MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
VIETNAM ACADEMY OF
AND TRAINING
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
LE HAI SON
RESEARCH ON FACTORS OF AFFECTING
ECOLOGY BUTTERFLIES FAUNA
(LEPIDOPTERA : RHOPALOCERA)
IN BIDOUP – NUI BA NATIONAL PARK
Major: ECOLOGY
Code: 9 42 01 20
SUMMARY OF BIOLOGYCAL PHD DISSERTATION
Ho Chi Minh City - 2018
The dissertation completed at: Graduate University of Science and
Technology - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology.
Academic Supervisor 1: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hoang Duc Huy
Academic Supervisor 2: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao
Referee 1:
Referee 2:
Referee 3:
The thesis will be examined by Examination Board of Graduate
University, Meeting at Graduate University of Science and
Technology - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
at ............................
The thesis can be found at:
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Library
- National Library of Vietnam
1
INTRODUCTION
1. Significance of the research
Insects are a part of invertebrates that are found in most
ecosystems from land, aquatics to the underground. It has more than
one million species of insects have been described, accounting for
more than half of all known species on the Earth. Annually, the
number of species reported has continually increased (Blair RB, 1999,
Vu Van Lien, 2004, 2011). In the insect class, butterflies are well
known for their color and morphology, and are familiar to humans.
Butterflies are quite sensitive to habitat. The impact of environmental
change on the vertebrate populations often took a long time to be
recognized (Price P. W., 1975) and less noticeable than invertebrates,
while butterflies have responded early to environmental change. When
the natural forest is affected, the species and structure of the vegetation
was changed, leading the butterfly communities were also changed
(Blau W.S, 1980; Bobo K., 2006, Janzen, 1968). The change in status
of butterflies over time is largely due to the human impacts on the
communities of nature.
From the early years of the 20th century, many researches on
butterflies were published as a list of species in Vietnam and
Indochinese (Corber A.S., 1992). Up to now, butterflies have been
researched on many National Parks and Nature Reserves of Vietnam.
However, the study mainly focused on the inventory of species
composition.
Recently, some researches on butterfly ecology in Vietnam
have been reported in several PhDs and masters’ thesis such as the
2
researches in Tam Dao - Vinh Phuc National park (Vu Van Lien,
2008); in Ta Dung Nature Reserve (Le Hai Son, Hoang Duc Huy,
2011); in Ta Kou Nature Reserve (Dang Viet Dai, 2011); in Binh Chau
- Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve (Bui Huu Manh, 1998) and so on...
However, comprehensive statistics on species composition as well as
ecological and biological research of butterfly species have not been
investigated yet. Therefore, the PhD. dissertation: "Research on
factors of affecting ecology butterflies fauna (Lepidoptera:
Rhopalocera) in Bidoup – Nui Ba National park" focused on
investigating a number of biological and ecological factors on
butterfly populations in the desired area.
2. Research Objective
2.1. The purpose of dissertation
Evaluate the impacts of some ecological factors on the
movement of butterfly population, biological data and the status of
some valuable, rare and near threatened butterfly species. Based on
research results, propose the conservation solution of butterflies in
Bidoup - Nui Ba National park.
2.2. The requirement of dissertation
Identify the composition of species and analyze the diversity of
butterflies in different habitats in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park.
Identify the biological data of some butterflies, and determine
the impact of weather conditions and forest on the movement of
population and the variation in the individual number of butterfly
species in the community.
3
Propose the conservation solution of butterflies in Bidoup - Nui
Ba National park.
3. The scientific significance of dissertation
The dissertation reported an complete and comprehensive
statistics on the composition of butterfly species in Bidoup - Nui Ba
National Park, with a total of 173 species, of which 02 species listed
in the Red List of Vietnam, and 108 species were implemented in the
butterfly list of Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park.
The dissetation also identified the biological data of 31 species,
of which rare and precious species are listed in the Red List of
Vietnam. In addition, 12 new foodplant species have been recorded
for 13 butterfly species in Bidoup.
The results have quite comprehensively assessed a number of
ecological features such as different habitats, environmental humidity,
temperature, rainfall ... to the movement of butterfly populations
4. Chapter Layout of Dissertation
The dissertation consists of Introduction; Chapter 1: Literature
review; Chapter 2: Materials and Methods; Chapter 3: Results and
discussion; Conclusions and recommendations; List of peer review;
References; 38 pictures and 21 tables..
4
CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1. Butterfly researches in the world
In the world, butterflies have been researched extensively,
many of the research results on species composition have been
published such as Butterflies in the world (Smart, 1989), Butterflies in
China (Chou, 1994); Butterflies in Malaysia (Corbet and Pendlebury
(1992), Butterflies in Indochina – Australia (D'Abrera, 1982 - 1986);
Butterfies in Laos (Osada et al.,1999); Butterflies and Moths in
Singapore (Carter, 2000); Butterflies in Thailand (Pinratana, 1974 –
1988; Pisuth Ek-Amnuay, 2012), and Butterflies in India (Wynter-
Blyth, 1957).
There are numerous studies of biology and ecology of
butterfly published in Asia. Valuable scientific works included
identification of host plants, life cycles, behavior and distribution of
butterflies. Among butterflies, there are many rare and precious
species listed in CITES and IUCN. These researches contribited to
conservation and cultivation of butterflies (Igarashi S., 1997-2000,
2001).
1.2. Butterfly researches in Vietnam
Butterflies in Vietnam have been studied since the early years
of the 20th century. The first study was "Essai d’un traite d’entomologie indochinoise" with a list of 611 species (belonging to 7 families) by Dubois and Vitalis De Salvaza et al. (1919). It was the
first list of butterflies of the nations of Indochina (Vietnam, Laos,
Cambodia). By 1957, Metaye had identified a list of 454 species of
butterflies in Vietnam (Metaye R., 1957).
5
So far, studies of butterfly have primarily focused on
investigating species composition. Recently, studies on butterfly
ecology have been interested but still few and mainly focus on the
topics of masters, PhD thesis, and ecology of butterflies. Particularly,
study of butterfly biology, such as life cycle and host plant, which help
to preserve and cultivate rare and precious gene sources have not been
resonably interested yet. In this study we, therefore, conducted survey
of both ecology and butterfly biology to find out the rules of
movemently of butterfly population as well as to study the life cycle
of butterfly (egg, larva , pupae, host plants) to serve conservation and
ecotourism in Vietnam.
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CHAPTER 2. CONTENT AND METHODOLOGY
2.1. Research content
Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) are studied in habitats
from natural forest to residential areas and agricultural land.
2.2. Research methodology
2.2.1. General ecological research method
The general method used in ecological surveys is the Pollard
Walk method.
2.2.2. Research on diversity of species composition and
frequencies
2.2.2.1. Occurrence frequency
To assess the prevalence of butterfly populations in the study
areas, the occurrence frequency was calculated by formular
Numbers of occurrence
Frequency (%) = x 100 (1)
Total numbers of surveys
2.2.2.2. Estimation of species abundance
From results of the surveys, the cumulative curve of the
number of species was setted up. Based on end-stage curve data,
species richness was estimated.
2.2.2.3. Bray-Curtis index
For the comparison of butterfly species between diverse
habitats or regions, similarity index (Bray-Curtis Similarity index
7
(S'jk) (Charles J. Krebs, 1999) of butterfly species composition of
habitats or study areas is calculated by formular according to Clarke
et Gorley, 2001.
2.2.3. Research on Biology of butterfly
Collect samples of host plants (or part of host plants for larval
feeding) and larvae of wild butterflies in the natural forest, residential
area and agricultural land. Research focus on: monitoring female
butterflies that lay their eggs in the forest, taking pictures of host
plants, collecting sample of plant, eggs, larva and pupae (if any).
2.2.4. Research on Ecology of butterfly
2.2.4.1. Movement of butterfly populations during the day
Period of assessment time on day was carried out from 9h00
to 16h00 by line. To compare the activity of butterflies at different
periods of the day, period of assessment time were sometime
conducted from 7:00 am to 5:00 pm (Vu Van Lien, 2008).
2.2.4.2. Movement of butterfly populations by habitat
Survey of butterfly habitat was conducted at the habitats in the
desired areas: RTN, RTĐ, TC and NN.
2.2.4.3. Effects of environmental factors on butterfly behavior
Studies on the influence of environmental factors on butterfly
behavior include: assess the activity period of butterfly during a day,
assess movement of butterfly population in terms of rainfall over
months and seasons, and assess effect of humidity to number of
butterfly populations.
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CHAPTER 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Research on species diversity in Bidoup – Nui Ba National
park
3.1.1. Species composition and occurrence frequency
In Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park, there are 173 species of
butterflies in 10 families were identified. These included: 22 species
of Papilionidae, 52 species of Nymphalidae, 31 species of Pieridae, 15
species of Danaidae, 21 species of Satyridae, 01 species of
Libytheidae, 2 species of Riodinidae, 1 species of Amathusiidae, 25
species of Lycaenidae and 09 species of Hesperiidae.
The most diverse of species in Bidoup – Nui Ba and Ma Da is
Nymphalidae family with 52/173 species (Bidoup) and 50/137 species
(Ma Da), accounting for over 30% of the total species studied in each
areas. In addition, the number of single species of the Nymphalidae
family is also highest, indicating that they are the largest and most
abundant species in both study areas. In this research, we haven’t
found 3 butterfly families of Amathusiidae, Libytheidae and
Riodinidae in Ma Da.
Research results in Bidoup discovered 108 added species of
butterflies to this area compared with those of Bui Xuan Phuong
(2002) and Nguyen Dang Hoi and Kuznetsov (2012). This result has
raised the total number of butterfly species present in Bidoup upto 264 species.
9
3.1.2. Typical species
3.1.2.1. The rare and precious species in the red list of Vietnam
According to the Vietnam Red List (2000), four species
recorded in Bidoup, include: Lamproptera curius curius (Fabricius,
1787) (T: Threatened level), Troides aeacus aeacus (C. & R. Felder
1860), T. helena cerberus (C. & R. Felder, 1865) (EN: Endangered)
and Graphium antiphates pompilius (Fabricius, 1787) are all members
of the Papilionidae family.
According to the Vietnam Red List 2007, there are two species
of Troides aeacus aeacus (C. & R. Felder, 1860), T. helena cerberus
(C. & R. Felder, 1865) (Papilionidae) (Vulerable: Endangered) in
Bidoup needs to be preserved.
3.1.2.2. Endemic species and common species
a. Endemic species to survey lines
There are 31 species of solitary, single species that show
species endemism specific to each study site, which also suggests
habitat preferences for butterflies. In addition, the identification of
single species in the survey trails helped to estimate species richness
in the study area.
b. The commen and less common species
Through the occurrence frequency of species, most of the species
surveyed are rare species. In Bidoup, common species was no present,
only five species was less common. However, according to each study
site, there are two popular species at the grasslands habitat in Bidoup:
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Ypthima baldus and Neptis hylas. There are 03 common and 11 less
common in Ma Da.
Seven species occured in all habitats from natural forest to
agricultural land in both Bidoup and Ma Da areas, indicating that these
species are popular and widely distributed in all habitats from the delta
to the highland.
3.1.3. Estimation of jackknife abundance of species
Based on the results of the survey in Bidoup, the relationship
of number of species according to study time was establish to generate
the cumulative curve for species discovert in Bidoup.
Estimated species in Bidoup (𝑆̂NB) = 203,87 204 species.
An estimation of the species size in Bidoup with 95%
confidence has been obtained: Bidoup 12 species
So, the species abundance estimated in Bidoup is: SNB = 204
± 12 species. It means that the species abundance limit in Bidoup
according Jackknife abundance varies from 192 to 216 species.
3.1.4. Bray-Curtis similarity index
3.1.4.1. Bray-Curtis index between Bidoup and other areas
The results of the similarity of species composition between
Bidoup and other areas were shown in Table 3.7 and Figure 3.6. The
species composition in Bidoup was closer to Ta Dung Nature Reserve
(Le Hai Son, Hoang Duc Huy, 2011) (65,34%) than other regions.
Geographically, Ta Dung Nature Reserve (belong to Daknong
province) locate in the south of Bidoup, and is characterized by
highand medium mountainous terrain. Thus, the similarities of species
11
composition of Bidoup and Ta Dung Nature Reserve was highest
compared to other areas. Although Bidoup and Ma Da (Le Hai Son et
al., 2017) have different geographic locations, terrain and elevation,
the similarity is only lower than that of Ta Dung (56,77%) since
species composition of the common family Nymphalidae,
Papilionidae, Pieridae and Danaidae have many similar species.
3.1.4.2. Bray-Curtis similarity index according to butterfly family
The results of the similarity index (Appendix 12) of the
Papilionidae, Nymphalidae, Pieridae and Danaidae families showed
that there is a high correlation among regions (over 50%). It indicated
that they are popular families with wide distribution on many habitats
and elevations. The result is consistent with previous reports (Vu Van
Lien, 2008; Le Hai Son, Hoang Duc Huy, 2011).
For other butterfly families, there is a low similarity index
among regions (the Libytheidae family have few species, so we cannot
calculate similarity index). It suggested that the endemism of the
species composition of the butterflies is relatively high.
3.2. Study of butterfly ecology
3.2.1. Fluctuation of butterfly populations by habitat
Result in Table 3.8 showed the species composition decreased
according to habitat. The highest number of species occurred in
natural forest (RTN) with 138 species (79.8% of total species) and
lowest in agriculture land habitat (NN).
Result in Table 3.9 showed that the occurrence frequency of
species in natural forest habitat is highest with 8.09 species / 1 h and
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lowest in the agricultural area habitat. However, the frequencies of
occurrence of species in grassland habitats (7.81 species/1 hour) and
impact forest (7.56 species/1 hour) were almost same. However,
during the survey in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park, grassland habitats
are often close to natural forests (Lang Tranh, Dung K'No, Giang
Ly...) and the presence of beautiful flowers can be attracted many
species of butterflies so that the occurrence frequencies of butterfly
species in the impact forest and grassland habitats were quite similar.
The similarity index of species composition of butterfly
among the different habitats waa presented in Table 3.10 and Figure
3.7. It showed that the species composition in natural habitats was
close to the impacted forest, and the second one is grassland habitats.
Agriculture land had the most differrent species composition
compared to natural forests.
These results showed that the occurrence frequency of
butterfly species in Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park was dependent on
habitat. Occurrence frequency of species and number of species is
highest in natural forest habitat and lowest in agriculture land.
3.2.2. Movement of butterflies populations by rainfall and seasons
3.2.2.1. Correlation of occurrence frequency of butterfly species
with rainfall
Results in Table 3.11 showed that the number of individuals
appearing at the highest density (138.08 individuals/hour in 2014 and
206.29 individuals/hour in 2015) at the rainfall peak in the beginning
of the rainy seasons. However, number of individuals at the rainfall
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peak at the end of the rainy season the did not increase sharply as that
at the beginning of the rainy season (Figure 3.8).
The correlation of the total number of species, occurrence
flequency and individual number of the species to rainfall in Bidoup-
Nui Ba National Park was shown in Figure 3.8; 3.9 and 3.10. Increase
in numbers of species at low rainfall in this study is contrary to
previous reports. It is due to with high mountainous terrain and low
average temperatures in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park (Nguyen Dang
Hoi, Kuznetsov AN, 2012). In addition, the annual average humidity
in Bidoup is also quite high at the rainy season (General Statistics
Office 2015, 2016). And there is often cloudy and low sunshine
combined with low temperatures while the dry season is quite sunny
and litte foggy. The butterflies often appeared with high density under
the sunny and clear weather condition. Therefore, the number of
species in the dry season was higher than that in the rainy season. In
addition, data of other places in the dry season have the lowest rainfall
and even zero (0). However, there is no zero value of rainfall in Bidoup
in the period from 2014 to 2015, so the seasonal transition or high
rainfall period leaded the increase in humidity but the decreases in the
environment temperature. It is unfavorable conditions for increasing
populations of butterflies.
3.2.2.2. Movement of butterfly populations by seasons
The ANOVA results (Table 3.13) on the occurrence
frequency of species by seasons showed a P-value of 0.01 which P-
value <α = 0.05. Therefore, seasons in the year significantly affected
the occurrence frequency of butterflies. During the dry season, the
occurrence frequency of species was highest with 22 species / hour of
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survey, the frequency of occurrence of species of the seasonal
transition and rainy seasonis were similar (16-17 species).
In the rainy season, there is high rainfall, low temperature and
foggy condition covering the study areas in Bidoup - Nui Ba National
Park. Meanwhile, the butterfl often appears under clear and sunny
condition (Vu Van Lien, 2008). Therefore, the low rainfall and strong
sunny conditions in the dry season facilitated the appearance of
butterfly populations. In addition, during the dry season, the moisture
content in Bidoup was always high, so the plant species including the
host palnts of butterflies are still growing well. Thus, the occurrence
frequency of species in the dry season is higher than that in the rainy
season in Bidoup.
3.2.3. Effect of time of a day to butterfly ecology
The number of butterfly species occurring is often low during
the period of 7 to 8 am, the most species is belong to the Pieridae,
Lycaenidae family and so on.... The species began to increase sharply
from 9 o'clock onwards and the achieved the highest number of
species appeared from 12 am to 14 pm and decreased gradually at the
end of day. This rule is also consistent with previous results at Ta
Dung Nature Reserve (Le Hai Son and Hoang Duc Huy, 2011) or in
Tam Dao National Park - Vinh Phuc (Vu Van Lien, 2008). However,
there is little difference in the peak of appearance of species in Bidoup
compared to that of Ta Dung - Dak Nong Nature Reserve. In Ta Dung
- Dak Nong Nature Reserve, the peak of occurrence time is from 9 am
to 13 pm when the temperature and intensity of light rise sharply,
resulting in that butterfly flies from the forest along the stream or river
side to get water. While the time with highest temperature and
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strongest sunlight intensity in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park is from
11 am to 14 pm.
Similarly, the occurrence frequency of species and individual
number of species per hour of the day also began to increase from 9
o'clock. Occurrence frequency of species and average number of
individuals show a highest peak at 12 pm to 13 pm (10.26 species /
hour and 107.39 individuals / hour) while the number of species
appearing at this time is only 99 species. During the period of 13 pm
to 14 pm, the occurrence frequency of species and number of
individual is not as high as those at 12 pm to 13 pm but the total
number of species recorded is higher.
In addition, the occurrence fluequencies of species in Bidoup -
Nui Ba National Park were quite same during a day except for the
period from 7 to 8 am with low the occurrence frequency and that from
12 pm to 13 pm with the high frequency.
Statistical results also showed that the frequency of
occurrence of species and average number of individuals appearing in
Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park were influenced by activity daytime.
The results of butterfly activity at different times of the day in
Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park showed that butterfly species appeared
least in the early morning (7 - 8h) and late afternoon (16 - 17h) and
increased to the maximum at 12 pm to 14 pm. This conclusion helps
us to set up the survey time when the number of butterflies appearred
with highest frequency to facilitated the research of butterflies more
efficiently as well as helps to develop the eco-tourism.
16
3.2.4. Effect of environmental humidity to butterfly population
movement
The effect of environmental humidity on the variation of
butterfly populations in Bidoup - Nui Ba showed that the highest
number of species and number of individuals occurred at the munidity
range of 50-60%. Too high or too low humidity also limited the
appearance of the butterfly species. When humidity is above 80%,
some species do not appear.
However, the occurrence frequency of species in Bidoup is
highest in the humidity range of 30-40%. The higher the moisture
content, the lower the frequency of occurrence. This also explains the
reason that at the dry season, when the humidity is reduced, the
frequency of occurrence of the species is higher in that of the rainy
season.
Therefore, when the humidity increases in the Bidoup - Nui Ba
National Park, the number of species and individual species also
increased and reached the highest at 50-60% humidity. Over the 60%
threshold, the number of species and individuals decreased and lowest
when the humidity is over 80%. Frequency of occurrence of species
tend to be inversely proportional to the increase of environmental
humidity. When the humidity is lower, the frequency of occurrence of
the species is higher.
3.3. Biological data and description of life cycles of some
butterflies in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park
Based on researching the biology of butterflies in Bidoup, we
have described the life cycles of 31 butterflies in five butterfly families
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(8 species of Papilionidae, 6 species of Pieridae, 13 species of
Nymphalidae, 3 species of Danaidae and 1 species of Satyridae) and
host plants. The study recorded 12 plant species as the host plants for
13 butterflies.
In general, studies on the life cycle (eggs, larvas, host plants) of
butterflies have so far been limited whereas the distribution of rare,
precious and beautiful butterflies, such as the Troides aeacus, T.
helena, Pachliopta aristolochiae is gradually shrinking. Therefore,
determining the life cycle of butterflies will contribute to save and
cultivate these butterflies from extinction in the near future.
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CONCLUSION AND REQUEST
1. Conclusion
173 species of 10 families of butterflies (Lepidoptera:
Rhopalocera) have been identified, including 22 species of
Papilionidae, 52 species of Nymphalidae, 31 species of Pieridae, 15
species of Danaidae, 21 species of Satyridae, 01 species of
Libytheidae, 02 species of the Riodinidae, 01 species of Amathusiidae,
25 species of Lycaenidae and 09 species of Hesperiidae family.
192 - 216 species of butterflies maybe occurred in Bidoup -
Nui Ba National Park. 108 species of butterflies were added into the
butterfly fauna in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park. 2 species of Troides
helena cerberus and Troides aeacus aeacus are listed in the Vietnam
Red Data list (VU).
Habitat of natural forest dominated the distribution of species
composition as well as frequency of occurrence of butterflies and
while those of the agricultural land habitat was lowest in Bidoup - Nui
Ba National Park.
In Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park, the number of species and
frequencies occurring tend to increase in the dry season. The
frequency of occurrence of species during the dry season were highest
compared to others periods of a year .
In terms of butterflies' activity time: diversity of species
composition, frequency and individual number occurring were low in
early morning and late afternoon. The species index increased from 12
to 14 pm of the day.
19
When environmental humidity increased, species and
individual number of species increased with and reach the highest at
50-60% humidity. Over the 60% threshold, the number of species and
individual number decreased and lowest when the humidity is over
80%. Frequency of occurrence of species tend to be inversely
proportional to the increase of environmental humidity. When the
humidity is lower, the frequency of occurrence of butterfly species is
higher.
A study on the butterfly biology in Bidoup recorded the life
cycle of 31 species of butterfly, including 12 plant species discovered
in Vietnam and Asia which are host plants of 13 butterfly species in
Bidoup.
2. Request
Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park has low levels of species
abundance, but it included some endemic species that characterized
for high mountain habitats as well as butterfly species in the Red list
of Vietnam and the world. Therefore, it need to be properly managed
and preserved soon or after. Otherwise, it will be degraded in the
future.
In order to preserve butterflies habitat, butterfly gardens
should be built to create ecological landscapes and support
conservation education in Bidoup - Nui Ba National park in particular
as well as in other areas.
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THE NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE DISSERTATION
The dissertation reported an complete and comprehensive
statistics on the composition of butterfly species in Bidoup - Nui Ba
National Park, with a total of 173 species, of which 02 species listed
in the Red List of Vietnam, and 108 species were implemented in the
butterfly list of Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park.
The dissetation also identified the biological data of 31 species,
of which rare and precious species are listed in the Red List of
Vietnam. In addition, 12 new foodplant species have been recorded
for 13 butterfly species in Bidoup.
The results have quite comprehensively assessed a number of
ecological features such as different habitats, environmental humidity,
temperature, rainfall ... to the movement of butterfly populations.
21
LIST OF RELATED RESEARCH PROJECTS
PULISHED BY AUTHOR
1. Le Hai Son, Hoang Duc Huy, Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao, Mai Phu
Quy (2014), Biodiversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)
at Southern of central highlands (Bidoup – Nui Ba National park and Ta Dung Nature reserve), Proceedings of the 8th Vietnam National
Conference on Entomology, Hanoi.
2. Le Hai Son, Hoang Duc Huy, Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao (2016),
Life histories of some butterfly species of swallowtail supperfamily
(Rhopalocera: Papilionoidea) in Bidoup – Nui Ba National park and Dong Nai Conservation of Nature and Culture, Proceedings of the 2nd
national scientific conference of Vietnam natural museum system,
Hanoi.
3. Le Hai Son, Hoang Duc Huy, Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao (2016),
The list of butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) of Bidoup – Nui Ba National park, Lam Dong province, Proceedings of the 2nd
national scientific conference of Vietnam natural museum system,
Hanoi.
4. Le Hai Son, Hoang Duc Huy, Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao (2017),
Characteristics of the distribution of butterflies (Lepidoptera:
Rhopalocera) in Bidoup – Nui Ba National park, Lam Dong province, Proceedings of the 9th Vietnam National Conference on Entomology,
Hanoi.
22
5. Le Hai Son, Hoang Duc Huy, Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao (2017),
Life histories of some butterfly species and foodplant of swallowtail
supperfamily (Rhopalocera: Papilionoidea) in Bidoup – Nui Ba National park, Lam Dong province, Proceedings of the 9th Vietnam
National Conference on Entomology, Hanoi.
6. Le Hai Son, Hoang Duc Huy, Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao (2017),
Composition of butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in Cat
Tien National park and Dong Nai conservation of Nature and Culture, Dong Nai province, Proceedings of the 9th Vietnam National
Conference on Entomology, Hanoi.
7. Le Hai Son, Hoang Duc Huy, Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao (2017),
Research on factors of affecting ecology butterflies (Lepidoptera:
Rhopalocera) in Bidoup – Nui Ba National park, Lam Dong provine,
Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 15(3A): 87-94, Hanoi.
