6/19/2005 1
CHAÁT THAÛI NGUY HAÏI
hazardous waste
ThS. Traàn Minh Haûi
6/19/2005 2
Khaùi nieäm: Chaát nguy haïi
(hazardous materials)
zlaø nhöõng chaát coù tính ñoäc haïi töùc thôøi ñaùng keå
hoaëc tieàm aån ñoái vôùi con ngöôøi vaø sinh vaät
khaùc
zdo:
{khoâng phaân huûy sinh hoïc hay toàn taïi laâu beàn trong
töï nhieân;
{gia taêng soá löôïng ñaùng keå khoâng theå kieåm soaùt;
{lieàu löôïng tích luõy ñeán moät möùc naøo ñoù seõ gaây töû
von
g
ha
y
g
aâ
y
ra nhöõn
g
taùc ñoän
g
tieâu cöïc.
6/19/2005 3
Tính chaát
{Deã chaùy (Ignitability): T < 60oC, masat,…
{Tính aên moøn (Corossivity): pH < 3; pH >12,5;
{Hoaït tính hoaù hoïc cao (Reactivity)
{Tính ñoäc haïi (Toxicity):
{Khaû naêng gaây ung thö (Carcinogenicity) vaø ñoät bieán
gen
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DOT Hazard Classes
Miscellaneous (ORMs)9
Corrosives8
Radioactive materials7
Poisons, etiologic agents6
Oxidizers, organic peroxides5
Solids4
Liquids3
Gases2
Explosives1
HAZARD TYPEHAZARD CLASS
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Explosives
Explosives: Designed to function with instantaneous
release of gas and heat (i.e., by exploding).
Blasting Agents: Designed to explode, but require a
blasting cap to trigger the explosion
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Gases
Anhydrous Ammonia is classified as a non-flammable gas
However, it is flammable and highly toxic!
Chlorine gets its own placard because it is toxic, corrosive,
and an oxidizer!
Poison A: Gases or liquids producing vapors highly
hazardous to human health.
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Liquids
Flammable Liquid: Flash point < 100oF
Combustible Liquid: Flash point > 100oF
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Solids
Any solid material other than an explosive that is liable to
cause fires through friction, through retained heat from
manufacturing, or which can be ignited readily and when
ignited burns vigorously and persistently.
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Oxidizers
Liquid oxygen is an oxidizer and a cryogenic agent.
Oxidizers will readily give up oxygen and support
combustion.
Organic oxidizers will readily give up oxygen, support
combustion, and will burn!
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Poisons
Class B Poisons: Solids and liquids known
to be so toxic as to afford a risk to human
health or which, in the absence of adequate
data are assumed to be toxic to man.
Irritants, substances that give off irritating
fumes when heated or exposed to air, are
included in Class 6, but are placarded only
as DANGEROUS and only if >1000 pounds
is present.
Etiologic agents are included in Class 6 but
are not placarded.