector by expanding the market either by expanding the area for application or extending to the export market. benefits of inoculants and methods of 1. Introduction application among Vietnamese farmers and The Vietnamese government (MOIT, MARD) extension workers. is committed to increase the area sown to Capacity gaps are evident at the national and legumes from the current 780,000 ha to institutional level. The major gap at the >1,000,000 ha by 2010, with particular focus national level is the lack of a coordinated, on soybean and groundnut in the Mekong focussed national legume inoculant program. Delta, the Central Coastal region and upland At the institutional level, the gaps are capacity (highland) areas of the North, Central and for medium-scale inoculant production and North. The legumes are used for production of associated quality assurance (QA) as well as food, oil and protein meal, and are grown as R&D and training capacity. The proposed rotation crops with rice (Mekong Delta), as project would address these issues of intercrops in the upland areas with cassava, production, quality, distribution and marketing sugar cane, rubber, fruit and maize and as and farmer education. Involvement of the cover crops in the sandy coastal soils. ACIAR private sector in both production and Small Project LWR2/98/27 (Increasing yield marketing will ensure the long-term viability and nitrogen fixation of soybeans, groundnuts of the concept. The project objectives are to: and mungbean in Vietnam through Rhizobium i. Increase production of high-quality inoculation) identified that legume production inoculants for soybean, groundnut and in Vietnam currently relies on expensive other legumes in Vietnam through imported fertiliser N, rather than cost-effective enhancement of production capacity inoculants containing rhizobia. Replacing (personnel and equipment) at participating fertiliser N with rhizobial inoculants would institutions, implementation of QA, and save Vietnamese farmers A$50–60 million increased inoculant R&D; annually in input costs and, at the same time, help facilitate the desired expansion in legume ii. Increase farmer interest and use of production. There would also be positive inoculants in Vietnam through environmental outcomes. development and implementation of an effective extension and training program Details of the economic benefits of replacing on inoculants and legume nitrogen fertiliser N with rhizobial inoculation were fixation for researchers, MARD extension outlined in the proceedings of the technical officers and farmers through workshop to terminate LWR2/98/27. However, demonstration trials, workshops and for this to happen, high-quality inoculants need meetings, and publications; to be readily available in the market. The current capacity of inoculant production in iii. Ensure the long-term viability of the Vietnam is about 40,000 packets annually, and project through involvement of the private would need to be increased to about 500,000 sector in this ‘pilot production’ of legume packets annually to meet potential demand. inoculants, with the aim that the private Inoculant quality is also poor (LWR2/98/27 sector would progressively take over project) and would need to be improved. Shelf production as the technology and markets life and distribution and marketing are issues are developed. that would also need to be addressed. Moreover, there is limited awareness of the 219
  3. Tran Yen Thao, Pham Van Toan, Pham Van Bien, David Herridge & Rosalind Deaker quality control standards and are easy to use, 2. Project approach and methodology supply and transport. Economic benefits The project strategy is to enhance inoculant will be determined by assessing their production, quality, distribution and marketing effectiveness in laboratory and field trials. and farmer education through the collaborating  Strain selection: Different strains will be institutions. It will involve both Government tested for survival in inoculant products and institutions – Research Institute for Oil and Oil during delivery of products to the field. Plants (IOOP), the Institute of Agricultural Science (IAS) and the Institute for Soils and Quality assurance (QA) - Australian QA Fertilisers (ISF) – as well as private sector protocols was used initially as a model. From companies (Fitohoocmon Fertiliser JSC, Cu that, QA protocols, training and working Chi Bio-Chemical Fertiliser JSC and Humix). manuals specific to inoculant production in The latter would be involved initially in Vietnam was developed jointly between marketing and distribution of inoculants and Australian and Vietnamese project scientists. would be provided with advice and technical Training on inoculant production and QA - expertise to improve and expand their Vietnamese researchers from institutes were inoculant production capabilities. In time, it is trained in Vietnam by Australian collaborators envisaged that the private sector would take and at Suranaree University of Technology over inoculant production, leaving QA to the (Thailand) in inoculant production, QA and public institutions. Involvement of the private laboratory management, as well as R&D in sector in both production and marketing will rhizobiology. ensure the long-term viability of the concept. Training on inoculant production and QA - Vietnamese researchers from institutes were Increased production of high-quality trained in Vietnam by Australian collaborators inoculants and QA and at Suranaree University of Technology Rhizobial strains for inoculant production – (Thailand) in inoculant production, QA and selection of strains from the collections in laboratory management, as well as R&D in Vietnam and/or other institutions, eg. ALIRU rhizobiology. (Australia), NifTAL (University of Hawaii), Extension and training of farmers and Suranaree University (Thailand). advisers Strain maintenance - Protocols and operation The extension-training program for farmers manuals for maintaining strain effectiveness and extension officers was built around simple, and recognition to ensure stability of inoculant multi-location inoculation experiments in the quality during long-term storage were legume production areas (Mekong Delta, the developed and implemented. Central Coastal region and upland (highland) Production technology – Draw on experiences areas of the North and Central and the South from Thailand and Australia to develop East). They will involve participation of production technology of inoculants at farmers and extension officers in all aspects, medium-scale in Vietnamese institutes from the design of experiments to sowing, through: sampling, harvesting and interpretation of  Modifications to broth formulations and results. The MARD extension service played a experiments in procedures for maintaining large role in extension activities. Data from sterility and dispensing broths into the field demonstrations was used to produce an inoculant carrier. economic model for production and use of legume inoculants in Vietnam. In addition,  Testing appropriate forms of inoculant (peat, training courses were organised for farmers, granular, liquid) that allow compliance with 220
  4. CARD 013/06 – Replacing fertiliser N with rhizobial inoculants extension workers and researchers in methods Korea and Argentina. Several of these strains of inoculant use, and economic as well as are currently used in commercial inoculants in environmental benefits of inoculation. This Australia such as CB1809 (soybean) and NC92 extension-training program was conducted by (groundnut). Vietnamese researchers in collaboration with In the potted field soil trials, 11 groundnut Australian counterparts. strains for groundnut and 17 soybean strains were tested against +N control without Involvement of the private sector in inoculation and –N uninoculated control. All production, distribution and marketing strains increased groundnut and soybean Three Vietnamese companies who produce and nodulation and yield compared to the control distribute biofertilizers were involved in the treatments. As expected, there were close project. Private sector was progressively correlations between nodule number, nodule become involved as the production technology weight and plant biomass while correlations was developed and the market for the between nodulation and plant height were inoculants expanded. The companies were poor. Strains producing the highest plant initially involved in marketing and inoculant biomass were NC92 (Australian commercial distribution. Training workshops were open to strain), GL1 and GL2 (local strains) for researchers from the collaborating private groundnut and CB1809 (Australian companies. commercial strain), SL2, SL1, CJ2 and U110 3. Research results and discussions (old US commercial strain) for soybean. 3.1 Increased production of high-quality The total number of field experiments during inoculants and QA 2007–09 was 36 in the 10 provinces. The experiments were conducted in the main 3.1.1 Strain selection legume-growing areas in Vietnam, from the While there is specificity in the legume- highlands in the North, to the Central Coast Rhizobium symbiosis, there are a range of area to the highlands in the South and Mekong rhizobial strains capable of forming root- Delta. The provinces involved were Son La, nodule symbioses within plant-host groups. Nghe An, Binh Dinh, Binh Thuan, Dak Lak, Inherent in this diversity is a range of Dak Nong, Tay Ninh, Dong Thap, An Giang effectiveness in relation to plant-growth and Tra Vinh. There were at least 5 treatments promotion through N2 fixation. In this regard, in each experiment comparing CB1809, SL1, strains should be selected for commercial SL2 (soybean); NC92, GL1 and GL2 production according to a set of criteria (groundnut). Control treatments were farmer’s including their effectiveness and practice without N fertilizer and farmer’s manufacturability. practice with N fertilizer.  Tests for effectiveness The Australian strains were the most effective in terms of nodulation, biomass yield and grain In this project, elite international strains were yield. Compared with the uninoculated control, evaluated for their effectiveness in both potted CB1809 and NC92 increased nodulation of field soil and field trials across the country and soybean and groundnut, respectively, by an compared with national strains. Strains were average of 51%, biomass yield by 31% and also compared in the laboratory for their grain yield by 28%. Compared to the local growth characteristics including any inherent Vietnamese strains, CB1809 and NC92, tolerance to temperature and pH. Included in increased soybean and groundnut nodulation the studies were local and imported strains by an overall average of 22%. Biomass yields from Vietnamese institutes, from NifTAL (USA), ALIRU (Australia), DOA (Thailand), 221
  5. Tran Yen Thao, Pham Van Toan, Pham Van Bien, David Herridge & Rosalind Deaker were increased by an average of 12% and those used in countries with existing successful grains yields increased by an average of 11%. inoculant industries, e.g. Australia, US. All institutes investigated the use of peat as a  Tests for manufacturability carrier and a range of peat from different Strains were also compared for their growth sources were tested for suitability. characteristics including rate of growth, Comparison of sterilisation techniques to growth in different media and their ability to reduce contaminant load was done. Some grow and survive at different temperature and research on liquid inoculants was also carried pH. Apart from a small increased tolerance to out. low pH by local strains, growth of all strains  Inoculant quality in Vietnam was comparable in all conditions indicating that local strains were not any more tolerant to Quality control of inoculants produced stressful conditions than Australian strains and throughout the project by the collaborating no survival advantage may be conferred institutes was carried out by IOOP. During through their application. Media with more two years 2007-2008, a total of 261 samples affordable ingredients for large scale were tested over two years, 2007-2008 (from a production supported growth as much as the total of 465 samples received, 60 from IAS, benchmark medium yeast mannitol broth 180 from SFI and 225 from IOOP). A total of (YMB) and may be adapted for large scale 117 samples were tested in 2007 and 144 commercial production. samples in 2008. The number of rhizobia ranged between 109 cfu/g inoculant It was concluded that Australian strains NC92 and number of contaminants between 106 cfu/g However, the number of rhizobia selection criteria and that these should be was high, between 5 x 108 and 3 x 109 cfu/g, in adopted as the commercial inoculant strains, the majority of packets (72%), and respectively for groundnut and soybean in contaminant numbers were low (≤106 cfu/g). Vietnam. In the future, more strain evaluation Plant-infection MPN counts indicated rhizobial will be done to develop even more effective numbers ranging from 108 rhizobia/g inoculant strains. It is also proposed that moist peat but as was the case with plate cultures of these strains will be maintained, counting, most inoculants (75%) had ≥108 authenticated and supplied annually from the rhizobia/g. Current standards for peat independent QA laboratory to private and inoculants in Australia and elsewhere are ≥ public sector laboratories producing inoculants 1x109 rhizobial cfu/g moist peat at the point of together with protocols for strain maintenance manufacture and MPN plant-infection counts and production of broth cultures. are ≥108. Therefore, in relative terms, a high 3.1.2 Institute capacity to produce high percentage of legume inoculants produced in quality of inoculants Vietnam already meet the high standards set in other countries. During the almost three years of the project, technology for inoculant production at the During 2009-2010, the QA program was three institutes (SFI, OPI and IAS) was continued doing by checking inoculants developed. The principal aim was production produced by participating institutes as well as of high quality of inoculants containing ≥5 x private companies (two companies in Nghe An 108 rhizobia/g and a maximum 1 x 108 and Son La). contaminants/g. Different approaches were The variation in rhizobial and contaminant taken to inoculant formulation development at counts for the different batches resulted from the collaborating institutes depending on differences in procedures and expertise facilities and expertise. To some extent, the amongst the three institutes. The number of inoculant technologies have been adapted from 222
  6. CARD 013/06 – Replacing fertiliser N with rhizobial inoculants  rhizobia/g inoculant was unstable between Standards and quality control production batches in 2007 but improved A workshop on quality control of inoculants during 2008 – 2010. This resulted from was delivered at the beginning of the project improvement of production technology by Australian scientists and a workshop on  inoculant production and quality control was Inoculant technology development presented later in the first year by scientists in It is likely that peat will be the major inoculant Thailand. All scientists involved in the carrier for Vietnam. Vietnam has many peat project, including industry personnel, mines located throughout the country but participated in the quality control workshop quality ranges from poor (Can Gio), moderate and selected personnel attended the workshop (Binh Phu) to good peat (U Minh). Properties in Thailand. Protocols for quality control were of peat that have been identified as being adapted to Vietnamese conditions and a quality important for inoculant production include control laboratory was set up by the IOOP. source of peat, moisture holding capacity and sterility prior to injection with inoculant There are currently no specific standards for cultures. rhizobial inoculants in Vietnam, rather there are standards for nitrogen fixing microbial Tests on effects of peat sources on inoculant fertilizers. However, it is very important to quality revealed that several of the Vietnamese have effective QA of legume (rhizobial) peats were suitable for inoculant production inoculants. A number of modifications to the supporting good growth of rhizobia. The Vietnam National Standard for Nitrogen- number of rhizobia in five Vietnamese peats Fixing Microbial Fertilizers (TCVN 6166- reached ≥ 109 cfu/g moist peat, equal to 1996) were justified to make it more relevant numbers supported by high quality Australian to rhizobial inoculants, based on production peat. There was some variation in quality. technology and efficacy requirements. The Numbers in one peat provided by Komix was new standards largely utilize the well- only 3.4 x 107 cfu/g moist peat at 6 months. constructed and comprehensive framework of While there is some information known about the current standard. The proposed name of the properties of peat required for high quality standard is the Vietnam National Standard for inoculant production, it is difficult to identify Legume Inoculants and contains details on the the specific physico-chemical properties and technical requirements of the inoculants measuring quality in terms of growth and including labeling as well as methods of survival of rhizobia is essential. testing and reporting. In Vietnam currently, sterilization by 3.2 Extension and training of farmers autoclaving is used. The moisture content of and advisors the peat before autoclaving should be adjusted to approximately 20%. Depending on 3.2.1 Extension and Training contamination in terms of numbers and types Extension and training of farmers and advisors of microorganisms in carriers, sterilization was a major focus of the project as a means of conditions are different. Peat is often sterilized facilitating adoption of legume inoculation in at 1210C for 45–60 minutes, two times with 24 Vietnam. The extension-training program was hours intervals between sterilization. Another built around simple, multi-location inoculation method of sterilization can be applied in experiments in the legume production areas of Vietnam is gamma irradiation treatment. The the country. The experiments involved treatments of peat at 30 – 40 kGy were the best participation of farmers and extension officers as some current experiments done at IOOP. in all aspects, from the design of experiments to sowing, sampling, harvesting and interpretation of results. The MARD extension 223
  7. Tran Yen Thao, Pham Van Toan, Pham Van Bien, David Herridge & Rosalind Deaker service played a large role in extension invited to the demonstration fields at least activities. An economic analysis of production once. At many fields such as in Dak Nong, and use of legume inoculants in Vietnam has Dak Lak, Dong Thap and Binh Dinh they also been developed using data from demonstration came to the fields 2–3 times at nodule and trials. In addition, training courses were biomass harvest as well as grain harvest time. organised for farmers, extension workers and At each trial site, at least 20 farmers, extension researchers in methods of inoculant use, as officers, agriculture advisors came and made well as economic and environmental benefits evaluation of the trial (3600+ person visits to of inoculation. the extension trials). Researchers at the project institutes trained farmers and extension  Demonstration trials workers on how inoculants work, how to apply inoculants to seed, how to determine if the Demonstrations were done during almost three inoculated crops are fixing nitrogen well and years from 2007 to 2010. A total of 181 how to record results. They observed demonstration trials conducted in 10 provinces development of soybean and groundnut and during 2007-2009. The demonstration fields compared the health and growth of the plants usually had two treatments: +inoculation and – in the inoculated and N-fertilised treatments. inoculation (farmer’ practice with N They dug plants from the soil to observe fertilizers). There were also extensive field nodules and learnt to recognise effective demonstrations in Binh Dinh and Dong Thap. nodules with pink colour inside. They learnt to In Binh Dinh, demonstration was conducted on evaluate inoculation benefits by sampling 14 ha of groundnut and 13 households soybean and groundnut plants, weighing participated in the demonstration biomass and grains. Farmers were very (Winter/Spring 2009/2010). In Dong Thap, the interested in learning about nitrogen fixation demonstration was on 61.5ha with the and asked many questions. participation of 120 households in Spring/Summer 2009 and another extensive Questions were often asked by farmers were: demonstration was on 100 ha with the - How much do the inoculants cost? participation of 150 households in How much inoculant is used for 1000m2 - Spring/Summer 2010. or 1 ha? Generally, inoculation of soybean and - Where can we purchase inoculants? groundnut increased yield, on average by 310 - Do inoculants have other benefits besides kg/ha and increased the profit for farmers, on replacement of urea (N) fertilizer? average by 4.500.000VNĐ/ha. The size of the - Can we use inoculants together with plant benefit varied across the different sites. The protection products? increase was around 500.000VNĐ/ha at the demonstration field of groundnut at Bau Don, - Can we use legume inoculants for other Tay Ninh province, and as high as crops? 14.200.000VNĐ/ha at Chau Thanh, Tra Vinh - Are inoculants effected by bad weather province. Similarly for soybean, the profit such as heavy rain, hot weather when from inoculation was as much as inoculating and during plant growth? 11.640.000VNĐ at Duong Minh Chau, Tay - Can we use inoculants together with urea Ninh province. (fertiliser N)? The training program for farmers and And main requests: extension workers included involvement in - Supply inoculants for farmers to test and field demonstrations, attendance in workshops, to apply inoculants in their fields exposure to extension literature and application of inoculants on their farms. Farmers were 224
  8. CARD 013/06 – Replacing fertiliser N with rhizobial inoculants - Technical support for farmers to use and radio. We provided a video clip made and inoculants broadcasted in Dong Thap TV channel as an example of the another type of extension - Supply extension documents (flyers, documents. A video clip was made during a manual) farmer’s workshop in Dong Thap training  Workshops farmers about nitrogen fixation and how to use inoculants in the good way. The clip is used as Workshops were also conducted for farmers an extension material of Extension Centre of (22 workshops in 10 provinces). In each Dong Thap Province. workshop, 30–50 farmers, extension workers/officers and other (agricultural 3.2.2 Change in farmer attitudes and persons, officers) participated, with around practices in the use of inoculant 900 persons in total at the workshops. Farmers The success of the extension and training and extension workers who participated in the program was evaluated by surveying farmers field experiments and demonstrations were and extension officers at the beginning and end usually involved. In Binh Dinh, Dong Thap of the project. Farmers and advisors were and Tra Vinh provinces extension officers took surveyed to determine changes in awareness responsibility for training farmers at and interest in the future application of workshops in 2009 and 2010 after they learnt rhizobial inoculants. The survey was from the workshops organized by project constructed to be short and simple but to persons in 2007 and 2008. provide the critical information that could be evaluated against baseline attitudes established  Extension materials from a similar survey carried out at the At the workshop farmers were be supplied beginning of the project. Comparison of the information on legume nitrogen fixation and two surveys will demonstrate if availability of its benefits, and on inoculants and how they are used. Each of the three project institute prepared their own presentations. Flyers (about 2000) were prepared and handed out to the farmers. The flyers were revised again to be more attractive to farmers. The flyers were designed as the shape of soybean and groundnut seed. There are 12.000 flyers were sent to project provinces, private sector and some governmental organizations for distribution in the future. The booklet was also revised in inoculants has increased (project Objective 1) terms of good appearance and content after and if the extension programme has been surveying farmer and ascertaining what effective in increasing awareness of and farmers would prefer. Booklets were printed demand for inoculants (project Objective 2). and 5000 copies are delivering to farmers, The results of the survey indicated that there extension workers, researchers, persons at had been an increase in farmer awareness of private sector and governmental officers. inoculants and their role in legume growth In some provinces (Binh Dinh, Dong Thap, promotion through biological N2 fixation. Tra Vinh), at workshops and field day visits Almost all farmers in the final survey knew local TV journalists were informed and they about inoculants and understood what they do. came, took news and broadcasted news on TV 225
  9. Tran Yen Thao, Pham Van Toan, Pham Van Bien, David Herridge & Rosalind Deaker This was a direct result of the training and have some staffing problems. A future extension program provided by the project. collaboration between IAS and Cu Chi Their knowledge mainly came from workshops company for distribution and marketing would and demonstrations. This survey also indicated be effective. Ngoc Trung and Viet A Nghia a great interest by farmers and extension Dan are young companies but they are officers in future use of legume inoculants for interested in production of bio-products like soybean and groundnut in the target areas in rhizobial inoculants and have great potential Vietnam mostly because of economic reasons for production and distribution. With SFI and because of their interest and desire to providing broth cultures and technology utilise new and novel technologies. The lack transfer, the two companies produced and of use of inoculants at the time of the second supplied inoculants for 90 ha of groundnut and survey largely reflected a lack of availability in soybean, for Nghe An and Son La provinces in the market place. The survey indicated that 2009. In 2010, they produced and supplied legume inoculants would be adopted readily in inoculants for another 100 ha of groundnut and Vietnam provided they were accessible and soybean easy to apply. Increasing production and Komix, a biofertiliser company with an supply of high quality legume inoculants in extensive distribution network covering almost Vietnam, coupled with an effective extension half the country from the centre to the south, is program, should result in high adoption of most likely to adopt large scale legume inoculants. The further extension program inoculant production in the future. Komix would still need to emphasise the replacement participated in the project and conducted field of fertiliser N inputs, which represent a experiments, field demonstrations and substantial part of the cost of growing these participated in field day visits and farmer crops. The whole package should lead to workshops. Komix personnel were trained in increased farmer incomes and the relieving of small scale inoculant production by scientists poverty in many agricultural areas. at IOOP. Initially production at Komix will be medium scale with a plan to eventually 3.3 Involvement of the private sector in increase production as expertise is further inoculant production, distribution and developed. Their current production capacity marketing is 2 tones/month (24 tones/year) providing The potential market for inoculants in Vietnam enough for 24.000 ha of groundnut and could be around 500 tons annually, assuming soybean. application rates of 1 kg inoculant/ha and about 50% of legume area inoculated. This ISF in collaboration with the two private amount substantially exceeds the capacity of companies in Nghe An and Son La can the project institutes for production (currently produce around 12 tones/year. Current
  10. CARD 013/06 – Replacing fertiliser N with rhizobial inoculants - Quality standards of inoculants for inoculants emerged when a CARD and IOOP soybean and peanut and suitable protocols evaluation team talked to farmers in Dong for quality control were determined. Thap province. It was proposed that participating farmers from the project could - There had been an great increase in effectively distribute inoculant. This was farmer awareness and attitudes of inoculants and their role in legume growth suggested by one key farmer indicating that he promotion through biological N2 fixation. could distribute to neighbours with a minimum This was a direct result of the training and quantity for 50 ha. Many key farmers were extension program provided by the engaged in the project and this may be an project. effective system for initial distribution of - Private sector involved in the project in inoculants produced by institutes. inoculant production, distribution, Quality assurance is very important to marketing and extension programe. maintain sustainable high quality inoculant - R&D skills of researchers in project production. Private sector personnel will be institutes were improved in inoculant trained in the quality control procedures technology, quality control and extension developed in the project so that they may carry through training and research. out testing of inoculants during production and - A stronger linkage between researchers, at distribution. In addition, there will continue extension officers and people of private to be an independent laboratory for routine sector was established and had good testing of inoculants produced by companies conditions to maintain the relationship. and for supplying mother cultures for large - The collaboration of Vietnamese and scale production. It is intended that IOOP will Australian institutions was increased. manage on-going quality control of inoculants. The laboratories at IOOP were equipped with 4.2 Proposals facilities through the project and the quality - Approve the two rhizobial strains CB1809 control program has continued through the and NC92 to be the national strains and to Ministry of Industry and Trade. be an advanced practice for inoculant production for soybean and peanut. 4. Conclusions and proposals - Continue extension programe in inoculant 4.1 Conclusions use in project provinces and extend to - Two rhizobial strains were selected for new areas through field demonstrations, legume inoculant production. The two workshops and extension document strains have high N fixed effectiveness, supply. suitable for different growing areas of - Maintain the linkage of researchers, soybean and peanut. The two strains also extension officers and people of private have proper characteristics of sector in order to enlarge good effects of manufacturability. They are CB1809 for the project in extension, technology soybean inoculant production and NC92 transfer and inoculant production. for peanut inoculant production. - Maintain the programe of inoculant - Inoculant technology for soybean and quality control for high quality and stable peanut was determined and produced at products. three project participating institutes (Institute for Oil and Oil Plants, Institute of Agricultural Science of South Vietnam and Institute of Soils and Fertilizers). 227
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