CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY – THE NEED FOR IMPROVEMENT IN MEDICAL AND INTERVENTIONAL THERAPY
Heat
transport limitation in larger tissue may also affect survival. Due to the macroscopic size of
tissue-engineered products and its finite thermal conductivity, there may be large thermal
gradients from the surface to the interior of the samples. The presence of a thermal gradient
during cooling and warming phases makes it difficult to choose optimal temperature
change protocols for both surface and interior cells. Moreover, osmotic effects (water
movement from inside-unfrozen cells to outside-frozen cells) during cooling, reduces cell
survival. Accordingly, it may not be possible to recover full viability throughout the tissue
(Karlsson and Toner, 1996)....
