LPI-101: Junior Level Administration

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(NB) LPI-101 "Junior Level Administration Introduction to Linux" referred to the content you: Linux Fundamentals, Hardware & Architecture, Install a Linux system, Working on the command line, Process text streams using filters, Perform basic file management, Perform basic file editing operations using vi,...

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Nội dung Text: LPI-101: Junior Level Administration

LPI-101 Junior Level Administration Exam: 117-101 Lưu hành nội bộ Version 2.0
INDEX Chapter 1: Introduction to Linux Chapter 2: Linux Fundamentals Chapter 3: Hardware & Architecture Chapter 4: Install a Linux system Chapter 5: Working on the command line Chapter 6: Process text streams using filters Chapter 7: Perform basic file management Chapter 8: Perform basic file editing operations using vi Chapter 9: The XWindow system Chapter 10: Make and install programs from source Chapter 11: Package Management – RPM & DPKG Chapter 12: Find system files Chapter 13: Search text files using regular expressions Chapter 14: Create and maintain the Linux filesystems Chapter 15: Control mounting and managing quota Chapter 16: Manage files and directories Chapter 17: Manage processes
Linux Junior Level Administration - LPI 101 Chapter 01 Introduction to Linux Last updated: 10 January 2007 1 SaigonCTT All rights reserved 1
Objectives Answer the question : Why Linux ? List some of the key companies using Linux today Describe the “Value Proposition” associated with Linux 2 Last updated: 10 January 2007 2
Why Linux ? (becomes popularly) Linux is a source opened operating system (OS) with all the features of other OSs and it’s free It’s a very stable, quality, flexible OS ,being continually developed by hundreds of thousands of independent programmers from around the world 3 Last updated: 10 January 2007 3
Companies using Linux today IBM Fujitsu HP Sony Cisco Amazon.com Sun Microsystems Google Hitachi …and many more 4 Last updated: 10 January 2007 -There are many companies using Linux nowadays and the list is growing day after day, even Microsoft -Amazon.com is a online largest bookstore on Internet, the most popular website all over the world with millions visitings per day. -Google is known as the best search engine on worldwide -Germany, Australia, Brazil, … are using Linux in government organizations. Even ,China has a OS for themselves based on Linux - Red Flag. 4
What can the Linux do ? Linux is used in many ways. It’s deployed as a server, development or workstation with emerging technologies : ª Web Hosting ª E-mail Servers ª Softwares Development ª Database Servers ª Network Routers ª File and Print services ª And a host of other ª Document Publishing workstation applications, … 5 Last updated: 10 January 2007 5
The “Value” Proposition Reliability Scalability Security ROI (Return On Investment) TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) 6 Last updated: 10 January 2007 Reliability – You can easily manage the necessary workloads in today’s business environment . – Linux machine can do as a FTP server, Web server, Mail server, DHCP server, DNS server, …and run smoothly. – You do NOT need to reboot machine after installing new softwares or services. – Linux machine has never been halted. Scalability – The release of the 2.4 kernel can handle large business workloads that once could only be addressed by closed, proprietary platforms and solutions. Security – The open source model allows for expert auditing and “self” policing of code prior to release – When problems are found, fixes are developed and tested by the group of worldwide programmers. – Viruses are almost non-existent on Linux. 6
ROI (Return On Investment) –The open source licensing model allows for no per unit fees or licensing charges. This will significantly reduce IT infrastructure expense when companies are expanded. TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) –Each Linux administrator can maintain a large number of servers and clients. This reduces the total cost of ownership of Linux versus Windows, Netware and other PC platforms. 7
Summary • Answer the question : Why Linux ? • List some of the key companies using Linux today • Describe the “Value Proposition” associated with Linux 8 Last updated: 10 January 2007 8
Linux Junior Level Administration - LPI 101 Chapter 02 Linux Fundamentals Last updated: 10 January 2007 1 SaigonCTT All rights reserved 1
Objectives • Describe the history of Linux • Describe the General Public License • List the benefits and limitations of Linux • Identify Linux system administration tasks 2 Last updated: 10 January 2007 2
History of Linux • Linux was created by Linus Tovards in 1991. • It’s based on Minix, a UNIX-liked system, widely used as a teaching • The ability to see the source code. it now became even better than many commercial Unix packages. 3 Last updated: 10 January 2007 In 1991, Linus Benedict Torvalds was a second year student of Computer Science at the University of Helsinki and a self-taught hacker. The 21 year old sandy haired soft-spoken Finn loved to tinker with the power of the computers and the limits to which the system can be pushed. But all that was lacking was an operating system that could meet the demands of the professionals. MINIX was good, but still it was simply an operating system for the students, designed as a teaching tool rather than an industry strength one. In August 25, 1991 the historic post was sent to the MINIX news group by Linus ..... /------------------------------------------------------------ From: torvalds@klaava.Helsinki.FI (Linus Benedict Torvalds) Newsgroups: comp.os.minix Subject: What would you like to see most in minix? Summary: small poll for my new operating system Message-ID: Date: 25 Aug 91 20:57:08 GMT Organization: University of Helsinki Hello everybody out there using minix - I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things). I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40),and things seem to work.This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months, andI'd like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-) Linus (torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi) PS. Yes - it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT protable (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have :-(. \------------------------------------------------------------ 3
As it is apparent from the posting, Linus himself didn't believe that his creation was going to be big enough to change computing forever. Linux version 0.01 was released by mid September 1991, and was put on the net. Enthusiasm gathered around this new kid on the block, and codes were downloaded, tested, tweaked, and returned to Linus. 0.02 came on October 5th, along with this famous declaration from Linus. Linux version 0.03 came in a few weeks. By December came version 0.10. Still Linux was little more than in skeletal form. It had only support for AT hard disks, had no login ( booted directly to bash). version 0.11 was much better with support for multilingual keyboards, floppy disk drivers, support for VGA,EGA, Hercules etc. The version numbers went directly from 0.12 to 0.95 and 0.96 and so on. Soon the code went worldwide via ftp sites at Finland and elsewhere. Soon Linus faced some confrontation from none other than Andrew Tanenbaum, the great teacher who wrote MINIX. In a post to Linus, Tanenbaum commented: /------------------------------------------ " I still maintain the point that designing a monolithic kernel in 1991 is a fundamental error. Be thankful you are not my student. You would not get a high grade for such a design :-)" (Andrew Tanenbaum to Linus Torvalds) \------------------------------------------ Linus later admitted that it was the worst point of his development of Linux. Tanenbaum was certainly the famous professor, and anything he said certainly mattered. But he was wrong with Linux, for Linus was one stubborn guy who won't admit defeat. Tanenbaum also remarked that : "Linux is obsolete". Now was the turn for the new Linux generation. Backed by the strong Linux community, Linus gave a reply to Tanenbaum which seems to be most fitting: /------------------------------------------ Your job is being a professor and researcher: That's one hell of a good excuse for some of the brain-damages of minix. (Linus Torvalds to Andrew Tanenbaum) \------------------------------------------ And work went on. Soon more than a hundred people joined the Linux camp. Then thousands. Then hundreds of thousands. This was no longer a hackers toy. Powered by a plethora of programs from the GNU project, Linux was ready for the actual showdown. It was licensed under GNU General Public License, thus ensuring that the source codes will be free for all to copy, study and to change. Students and computer programmers grabbed it. 4
The Free Software Model • Linux is open source software. All the source code which makes up Linux itself is covered by the GNU General Public License (GPL), which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) • A crucial aspect of free software is that users are free to make modification, free to cooperate, free to share their bug fixes and improvements 5 Last updated: 10 January 2007 •Creating, running and selling proprietary software under Linux is allowed and even encouraged (for example Oracle Database ) because it’s a use of the system rather than a derivative from the Linux sources. •If developers and companies take GPL’d source code and incorporating it into their own non-GPL projects - this is strictly forbidden. •This license is intended allow free use and redistribution of program’s source code as well as any programs derived therefrom. •Use and redistribution GPL softwares is free. You’re allowed to charge for copies of the softwares but can’t prevent others from freely copying it. •If you create and redistribute derivatives of GPL product, they must be covered by the same license as the orginal. 5
Linux Features • Hardware • Loadable Device Modules • Software • GUI Windows Mangers • Programming Languages 6 Last updated: 10 January 2007 Hardware –Runs on many platforms : Alpha, AMD “Hammer” (x86-64 bit), Intel, MIPS, PowerPC, Sparc, … http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO.html Loadable Device Modules –Hardware and software can be added while the system is running. This eliminates the need to restart systems and results in lower downtime and greater reliability Software –To find out softwares works on Linux, check Linux software sites : http://www.freshmeat.net http://www.linuxberg.com http://www.rpmfind.net/linux/RPM/ GUI Windows Mangers –Supports GNOME, KDE, Window Maker,... Programming Languages –C, C++, FORTRAN, Java, Pascal, Perl, Python, PHP,... 6
Linux Advantages • GUI is optional • Remote Administration is Easy • Rebooting is Uncommon • Viruses Are Almost Non-existent • Greater Security 7 Last updated: 10 January 2007 GUI is optional –Linux does not require GUI to function. Using Linux without a windowing system also reduces security risks when Linux system is linked to Internet. Remote Administration is Easy –Linux allows you to remotely handle your system and maintenance tasks,… via a network with a command line interface or GUI utilities. Rebooting is Uncommon –The uptime of a Linux system is usually measured in months, even years. System only requires to boot when upgrade hardware or kernel. Viruses Are Almost Non-existent –Programs on Linux run as users, NOT as root, it can not modify important system files. Greater Security –Thousands of programmers examine free software code regularly will quickly discover and repair bugs. So, the security of the code increases greatly whereas in a closed environment 7
Linux Limitations • There is no formal quality assurance program • SMP Scalability : only scales to up to 16 processors • Documentation is abundant but uneven in quality • ... 8 Last updated: 10 January 2007 8