Tài liệu ôn tập môn Tiếng Anh lớp 11 năm 2021-2022

Tài liệu Kiến thức cơ bản Tiếng Anh 11

Trường THPT Đào Sơn Tây Lớp: 11B… Họ và tên:………………………….. Năm học 2021 - 2022

UNIT 1: FRIENDSHIP

người quen quen thuộc với mục đích sáng, vui tươi làm sáng lên, vui lên hay thay đổi phổ biến, thông thường thông thường

18. mutual 19. pursue → pursuit 20. quality 21. rumor

22. secret

VOCABULARY (n) 1. acquaintance (a) → acquainted with (n) 2. aim (a) 3. bright (v) → brighten up (a) 4. changeable (a) 5. common (adv) → commonly (adv) = usually, normally (a) 6. concerned with (n) 7. constancy (a) → constant (adv) → constantly (a) 8. down (n) 9. enthusiasm (a) → enthusiastic (adv) → enthusiastically (n) 10. give-and-take (n) 11. gossip (a) 12. incapable (a) ≠ capable (n) (v) 13. influence (a) → influential (n) 14. joy (a) → joyful (a) 15. lasting (a) 16. lifelong (a) 17. loyal to (n) → loyalty (a) (v) (n) (n) (n) (v) → rumor (n) (a) → secret (a) 23. selfish (n) → selfishness (n) ≠ unselfishness (n) 24. sorrow (n) 25. suspicion (v) → suspect → suspicious of/ about (a) → suspiciously 26. sympathy → sympathetic → sympathize with sb 27. trouble → trouble → troubled (adv) (n) (a) (v) (n) (v) (a) quan tâm, lo lắng sự kiên trì liên tục thường xuyên buồn rầu lòng nhiệt tình nhiệt tình một cách nhiệt tình sự cho và nhận, sự nhân nhượng chuyện ngồi lê đôi mách không đủ khả năng đủ khả năng ảnh hưởng có thế lực, có ảnh hưởng lớn niềm vui vui thích lâu dài suốt đời trung thành lòng trung thành cùng chung, tương hỗ theo đuổi (một mục đích) sự theo đuổi chất lượng, phẩm chất tin đồn phao tin đồn điều bí mật bí mật ích kỷ tính ích kỷ tính không ích kỉ nỗi buồn sự nghi ngờ hoài nghi nghi ngờ một cách đáng nghi sự thông cảm thông cảm thông cảm với ai sự rắc rối gây rắc rối lo lắng, gặp khó khăn

(n) (v) (a) (a) tin cậy hai mặt, hai phía hay nói, lắm điều

28. trust 29. two-sided 30. talkative GRAMMAR A. Infinitive with "To" “To-infinitive” (động từ nguyên mẫu có “To”) thường được dùng trong các trường hợp sau: 1. Verbs + To-infinitive: “To-infinitive” được dùng sau một số động từ thông dụng như:

- afford: có đủ tiền - agree: đồng ý - appear: xuất hiện, có vẻ như - arrange: sắp xếp - attempt: cố gắng - ask: hỏi, yêu cầu - choose: chọn - decide: quyết định - demand: đòi hỏi - determine: quyết tâm - expect: mong đợi - fail: thất bại - happen: xảy ra - hesitate: do dự - hope: hy vọng - learn: học - manage: xoay xở - offer: tự nguyện - plan: dự định - pretend: giả vờ - promise: hứa - refuse: từ chối - resolve: quyết tâm - seem: dường như - threaten: đe dọa - want: muốn - wish: mong muốn - would like: muốn

Ex: How did you manage to get this part-time job? 2. Verbs + object + To-infinitive: “To-infinitive” cũng được dùng sau một số động từ với cấu trúc “động từ + túc từ + To- infinitive”: - advise sb. (not) to do sth.: khuyên ai làm việc gì - allow sb. to do sth.: cho phép ai làm việc gì - ask sb. (not) to do sth.: yêu cầu ai làm gì - enable sb. to do sth.: tạo điều kiện cho ai làm gì - encourage sb. to do sth.: khuyến khích ai làm việc gì - forbid sb. to do sth.: cấm ai làm việc gì - force sb. to do sth.: bắt ai làm việc gì - invite sb. to do sth.: mời ai làm gì - order sb. to do sth.: ra lệnh cho ai làm việc gì - permit sb. to do sth.: cho phép ai làm việc gì - persuade sb. to do sth.: thuyết phục ai làm gì - remind sb. to do sth.: nhắc nhở ai làm việc gì - request sb. to do sth.: yêu cầu ai làm việc gì - tell sb. (not) to do sth.: bảo ai làm việc gì - urge sb. to do sth.: thúc giục ai làm việc gì - want sb. to do sth.: muốn ai làm việc gì - warn sb. (not) to do sth.: cảnh báo ai (đừng) làm việc gì - would like sb. to do sth.: muốn ai làm việc gì Ex: He persuaded his parents to lend him the money. The police warned us not to drive very fast on this road.

3. “To-infinitive” có thể dùng làm chủ từ cho các động từ appear, be, seem và các động từ nối khác (link verbs). Ex: - To solve the traffic problems seems impossible. Tuy nhiên, trong trường hợp này, chúng ta thường dùng cách nói bắt đầu bằng chủ từ giả (unreal subject) “It” và đặt “To-infinitive” ở sau câu: - It seems impossible to solve the traffic problems. 4. “To-infinitive” được dùng sau một số tính từ (adjective + To-infinitive), và thường dùng với cấu trúc “It is + adjective (for sb.) + To-infinitive”. Ex: - His explanations were difficult to understand. - Is it convenient for you to work in the evening? 5. “To-infinitive” cũng được dùng sau động từ “cost/take + túc từ”. Ex: - It'll cost a lot of money to make a trip around the world. - It would take many years to rebuild this ancient temple. 6. “To-infinitive” còn được dùng để giản lược mệnh đề quan hệ (reduce relatives), và dùng sau các từ “the first / the second / the last / the only (+ noun)”. Ex: - She bought some new clothes to wear during the holiday. (She bought some new clothes which she could wear during the holiday.) - Who was the first student to find out the answer? (Who was the first student who found out the answer?) 7. “To-infinitive” cũng được dùng để chỉ mục đích (To-infinitive for purposes). Trong cách dùng chỉ mục đích, chúng ta cũng có thể dùng các cách nói “in order to + infinitive” hoặc “so as to + infinitive” thay cho “To-infinitive”. Ex: - They borrowed the money from the bank in order to/so as to/ to buy a car. (They borrowed the money from the bank. They wanted to buy a car.) 8. “To-infinitive” được dùng sau “Too + adjective/adverb (for sb.)”. Ex: - This job is too hard for him to do. (This job is so hard that he can’t do it.) - He spoke too quickly for me to understand. (He spoke so quickly that I couldn’t understand him.) 9. “To-infinitive” được dùng sau “adjective/adverb + enough (for sb.)”. Ex: - The sea was warm enough for us to swim in. (The sea was warm, so we could swim in it.) - He didn’t speak slowly enough for me to understand. (He didn’t speak slowly, so I couldn’t understand him.) * Chú ý: Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng “enough + noun + To-infinitive”. Ex: - I didn’t have enough time to visit my relatives. (I didn’t visit my relatives because I didn’t have time.)

10. Verbs + how / what / when / where / which / why + To-infinitive: “To-infinitive” cũng được dùng sau một số động từ + how / what / when / where / which / why. Ex: - I don’t remember when to hand in the report. * Chú ý: Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng “whether + To-infinitive” sau “want to know” hoặc “wonder”. Ex: - She wanted to know whether to stay or leave. (Cô ta muốn biết là liệu có nên ở lại hoặc ra đi.) B. Infinitive without “To” “Bare infinitive” (động từ nguyên mẫu không “To”) thường được dùng trong các trường hợp sau: 1. “Bare infinitive” được dùng sau các trợ động từ “do / don’t / does / doesn’t / did / didn’t”, và sau các trợ động từ khiếm khuyết như “can / could / would / may / might / must/ should / ought to / would rather / had better”. Ex: - She doesn’t know where to go. 2. “Bare infinitive” được dùng sau động từ “Make/Let + object”. Ex: - The robber made the cashier hand over the money. - I’ll let you borrow my car if you promise to take good care of it. Khi động từ “Make” được dùng trong câu bị động, nó phải được theo sau bằng “To- infinitive”. Ex: - The cashier was made to hand over the money by the robber. * Chú ý: Sau “help” cũng có thể dùng “Bare infinitive”: - I’ll help you clean the floor. OR: I’ll help you to clean the floor. 3. “Bare infinitive” được dùng sau một số động từ chỉ giác quan như sau:

+ object + bare infinitive

see hear watch notice find feel

Ex: - I saw that man take your bike. * Chú ý: Các động từ trên cũng được theo sau bằng “Verb+ing” với ý nghĩa “nghe hoặc thấy ai đang làm gì”. Ví dụ: - I saw that man running out of the building. EXERCISES I. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in brackets 1. There are some _________________ characters hanging around outside our house. (suspicion) 2. _________________________ is one of the most important factors for true friendship. (Loyal)

B. influential C. common D. lifelong

B. mutual C. changeable D. incapable

B. selfishness C. influence D. gossip

B. changeable C. constant D. concerned

D. Forget me not C. My pleasure B. I’m OK

D. unbelievable C. changeable B. mutual

D. acquaintance B. true friend C. friendship

B. lasted C. spent

B. impossible D. inaccurate C. incapable

C. intimate B. quality D. selfish

C. communicate D. feel

C. enthusiastic D. loyal

D. uncertainty

C. uncertain D. selfish

3. Some people tend to view foreigners with ________________. (suspect) 4. Her ____________________ can compensate for her lack of experience. (enthusiastic) 5. I can’t concentrate with that _____________________ noise by the children. (constancy) 6. She tried her best to get a place at the University of Fine Arts in __________ of her dream. (pursue) 7. The boss was very ____________________ about my problems when I told him about them yesterday. (sympathy) 8. I hope you’ll consider me a friend and not just an ________________________. (acquainted) 9. He just can’t do that job without help. He seems to be totally ________ of doing it by himself. (capable) 10. This newspaper is considered to be the most ________________ in the country. (influence) II. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences 1. It is a ______ belief that a person’s friends can affect his/her way of life. A. loyal 2. He first met his wife at a party held by a(n) _____ friend of theirs. A. gossip 3. Some ______ were circulating about her past, but later they were proved to be false A. facts B. truth C. concerns D. rumors 4. Everyone expressed their ______ at the death of the highly respected leader. A. sorrow 5. Her mood is very ______. She may laugh happily now and then suddenly she may cry bitterly. A. suspicious 6. “Thank you so much for your help, Steve”. “_______.” A. That’s right 7. The weather is very ________, so you should take an umbrella with you. A. incapable 8. A(n) ________ is a person that you know but who is not a close friend. A. intimate 9. They knew each other at primary school, and their friendship ________ a lifetime. A. took D. continued 10. The wine had made him ________ of thinking clearly. A. unable 11. A(n) ________ person is unlikely to keep a secret long. A. talkative 12. Everyone needs a close friend to ________ their joys and sorrows. A. share B. present 13. She had always been ________ to her husband. A. sympathetic B. understanding 14. There is a(n) ________ going around that the minister is going to resign. A. information C. news B. rumour 15. Our relationship is based on ________ respect. A. mutual B. common III. Complete the passage by putting the words in the box into the blanks

a friendship professor to kept friends since continued When in

In front of the enormous Shibuya train station in Tokyo, there is a life-size bronze statue of (1) ___________ dog. Even though the statue is very small when compared to the huge neon signs flashing, it isn't difficult (2) ________________ find. It has been used as a meeting point (3) _______________ 1934 and today you will find hundreds of people waiting there for their (4) ______ to arrive- just look for the crowds.

Hachiko, an Akita dog, was born (5) _________ 1923 and brought to Tokyo in 1924. His owner, Professor Eisaburo Uyeno and he were inseparable friends right from the start. Each day Hachiko would accompany his owner, a (6) __________ at the Imperial University, to Shibuya train station when he left for work. (7) _________ he came back, the professor would always find the dog patiently waiting for him. Sadly, the professor died suddenly at work in 1925 before he could return home.

C. stand B. afford

C. build B. to build

C. avoided B. decided

C. going

C. to make

C. seems B. give up

B. got

B. mind

B. finish

C. pretended B. offered

C. allow B. let

B. not to swim C. don’t swim

B. permit C. urge

B. to fall C. fell

C. doesn’t work

B. should C. ought

B. to go C. going Although Hachiko was still a young dog, the (8) _______ between him and his owner was very strong and he (9) ____ to wait at the station every day. Sometimes, he would stay there for days at a time, though some believe that he (10) _____ returning because of the food he was given by street vendors. He became a familiar sight to commuters over time. In 1934, a statue of him was put outside the station. In 1935, Hachiko died at the place he last saw his friend alive. IV. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence 1. Can you manage ________ the work by yourself? A. finish C. to finish B. finishing 2. I really can’t ________ to travel by plane. A. enjoy 3. They’re planning ________ a flyover at this crossroads. A. building 4. My parents ________ to send me to a different school. A. disliked 5. I’m sorry. I’ve arranged ________ to Susie’s birthday this Saturday. A. go B. to go 6. Bill agreed ________ a speech at the meeting. B. making A. make 7. Phil ________ to have a difficult problem. A. can’t stand 8. I failed ________ in touch with him. A. getting C. to get 9. The workers ________ to have longer holidays. A. enjoyed C. hoped B. suggested 10. Do you ________ coming back in half an hour? A. want C. expect 11. Kate was made ________ the report by Monday. C. finishing A. to finish 12. Carl ________ staying one night in the village. A. suggests C. plans B. hopes 13. Linda ________ to have a headache and left the meeting early. A. afforded 14. Do you think your father will ________ you to go out at a late time? A. make 15. The lifeguard warned all of us ________ too far from the shore. A. to not swim 16. Why don’t you ________ your son go camping with his classmates? A. let 17. Some people saw the man ________ out of the fourth floor window. A. fall 18. Annie’s a nurse, but she’d rather ________ at weekends A. not to work B. not work 19. You ________ to go today. It may rain tomorrow. A. must 20. Would you like ________ now or shall we wait till the end? A. go

V. Finish the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first one. 1. He’s very ill; he can’t eat anything.  He’s too ill ________________________________________________________________. 2. You won’t get up early so you never catch the fast train.  You won’t get up early enough ________________________________________________. 3. He was so drunk that he couldn’t answer my question.  He was too drunk ___________________________________________________________. 4. It’s not very dark so we can’t see the stars clearly.  It’s not dark enough _________________________________________________________. 5. We look forward to meeting our cousins again.  We expect ________________________________________________________________. 6. He expects to buy those books.  He looks __________________________________________________________________. 7. It takes me 30 minutes to go to school every day.  I spend ___________________________________________________________________. 8. They spend four months finding this shop.  It takes ___________________________________________________________________. 9. My father didn’t agree to help Tom because he was a robber.  My father denied ___________________________________________________________. 10. Do you feel like going to the cinema tonight, Ba?  Would you like ____________________________________________________________? UNIT 2: PERSONAL EXPERIENCES

có tác dụng, có ảnh hưởng coi trọng, đánh giá cao sự coi trọng, sự đánh giá cao ngay lập tức

VOCABULARY 1. affect 2. appreciate → appreciation 3. at once = immediately 4. attitude 5. confidence → confident → confidently 6. cotton 7. embarrass → embarrassed → embarrassing → embarrassment 8. exact → exactly 9. experience → experience → experienced 10. extreme → extremely 11. floppy hat 12. get on a bus 13. glance → glance 14. idol → idolize 15. imagine → imaginary (v) (v) (n) (adv) (adv) (n) (n) (a) (adv) (n) (v) (a) (a) (n) (a) (adv) (n) (v) (a) (a) (adv) (n) (v) (v) (n) (n) (v) (n) (a) thái độ sự tự tin, sự tin tưởng tự tin, tin tưởng một cách tự tin vải bông làm ai bối rối, xấu hổ bị bối rối hoặc xấu hổ gây bối rối hoặc xấu hổ sự bối rối hoặc xấu hổ chính xác một cách chính xác kinh nghiệm trải nghiệm giàu kinh nghiệm cao độ cực kỳ mũ mềm lên xe buýt liếc nhìn cái liếc mắt thần tượng thần tượng hóa người nào tưởng tượng được tưởng tượng (không thật)

(a) (n) (v) (v) (n) (v) (v) (v) (n) (v) (a) (adv) (v) (n) giàu trí tưởng tượng sự tưởng tượng; trí tưởng tượng làm ầm ĩ lên chắc chắn tiền giấy, tờ giấy bạc để ý, nhận thấy chỉ tay vào bảo vệ, che chở sự bảo vệ, sự che chở hành động lén lút lén lút, gian xảo một cách lén lút quay đi một xấp (tiền hoặc giấy)

→ imaginative → imagination 16. make a fuss 17. make sure 18. note 19. notice 20. point 21. protect → protection 22. sneak → sneaky → sneakily 23. turn away 24. wad GRAMMAR A. Present simple (Thì hiện tại đơn) * Đối với động từ To be (am/ is/ are)

Interrogative (Nghi vấn) Am/ Is/ Are + S + …? Affirmative (Khẳng định) S + am/ is/ are + …

Negative (Phủ định) S + am/ is/ are + not + … is not = isn’t are not = aren’t

Ex: Ex: Ex:

I am a student. (Tôi là một He is not a teacher. (Anh ấy không Am I a student? (Tôi có phải là

học sinh.) phải là giáo viên.) học sinh không?)

She is a student. (Cô ấy là I am not a winner. (Tôi không phải Is it sunny? (Có phải trời nắng

một học sinh.) là người chiến thắng.) không?

We are very happy. (Chúng They are not at home. (Họ không Are you a doctor? (Bạn có

tôi rất hạnh phúc.) có ở nhà.) phải là bác sĩ không?)

Động từ To Be sẽ được chia theo chủ ngữ của câu:

am is

I She, He, It, Singular noun (Danh từ số ít), Uncountable Noun (Danh từ không đếm được) You, We, They, Plural noun (Danh từ số nhiều) are

* Đối với động từ thường

Interrogative (Nghi vấn) Do/ Does + S +V + …? Affirmative (Khẳng định) S + V/Vs/es + …

Negative (Phủ định) S + do/ does + not + V +... Do not = don’t Does not = doesn’t

Ex: Ex: Ex:

I go to school every day. She doesn’t study on Friday. Do you play volleyball?

→ Yes, I do./ No, I don’t. Dog likes meat. Jack and Peter don’t work late

Does Lan listen to music after today.

school? I don’t listen to music.

→ Yes, she does./No, she doesn’t.

Động từ thường ở hiện tại đơn sẽ được chia theo chủ ngữ của câu:

Vs/es I, You, We, They, Plural noun (danh từ số nhiều) She, He, It, Singular noun (danh từ số ít), Uncountable Noun (danh từ không đếm được)

Thì hiện tại đơn được dùng trong các trường hợp sau:

1. Diễn tả thói quen hoặc sinh hoạt thường ngày trong hiện tại (habitual actions). Trong cách dùng này, Thì hiện tại đơn thường được dùng với các trạng từ như: always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, never, how often, every day, once/twice a week, … Ex: Phil usually has a headache whenever he has trouble. 2. Diễn tả điều gần như luôn đúng hoặc là một chân lý: Ex: Most rivers flow into the seas. 3. Có thể dùng để diễn tả tương lai đối với những hành động đã có kế hoạch theo thời gian biểu: Ex: The plane leaves Hanoi at 9:30 and arrives in Ho Chi Minh City at 11:30. * Chú ý: Khi dùng thì hiện tại đơn với ngôi thứ ba số ít (He, She, It) hoặc với chủ ngữ là danh từ số ít, chúng ta phải thêm "s" vào động từ. Ex: He usually walks to work. Thêm "es" vào động từ nếu tận cùng nguyên mẫu có: "ss, sh, ch, x" hoặc "o". Ex: - I cross, he crosses Khi nguyên mẫu tận cùng có "y", mà trước nó là phụ âm, chúng ta đổi "y" thành "i+es". Ex: - I try, he tries Nếu trước "y" là nguyên âm, chúng ta không đổi "y" và chỉ thêm "s". Ex: - I play, he plays B. Present progressive (Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)

Affirmative (Khẳng định) S + am/ is/ are + V-ing +… Interrogative (Nghi vấn) Am/ Is/Are + S + V-ing +…?

Negative (Phủ định) S + am/is/are + not + V-ing +... is not = isn’t

They are playing football in Are you watching TV? are not= aren’t They aren’t singing at

the school yard. present. → Yes, I am./ No, I am not.

My mother is cooking in the She isn’t going to the Is he working on any special

kitchen. supermarket now. projects at work?

They are visiting their aunt He isn’t studying English at → Yes, he is./ No, he isn’t.

next month. the moment. Is she visiting her parents

next weekend?

→ Yes, she is./ No, she isn’t.

Động từ To Be sẽ được chia theo chủ ngữ của câu:

I am

is He, She, It, Singular noun (danh từ số ít), Uncountable Noun (danh từ không đếm được)

We, You, They, Plural noun (danh từ số nhiều) are

Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn được dùng trong các trường hợp sau: 1. Diễn tả hành động xảy ra lúc đang nói, hoặc đang làm trong thời gian hiện tại. Chúng ta thường dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn với một số trạng từ thời gian như: now, at the moment, at present, today, this week, these days, ... Ex: My cousin is staying with us at the moment. 2. Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn để diễn tả hành động tương lai đã được sắp đặt trước: Ex: I'm leaving tomorrow. I have my plane ticket. * Chú ý: 1. Non-Progressive Verbs: một số động từ không dùng với thì tiếp diễn (Progressive tenses), và chỉ được dùng với các thì đơn (Simple tenses). Những động từ này là những động từ không có ý nghĩa hành động, mà thường chỉ trạng thái tinh thần, tình cảm, giác quan, hoặc sở hữu. Say đây là những động từ không dùng với thì tiếp diễn: Động từ chỉ tình cảm (Verbs of emotions and feelings): like, love, hate, want, dislike, wish, prefer, mind Ex: I didn't use to eat spaghetti. Now I like it very much. Động từ chỉ hoạt động tinh thần (Verbs of mental activities): agree, believe, forget, know, mean, remember, realize, suppose, understand, think (that) Ex: Do you know that Sue is going to get married? Động từ chỉ sở hữu (Verbs of possession): belong, contain, consist, depend, own, owe Ex: This house was built by my grandfather. Now it belongs to my father. Động từ nối (Link verbs) và động từ giác quan (Verbs of senses): look, seem, appear, feel, see, hear, smell, taste, sound. Những động từ giác quan có thể dùng với thì tiếp diễn khi chúng được dùng với ý nghĩa 'hành động'. - "see" có ý nghĩa là "thấy" (giác quan), nhưng cũng có ý nghĩa là "gặp = to meet" (hành động) - "hear = nghe" (giác quan), nhưng cũng có ý nghĩa "(quan tòa) nghe xử kiện" (hành động) - "smell = có mùi" (giác quan), nhưng cũng có nghĩa "ngửi" (hành động) - "taste = có mùi vị" (giác quan), nhưng cũng có nghĩa "nếm" (hành động)

Ex: - Your new perfume smells sweet. (động từ giác quan) - The dog is smelling the clothes of the victim. (động từ hành động) 2. Cách viết "-ing" vào động từ: Chúng ta thương thêm "-ing" vào động từ trong các trường hợp sau: Bỏ chữ "e" trước khi thêm "-ing": type – typing, … Không bỏ chữ "e" với các động từ sau: be - being, see - seeing, age - ageing, dye – dyeing. Đối với động từ có một vần nhân đôi phụ âm cuối trước khi thêm "-ing" nếu trước phụ âm cuối là MỘT nguyên âm: run - running, stop - stopping, swim - swimming, win – winning, … Đối với động từ có hai vần (two-syllable verbs), chỉ nhân đôi phụ âm cuối nếu trọng âm cũng được đặt vào vần cuối: begin - beginning, permit - permitting, forget - forgetting, ... Không nhân đôi phụ âm cuối nếu trọng âm đặt vào vần đầu: happen - happening, listen - listening, visit - visiting, ... Các động từ tận cùng có "l" thì có thể nhân đôi "l" hoặc không cần nhân đôi "l" khi thêm "-ing": travel - traveling/travelling, cancel - cancel/cancelling, ... Không nhân đôi chữ "w" ở cuối động từ: blow - blowing, row - rowing, show – showing, ... C. Past simple (Thì quá khứ đơn) a. Đối với động từ To be

Affirmative (Câu khẳng định) Negative (Câu phủ định) Interrogative (Câu nghi vấn)

S + was/ were + … Was/Were + S + …?

S + was/ were not + … was not = wasn’t were not = weren’t Ex: Ex: Ex:

I was at home yesterday. I wasn’t here yesterday. Was he at the cinema?

They were students 2 years She wasn’t born in Tokyo. Were the students happy?

ago. They weren’t happy last night. Were you hungry?

She was sick 3 days ago.

Động từ To Be sẽ được chia theo chủ ngữ của câu:

were

was You, We, They, Plural noun (Danh từ số nhiều) I, She, He, It, Singular noun (Danh từ số ít), Uncountable Noun (danh từ không đếm được)

b. Đối với động từ thường Affirmative (Câu khẳng định) S + V2/ed + … Interrogative (Câu nghi vấn) Did + S + V + …?

Negative (Câu phủ định) S + did not + V + … did not = didn’t

Affirmative (Câu khẳng định) Negative (Câu phủ định) Interrogative (Câu nghi vấn)

an interesting

Ex: Did she come here yesterday? Did you meet him last month? Did your parents go on a picnic last weekend? to school Ex: I watched program on TV last night. She bought a new house last week. Five years ago they lived in a small house in this area. Ex: I didn’t understand the lesson this morning. They didn’t see anyone in the car. She didn’t go yesterday.

Thì quá khứ đơn thường được dùng trong các trường hợp sau: 1. Diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra và chấm dứt trong quá khứ. Thì quá khứ đơn thường được dùng với các trạng từ thòi gian như sau: yesterday, last week, two years ago, in 1995, on Sunday, at 6 o'clock, ... Ex: They bought this house two years ago. 2. Diễn tả hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ, kéo dài một khoảng thời gian và chấm dứt trong quá khứ. Ex: My uncle worked here from 1960 to 1995. He's now retired. * Chú ý: Cách viết "-ed" vào động từ: Ngoài một số động từ có hình thức quá khứ bất quy tắc (Irregular verbs) (ví dụ: write - wrote, take - took, have - had, bring - brought, ...), các động từ còn lại đều thuộc loại hợp quy tắc (Regular verbs), nghĩa là thường được thêm "-ed" khi dùng ở thì quá khứ đơn. Ex: start - started, wait - waited, cook - cooked, walk - walked, ... Tuy nhiên, chúng ta cần chú ý một số thay đổi khi thêm "-ed" như trong các trường hợp sau: Đối với động từ một vần nhân đôi phụ âm cuối trước khi thêm "-ed" nếu trước phụ âm cuối là MỘT nguyên âm: stop - stopped, rob - robbed, drop - dropped, fit - fitted, ... Đối với động từ hai vần, chúng ta chỉ nhân đôi phụ âm cuối nếu trọng âm được đặt vào vần cuối: admit - admitted, permit - permitted, prefer - preferred, occur - occurred, ... Không nhân đôi phụ âm cuối nếu trọng âm được đặt vào vần đầu: listen - listened, ... Các động từ tận cùng là "l" có thể nhân đôi hoặc không cần nhân đôi "l": travel - traveled/travelled, cancel - canceled/cancelled, ... Đối với động từ tận cùng có chữ "y" mà trước nó là một phụ âm, thì đổi "y" thành "i+ed": try - tried, dry - dried, carry - carried, study - studied, ... Không đổi "y" khi thêm "-ed" nếu trước "y" là nguyên âm: play - played, ...

D. Past progressive (Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn)

Affirmative (Khẳng định) Negative (Phủ định) Interrogative (Nghi vấn)

S + was/were + V-ing Were/ Was + S + V-ing?

S + was/were + not + V-ing Was not = wasn’t Were not = weren’t

Affirmative (Khẳng định) Negative (Phủ định) Interrogative (Nghi vấn)

Ex: The children weren’t playing in the garden when we found them. (Tụi nhỏ không chơi trong vườn khi chúng tôi tìm thấy chúng.) They weren’t studying English yesterday morning. (Họ đã không học tiếng Anh vào sáng hôm qua.)

Ex: She was playing badminton when I came yesterday. (Cô ấy đang chơi cầu lông thì tôi đến hôm qua.) He was leaving for work when she called. (Anh ta đã rời công ty khi cô ta gọi.) Ellen was reading a book while Tom was making some coffee. (Ellen ngồi đọc sách trong khi tom đang pha cà phê.)

Ex: Was she taking the pictures on the mountain yesterday? (Có phải cô ta đã chụp hình trên núi ngày hôm qua.) Was Jean singing at the bar last night? (Có phải jean đã hát tại quán bar đêm hôm qua?) Were they spending the afternoon by the river? (Có phải họ đã chơi ở bên dòng sông suốt buổi chiều?)

Động từ To Be sẽ được chia theo chủ ngữ của câu:

were

was You, We, They, Plural noun (danh từ số nhiều) I, She, He, It, Singular noun (danh từ số ít), Uncountable Noun (danh từ không đếm được)

Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn thường được dùng trong các trường hợp sau: 1. Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra tại một điểm thời gian trong quá khứ: Ex: At 7:00 o'clock last night, I was having dinner. 2. Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra thì một hành động khác xuất hiện. Chúng ta thường nối hai mệnh đề bằng các liên từ thời gian như: when, as, while, ... Ex: When Bill arrived, we were having dinner. E. Past perfect (Thì quá khứ hoàn thành)

Affirmative (Khẳng định) Interrogative (Nghi vấn)

S + had + V3/ed had + S + V3/ed? Negative (Phủ định) S + had not + V3/ed had not = hadn’t

Ex: Ex: Ex:

The police came when the robber They hadn’t eaten before he Had you learned English before

had gone away. finished the job. you moved to this city?

We had just finished dinner when I hadn’t learned English before Had you met her before you

they came. 2000. joined the army?

We went to his office, but he had She hadn’t talked to him before Had they cleaned the house

left. they were introduced. before they left last Sunday?

Thì quá khứ hoàn thành thường được dùng để diễn tả một hành động đã xảy ra và hoàn tất trước một hành động khác hoặc trước một thời điểm trong quá khứ. Ex: Carol had left her home before I phoned.

B. experience C. attitude D. fuss

C. protection D. appreciation

C. imagination D. idol

C. mark B. wad D. note

C. handing D. pointing

C. wad B. card D. group

C. ideal B. idol D. interest

C. point D. imagine

C. Yes, of course. D. No problem. B. Thanks a lot.

C. Not too bad. Thanks. D. So do I.

EXERCISES I. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in brackets 1. The _________________ of the environment must be the responsibility of everyone. (protect) 2. We need an _____________________ accountant to do the job, not a greenhorn. (experience) 3. He ______________________ looked into her diary while she was out getting dinner. (sneak) 4. It is often very ____ to make a speech in front of a lot of people for the first time. (embarrass) 5. Some children are very ____________. They can imagine special friends that they don’t really have. (imagine) 6. I’d like to give this bottle of wine as a mark of ________________ for all the work you’ve done for us. (appreciate) 7. Dan is a very good student; I am ____________ of his success in the next exams. (confidence) 8. Your rudeness caused a lot of __________________________ for me at the party. (embarrass) 9. I don’t want to make friends with him because I don’t like his _______________ look. (sneak) 10. You should look the word up in the dictionary to check its ____________ meaning. (exactly) II. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences 1. Miss Elena is the only teacher in this school to have lots of _____ in teaching young children. A. notice 2. The boy’s _____ has definitely changed for the better since he started to study at this school. A. attitude B. idol 3. Jack really admires his older brother; in fact, he considers him to be his ______. A. confidence B. experience 4. She used a ______ of tissues to wipe out of the ink stain on the floor. A. cotton 5. “Look at that!” she said, _____ at the hole in the door. A. making B. showing 6. The man stealthily hid a _____ of dollar bills in his inside pocket. A. grove 7. Young fans tried to get closer to their pop _____ while he was getting out of the theater. A. statue 8. He has an unusual taste so you can’t _____ what his house looks like. A. experience B. show 9. “I’m so sorry. I thought you were someone else.” “_____”. A. That’s a nice idea. 10. “How about playing a game of table tennis?” “_____” A. Sounds good! B. Don’t worry! III. Complete the passage by putting the words in the box into the blanks talking last unfortunately embarrassed an

C. is boiling B. boils D. boil

D. has watched C. watch One day (1) ______ summer I was walking through the local park. It was a hot day and I was eating (2) ______ ice cream. As I was walking past the boating lake, I saw my friends, Carol and Jim. They were taking their dog for a walk. When we met, we stopped for a chat. While we were (3) _______, the dog suddenly jumped up and tried to get my ice cream. I pulled my hand away and (4) _______ the ice cream came out of the cone. Now there was a bald man behind me. The poor man wasn’t doing any harm. He was just sitting on a bench and reading a newspaper. Well, when I pulled my hand away, the ice cream flew through the air and it landed on the man’s head. I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry, but Carol and Jim did. When I looked at them, they weren’t just laughing, they were in hysterics. But I was terribly (5) _______. IV. Choose the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence 1. Water ________ at 100 degrees Celsius. A. boiling 2. Bettie usually ________ television in the evening. B. watching A. watches 3. Rosemary ________ to agree with us now.

B. appear D. appears C. appeared

B. steals D. stolen C. stealing

C. forgot D. forget

C. saw D. have seen B. haven't seen

D. hasn't found

D. start C. are stating

C. make B. makes D. were making

D. will lose B. have lost C. am losing

C. do you leave D. did you leave

C. just drank D. had just drunk B. have just drunk

C. drove B. is driving D. has driven

C. has eaten D. was eating

D. is ringing C. has rung

C. was snowing B. had snowed D. is snowing

B. was happening D. had happened C. has happened

B. was talking C. is talking D. talked

C. was getting D. had got

D. has studied C. studied

A. is appearing 4. Look! That man ________ your bike! A. is stealing 5. I'm sorry I ________ to do my homework yesterday. A. am forgetting B. have forgotten 6. We ________ any interesting films lately. A. didn't see 7. Eric ________ a flat yet, so he's still living with his parents. A. found C. is finding B. didn't find 8. They ________ running their own company in 1980. A. started B. have started 9. Bees _________ honey. A. have made 10. I think I ________ my door key. I can't find it anywhere. A. lost 11. "What time ___________ for work every morning?" "At 6:30." A. have you left B. had you left 12. I wasn't thirsty because I ________ some milk. A. drunk 13. Who ________________ the car at time of the accident? A. was driving 14. After having a bath, he ________ his supper. A. had eaten B. ate 15. The phone ________ suddenly when Joanne was doing the housework. A. rang B. ringing 16. It ________ as we drove slowly along the road. A. has snowed 17. He couldn’t remember what ___________________ to him the day before. A. happened 18. You can't meet the director now. He __________ with someone. A. talks 19. My sister ________ married in January, 2002. A. has got B. got 20. Anita _________ very hard at the moment. B. studies A. is studying V. Finish the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first one 1. I last went shopping two months ago.  I haven’t __________________________________________________________________. 2. I haven’t seen him for ages.  It’s ______________________________________________________________________. 3. Peter started playing the piano when he was five.  Peter has _________________________________________________________________. 4. This is the first time I have seen him.  I have ____________________________________________________________________. 5. The last time she went out with him was two years ago.  She hasn't _________________________________________________________________. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ UNIT 3: A PARTY

VOCABULARY 1. adult 2. anniversary → wedding anniversary (n) (n) (n) người lớn lễ kỷ niệm kỷ niệm ngày cưới

3. birthday card 4. blow out 5. candle 6. celebrate

→ celebrated → celebration → celebrity 7. clap 8. cosy → cosily 9. each other 10. get divorced 11. get married 12. married couple 13. gift 14. golden → golden wedding 15. guest 16. joke → joke

17. last → lasting 18. mark 19. milestone 20. relationship → relate (n) (v) (n) (v) (a) (n) (n) (v) (a) (adv) (pronoun) (v) (v) (n) (n) (a) (n) (n) (n) (v) (v) (a) (v) (n) (n) (v) thiệp sinh nhật thổi tắt nến ăn mừng nổi tiếng lễ mừng, sự ăn mừng người nổi tiếng vỗ tay ấm cúng một cách ấm cúng lẫn nhau li hôn kết hôn cặp vợ chồng quà tặng giống như vàng, bằng vàng lễ cưới vàng (kỷ niệm 50 lễ cưới) khách mời lời nói đùa nói đùa tồn tại, kéo dài lâu dài đánh dấu, ghi nhớ cột mốc, biến cố quan trọng mối quan hệ có liên quan

GRAMMAR A. Gerund (Danh động từ) 1. Gerund là hình thức "Verb+ing" được dùng tương tự như danh từ. Gerund có thể làm các chức năng trong câu như sau: a. Chủ từ (Subject): Teaching so many hours a week caused her a breakdown.

b. Túc từ (Object): I really dislike having to work at weekends.

c. Sau giới từ (After prepositions): She left the party without saying goodbye to anyone.

2. Verbs+Gerund: một số động từ thông dụng được theo sau bằng gerund:

- admit: thừa nhận - avoid: tránh - delay: trì hoãn - deny: phủ nhận - detest: ghét - dislike: không thích - consider: cứu xét - enjoy : thích, khoái - feel like: cản thấy thích - finish: hoàn thành - (not) mind: (không) ngại - give up: từ bỏ - imagine: tưởng tượng - involve: dính líu - keep (on): tiếp tục - miss: bỏ lỡ - postpone: hoãn lại - practise: luyện tập - put off: hoãn lại - risk: đánh liều - spend (time): dùng thì giờ - suggest: đề nghị - waste (time): phí thì giờ - can't stand: không chịu nổi

Ex: - Workers really enjoy having one more national holiday in April.

- Would you mind not smoking in this room? 3. Những động từ sau đây có thể theo sau bằng Gerund hoặc To-infinitive mà ý nghĩa không thay đổi: start, begin, continue, intend, like, love, hate Ex: - Miss Ha started teaching / to teach in this school ten years ago. - He continued working / to work even though it was very late. 4. VERBS + Gerund or To-infinitive Các động từ sau có thể theo sau bằng gerund hoặc to-infinitive, nhưng ý nghĩa khác nhau: a. They stopped working because it was too late. (Stop + Gerund: ngừng việc đang làm) On his way to the office, he stopped to buy a newspaper. (Stop + to-infinitive: ngừng lại để làm một việc khác) b. My grandmother still remembers looking after me when I was a baby.

(Remember + Gerund: nhớ lại việc đã xảy ra) Please, remember to post to my letter on your way to work. (Remember + to-infinitive: nhớ việc cần phải làm) c. "I've got a bad headache." "Why don't you try taking an aspirin?"

(Try + Gerund: thừ làm việc gì) He's trying to work very hard to earn more money. (Try + to-infinitive: cố gắng làm việc gì) d. If we catch the early train, it'll mean getting up at 5:30.

(Mean + Gerund: có nghĩa là) I'm sorry, but I didn't mean to hurt you. (Mean + to-infinitive: có ý định làm gì) e. The room is to dirty. It needs cleaning. (= It needs to be cleaned)

(Need + Gerund: (việc gì) cần phải được làm) You need to clean the room. It's too dirty. (= You have to clean ...) (Need + to-infinitive: (người nào) càn phải làm việc gì) f. She regretted telling him a lie.

(Regret + Gerund: ân hận vì đã làm gì) I regret to inform you that your application has been unsuccessful. (Regret + to-infinitive: lấy làm tiếc khi nói điều gì)

g. She went on talking about her holiday all evening. (Go on + Gerund: tiếp tục làm điều đang làm) She spoke about her son, and then went on to talk about her daughter. (Go on + to-infinitive: tiếp tục chuyển sang làm một việc khác)

5. Một vài cách nói thông dụng thường theo sau bằng Gerund:

- be/get used to: quen với - be accustomed to: quen với - be excited about: phấn khích về - be capable of: có khả năng - be responsible for: chịu trách nhiệm về - be interested in: thích thú, quan tâm - be tired of: mệt, chán - to look forward to: trông chờ - be bored with: chán - to insist on: cứ khăng khăng - be fed up with: chán - to succeed in: thành công về - It's no used/good doing something: Không ích gì ... - There's no point in doing something: Không cần thiết ... - It's (not) worth doing something: Không đáng để làm ... Ex: It's not worth queuing for the tickets.

B. Passive infinitive

Passive infinitive là hình thức câu bị động trong đó quá khứ phân từ (Past participle) theo sau "be" hoặc "to be" với dạng thức: "(to) be + pats participle". Passive infinitive được dùng sau các trợ động từ khiếm khuyết (modal): will, can, must, may, should, would rather, had better, ...; hoặc sau các động từ: be going to, have to, want to, would like to, ought to, ... Ex:

Active Passive

- You must keep the room tidy. - They're going to pass the law. - You have to rewrite this report. - I don't want anyone to disturb me. - She would like someone to post this letter. - The room must be kept tidy. - The law is going to be passed. - This report has to be rewritten. - I don't want to be disturbed. - She would like this letter to be posted.

C. Passive gerund

Passive gerund là hình thức câu bị động trong đó quá khứ phân từ theo sau "being" bới dạng thức: "being + past participle". Passive gerund được dùng với các động từ theo sau bằng Gerund (Verbs + gerund) hoặc sau giới từ. Ex:

Active Passive

- I don't mind you shouting at me. - We dislike people cheating us. - You can't stand people hating you. - She can't get used to people criticizing her. - He'd like to do it himself instead of people helping him. - I don't mind being shouted at. - We dislike being cheated. - You can't stand being hated. - She can't get used to being criticized. - He'd like to do it himself instead of being helped.

B. remind D. recall C. know

B. people C. adult

C. sunlight B. light

EXERCISES I. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in brackets 1. She was interested in reading about the lives of movie ___________________. (celebrate) 2. I still remember the whole family sitting ______________ by the fire on winter nights. (cosy) 3. The school has a very close _____ with the student’s parents. (relate) 4. This medicine can make you feel better for a while, but the effect isn’t ______________. (last) 5. Her fiance later turned out to be a ___________________ man with three children. (marry) 6. Everyone thinks that such good news calls for a ________________! (celebrate) 7. Nha Trang, a coastal town in Central Vietnam, has a long _______________ beach fringed by coconut trees. (gold) 8. “Just forget his remarks! He’s only ________________________!” (joke) 9. Lack of trust is very destructive in a ___________________________. (relate) 10. A __________________ is held for the boy at the age when he is considered to have reached manhood. (celebrate) 11. Adults often look back on their childhood as a _____________ age. (gold) 12. The success of his movie has made him a _____________ throughout the country. (celebrate) II. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences 1. A ceremony was held to ____ the 50th anniversary of the death of the great science. A. mark 2. The school rules state that no child will be allowed out of the school during the day, unless accompanied by a(n) ____. A. person D. couple 3. The wind suddenly blew out the ____ and the room was plunged into darkness. D. candle A. electricity 4. The audience ____________ respectfully as the guest speaker stood up to speak. A. clapped B. screamed C. handed D. stared

D. work C. action B. milestone

B. memory D. anniversary

B. clapped D. crashed

B. turn off D. get off

C. memorize

B. That’s what you did. D. Don’t worry about it.

B. Yes. What do you need? D. It doesn’t matter.

5. He felt that leaving the country for the city was a real ____________ in his life. A. gift 6. They always celebrate their wedding ______________ with dinner in an expensive restaurant. C. souvenir A. birthday 7. The audience got up and ______________ when the violinist finished her performance. A. slapped C. slashed 8. The child is so excited; she can’t wait to _____________ the candles on the birthday cake. A. blow out C. put out 9. The whole family went to a restaurant to _____________ his return from abroad. A. congratulation B. celebrate D. decorate 10. “Can I use your telephone?” “______________________” A. I’m glad you did it. C. Sure. Go ahead. 11. “Mr. Rose, could you spare me a minute?” “___________” A. Sure. I’ll be there. C. Thanks anyway. III. Complete the passage by putting the words in the box into the blanks

distance rainy interesting impossible unusual convinced traditional regularly

B. being admired C. to being admired D. to be admired

B. being deceived C. to be deceived D. to deceive

C. being looked D. be looking B. be looked

C. didn’t mind D. suggested B. decided

D. of going C. going B. to go

D. being thought C. thinking B. to think

C. postponed D. was able B. arranged

C. to have been D. for being

D. about we go C. about going B. we going

The house I grew up was in the old part of Singapore. It was some (1) _________ from the city center and had an (2) ________ story. It belonged to an old lady who lived next door with her daughter and grandchildren. Her family had owned it since before the war. My parents rented the house from her and she was always very kind to me. The house was made of solid brick and had a little garden which looked out on the jungle. This was (3) _________ as the (4) _________ Singaporean house is made of wood, and often stands on stilts to protect it from the floods, which (5) _______ occur in the (6) ___________ season. Last year I returned to Singapore in the hope of finding the house again, but it was (7) __. Perhaps it had been pulled down to make way for the modern high-rise buildings which now predominate on the island. I am (8) _______________ that it is a sign of the times. IV. Choose the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence 1. Carol always wants ______________ by everyone she meets. A. be admired 2. I dislike ________________ by my friends. A. deceiving 3. The garden has to ____________ after. A. look 4. Last summer we _________ to travel overland through Australia. A. enjoyed 5. Why are you leaving now? You don’t need _________ yet, do you? A. go 6. It’s a difficult problem. It needs _____________ about very carefully. A. think 7. The company __________ holding that workshop until the next month. A. planned 8. Did she apologize _______________ late? A. being B. to be 9. “What shall we do this evening?” “How _____ to that pop concert?” A. to go 10. There’s a good film on TV tonight. I’m really looking forward _________ it. A. to seeing C. for seeing D. for to see B. to see

V. Choose the underlined part in each sentence that should be corrected 1. (A) Get up early (B) can be very difficult (C) for (D) some people. 2. She (A) can’t stand (B) being tell (C) what (D) to do. 3. His life (A) attracts (B) criticism (C) from the Press, but he doesn’t mind being (D) criticizing. 4. (A) Some of my classmates spend (B) most of their (C) spare time (D) to surf the Net. 5. (A) The fine weather helped (B) making (C) it a very (D) enjoyable holiday. 6. It’s (A) not worth (B) to buy (C) such (D) substandard goods 7. I (A) didn’t feel like (B) to go out last night, (C) so I (D) stayed at home. 8. She (A) suddenly (B) left the meeting room without (C) to say (D) anything. VI. Finish the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first one 1. Jolie and Brad are going to get married.  Jolie and Brad have decided ____________________________________________________. 2. Pamela danced without stopping for an hour.  Pamela continued ____________________________________________________________. 3. I want to sit in the front row.  I’d rather ___________________________________________________________________. 4. Richard thinks he’s going to do well.  Richard expects _____________________________________________________________. 5. What are your plans for the summer?  What do you intend __________________________________________________________? 6. Clearing up my room is something I dislike.  I hate ______________________________________________________________________. 7. Helen said she’d go to the party with me.  Helen agreed ________________________________________________________________. 8. My boss wouldn’t let me leave early.  My boss refused _____________________________________________________________. 9. I really expect to hear from you soon.  I really look ________________________________________________________________. 10. What do you fancy doing this evening?  What do you want ___________________________________________________________? 11. The manager would speak to you about this; he promised.  The manager promised ________________________________________________________. 12. Fiona was able to persuade her father to change his mind.  Fiona succeeded _____________________________________________________________. 13. Where would you like to go this evening?  Where do you feel ___________________________________________________________? 14. The detective discovered the secret accidentally.  The detective happened _______________________________________________________. 15. It was very late, but she continued to tidy up the kitchen.  It was very late, but she went ___________________________________________________. VII. Put these sentences into the passive 1. Someone will clean the room today.  ___________________________________________________________________________. 2. Someone might steal the car. ___________________________________________________________________________. 3. They had to cut down that tree. ___________________________________________________________________________. 4. They’re going to demolish the old houses. ___________________________________________________________________________. 5. We can’t restore the picture.

___________________________________________________________________________. 6. You must make an appointment in advance. ___________________________________________________________________________. 7. I don’t want people to make me a fool. ___________________________________________________________________________. 8. Someone has to look after the garden. ___________________________________________________________________________. 9. He wants everybody to serve him. ___________________________________________________________________________. 10. They’re going to interview him next week. ___________________________________________________________________________. VIII. Put these sentences into the passive gerund 1. I don’t like people shouting at me. ___________________________________________________________________________. 2. I hate people staring at me. ___________________________________________________________________________. 3. I can’t stand people telling me what to do. ___________________________________________________________________________. 4. I don’t like people interrupting me. ___________________________________________________________________________. 5. I dislike people making jokes about me. ___________________________________________________________________________. 6. He enjoys people praising him. ___________________________________________________________________________. 7. She can’t stand her parents watching her all day. ___________________________________________________________________________. 8. He doesn’t mind people criticizing him. ___________________________________________________________________________. 9. She hates people asking her about her past. ___________________________________________________________________________. 10. We dislike people cheating us. ___________________________________________________________________________.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- UNIT 4: VOLUNTEER WORK

VOCABULARY 1. baseball 2. care → care (n) 3. clean up 4. college student 5. comfort

→ comfort → comfortable

6. disadvantage → disadvantaged → the disadvantaged 7. advantage → advantaged 8. disaster → disastrous (n) (v) (v) (v) (n) (n) (v) (a) (n) (a) (n) (n) (a) (n) (a) môn bóng chày quan tâm sự chăm sóc dọn dẹp (nhà cửa) sinh viên đại học nguồn an ủi an ủi thoải mái, đủ tiện nghi sự bất lợi thiếu thốn; chịu thiệt thòi những người thiếu thốn sự thuận lợi thuận lợi tai họa gây tai họa, tệ hại

đi mua sắm hạn hán giáo dục, dạy dỗ sự giáo dục thuộc về giáo dục về giáo dục tàn tật những người tàn tật viện dưỡng lão = old people’s home

bãi cỏ núi núi cắt cỏ tổ chức tổ chức trẻ em mồ côi trại mồ côi khắc phục, vượt qua sự tham gia tham gia

(v) (n) (v) (n) (a) (adv) (a) (n) (n) (n) (n) (a) (n) (v) (v) (n) (n) (n) (v) (n) (v) (v) (v) (a) (v) (n) (n) (v) (a) (adv) cung cấp xa xôi chịu đựng, bị (bệnh) kì nghỉ hè người tình nguyện tình nguyện tình nguyện tự nguyện

9. do shopping 10. drought 11. educate → education → educational → educationally 12. handicapped → the handicapped 13. home for the aged 14. lawn 15. mountainous → mountain 16. mow 17. organize → organization 18. orphan → orphanage 19. overcome 20. participation → participate in = take part in 21. provide 22. remote 23. suffer from sth 24. summer vacation 25. volunteer → volunteer → voluntary → voluntarily GRAMMAR A. Gerund and Perfect gerund I. Gerund (Danh-động từ) là hình thức "Verb-ing", nhưng được dùng như danh từ. Có nghĩa là Gerund được dùng ở các vị trí mà danh từ có thể được dùng trong câu. Như vậy, Gerund có thể dùng: 1. Làm chủ từ (Subject): - Reading can help broaden your knowledge. 2. Làm Complement sau 'Be': - My hobby is cycling. 3. Theo sau một số động từ như là túc từ (Object): - She always avoids eating fatty food. 4. Theo sau giới từ: - Jane is very good at cooking. * Xem phần Grammar của Unit 3. II. Perfect gerund là hình thức "Having + past participle" được dùng khi nói đến sự việc xảy ra trong quá khứ. Chúng ta thường dùng "Perfect gerund" sau giới từ và sau động từ "deny". Ex: - My father congratulated me on having passed the final exam. - The man denied having robbed the bank. Tuy nhiên, hình thức Gerund bình thường cũng được thay cho "Perfect gerund", nhất là trong văn nói (spoken English). Ex:

- My father congratulated me on passing the final exam. B. Present participle and Perfect participle I. Present participle (Hiện-tại phân-từ) cũng là hình thức "Verb+ing", nhưng không được dùng như chức năng của danh từ; trái lại, Present participle vẫn manh chức năng của động từ và được dùng trong các trường hợp sau: 1. Dùng với các thì tiếp diễn (Continuous tenses): - The children are playing in the yard. 2. Dùng như tính từ để mô tả danh từ: - Boiling water turn to steam. 3. Dùng để giản lược mệnh đề quan hệ (Reducing relative clauses): - The woman answering my phone call was very polite. (The woman who answered my phone call was very polite.) 4. Dùng sau "động từ giác quan + túc từ" (Verbs + object + V-ing). Những động từ được dùng với cấu trúc này gồm có: "see, hear, feel, smeel, notice, watch" và các động từ: "catch, find". Ex: - I saw Mr. Norris driving past my house this morning. - I found the boy hiding behind the door. 5. Dùng sau các động từ "spend/waste + time"; sau động từ "go" và "be busy". Ex: - He spends an hour walking through the park every morning. - "Where's your wife?" "She's busy preparing dinner." - Kate goes shopping once a week. Chúng ta có thể dùng "go + V-ing" với các động từ sau: Go fishing / sailing / camping / hiking / jogging / skiing / shopping... 6. Dùng Present participle trong các "Participle phrases" (Cụm phân từ) để thay thế cho một mệnh đề trong các trường hợp sau: a. Khi hai hành động xảy ra liền nhay và cùng một chủ từ, chúng ta có thể dùng "Participle phrase" cho một trong hai hành động đó. Ex: (She took some money from her purse and threw it into the bowl.) - She took some money from her purse, throwing it into the bowl. Hoặc: - Taking some money from her purse, she threw it in to the bowl. b. Có thể dùng "Participle pharse" sau các liên từ: "when, while, after, before, ...". Ex: - He had a fight while eating in a restaurant. c. "Participle phrase" cũng được dùng để diễn tả lý do cho hành dộng trong mệnh đề chính. Ex: - Being rather busy, she completely forgot the time. (Because she was rather busy, she completely forgot the time.) d. "Participle phrase" cũng có hình thức "being + past participle" để diễn tả ý nghĩa bị động (passive) Ex: - Being treated by the best doctors, the patient recovered quickly. (Because he was treated by the best doctors, the patient recovered quickly.) II. Perfect participle có hình thức "Having + past participle" được dùng để thay thế cho một mệnh đề trong đó diễn tả một hành động đã hoàn tất trước khi hành động trong mệnh đề chính xảy ta. Ex: - Having spent two hours over dinner, they left the restaurant. (They had spent two hours over dinner before they left the restaurant.) Trong cấu trúc này, chúng ta cũng dùng hình thức "Having been + past participle" khi muốn diễn tả ý nghĩa bị động (passive).

C. disadvantaged D. uncared

C. include B. obtain D. suffer

C. remote

C. get up

C. look forward D. catch up B. get used

C. the olds B. aging

C. overcome B. suffer D. hold

C. difficulties B. disasters D. tasks

D. organize B. clean C. care

B. Not at all. There you are. D. Of course not! Ex: - Having been turned down so many times, he got tired of looking for a job. (Because he had been turned down so many times, he got tired of looking for a job.) EXERCISES I. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in brackets 1. The minister is said to have been brought up in an _________________ before being adopted by a rich married couple. (orphan) 2. Many ethnic groups live in the ____________ region of the country. (mountain) 3. Since retiring from the company, she has done _____________ work for a charity. (volunteer) 4. A new educational program has been set up for ____________________ children. (advantage) 5. Pollution can have ______________ effects on the balanced ecosystem. (disaster) 6. His sudden sickness prevented him from active ___________ in the competition. (participate) 7. I never feel _________________ when I stay in other people’s house. (comfort) 8. The local government has asked various voluntary ___________________ to help raise money for the new orphanage. (organize) 9. We need more and better ____________ programs on television for young children. (educate) 10. Did he help you ______________ or did anyone force him to do so? (volunteer) 11. This organization relies entirely on _______________ contribution. (volunteer) 12. Some people choose to work in the __________________ on weekends as a way of spending their leisure time. (orphan) 13. A new educational program has been set up to help economically _______________ children (advantage) 14. There is a shortage of schools and hospitals in the _________________ region. (mountain) 15. A college _________________ is often the best route to a good job. (educate) 16. More and more college students are participating in charitable work __________. (volunteer) II. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences 1. The car accident left her physically ___________; she has had to move around in the wheelchair ever since. A. handicapped B. suffered 2. Many people ____________ from mental illness at some point in their lives. A. catch 3. They live in a(n) _____ area, which is accessible only by helicopter. A. disadvantaged B. educational D. disastrous 4. We decided to ____________ the mess right after the party before going to sleep. A. participate in B. clean up D. work out 5. More and more young people are willing to _______ in voluntary work. A. take part 6. We need more volunteers to help ________________ in this neighborhood. A. aged D. the aged 7. It’s difficult for her to make friends because she can hardly ______ her shyness. A. mow 8. People in this region suffer natural ______ like storms and floods year after year. A. comforts 9. You can’t _____________ the grass if it is still wet. A. mow 10. “Have a nice weekend, Darren!” “___________” A. Yes., go ahead C. You too! III. Complete the passage by putting the words in the box into the blanks

provide with In experience required

C. Collection B. Collecting D. Being collected

D. want

D. to going out

D. painted B. to paint C. painting

D. smiling B. to smile C. me smiling

D. driven B. driving C. to drive

B. smoking C. to smoke D. to smoking

B. discovering C. being discovered D. to be discovered

(1) _______ Vietnam, the English language is considered as a gateway to the students' future and a chance to escape poverty. Effective use of the English language will (2) _________ students with confidence and improve their future employment opportunities. Volunteers in the Teaching program are not (3) ________ to be a qualified teacher or have any previous teaching (4) _______. All we ask is that you give 100% effort and enthusiasm in your work (5) _________ the children. IV. Choose the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence 1. ___________ old bottles is a strange hobby. A. Collect 2. Did he ___________taking your mobile phone? A. admit C. expect B. refuse 3. Sorry, but I don’t feel like _________ this evening. A. go out C. to go out B. going out 4. Their house really needs ______________. A. paint 5. He looks so funny. Whenever I see him, I can’t help _____________. A. smile 6. We were informed of the landslide while ______ along the pass. A. drove 7. The nicotine patches are designed to help people quit __________. A. smoke 8. We walked on tiptoe for fear of __________________. A. discover V. Choose the underlined part in each sentence that should be corrected 1. (A) Fell from (B) such a height, Derek was (C) miraculously (D) unhurt. 2. (A) Having fed the dog, he (B) was sat down (C) to his (D) own dinner. 3. She didn’t know (A) how (B) to get (C) to the station, so she stopped (D) asking the way. 4. A large crowd (A) gathered (B) to watch the men (C) to saw the (D) great tree. 5. The men (A) had difficulty (B) to keep the roads (C) clear because the snow kept (D) falling. 6. (A) To everyone’s (B) disappointment, the bank (C) strongly resisted (D) to cut. 7. (A) Automobiles began to (B) equip with (C) built-in radios (D) around 1930. VI. Use a participle phrase to replace the relative clause in each sentence 1. The people who live next to your house are from South Korea  ___________________________________________________________________________. 2. The taxi that took us to the airport broke down halfway.  ___________________________________________________________________________. 3. The woman who manages this bookstore used to be a publisher.  ___________________________________________________________________________. 4. At the end of the road there is a path that leads to the river.  ___________________________________________________________________________. 5. During our holidays, we stayed in a nice room which overlooked the beach.  ___________________________________________________________________________. VII. Rewrite the sentences using the perfect participle “Having + past participle” 1. I did all the housework, then I went out for a walk.  ___________________________________________________________________________. 2. She turned off the lights, then she got to sleep.  ___________________________________________________________________________. 3. Joan read the job advertisement in the paper, then she wrote an application letter.

 ___________________________________________________________________________. 4. He wrote the book, then he looked for a publishing house to print it.  ___________________________________________________________________________. 5. He had drunk a bottle of wine. He couldn’t drive home.  ___________________________________________________________________________. 6. Ann has visited many European cities. She’s planning to travel to South-east Asia this year.  ___________________________________________________________________________. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- UNIT 6: COMPETITIONS

VOCABULARY 1. activity 2. aim → aim 3. announce → announcement

4. annual → annually 5. apologize → apology 6. award → award 7. compete → competitive → competition → competitor 8. complete → complete → completion 9. contest 10. disappoint → disappointed → disappointing → disappointment 11. enjoyment

→ enjoy 12. explain 13. final → final → finally 14. judge 15. maximum 16. member 17. observe 18. perform → performance 19. poem 20. point 21. recite 22. represent → representative 23. result 24. rule (n) (n) (v) (v) (n) (a) (adv) (v) (n) (n) (v) (v) (a) (n) (n) (v) (a) (n) (n) (v) (a) (a) (n) (n) (v) (v) (n) (a) (adv) (n) (a) (n) (v) (v) (n) (n) (n) (v) (v) (n) (n) (n) hoạt động, sinh hoạt mục tiêu nhắm vào công bố, thông báo lời thông báo mỗi năm (xảy ra) mỗi năm xin lỗi lời xin lỗi giải thưởng trao giải thưởng thi đua, cạnh tranh có tính cạnh tranh cuộc thi thí sinh, người dự thi hoàn thành toàn vẹn sự hoàn thành cuộc thi làm cho ai thất vọng bị thất vọng gây thất vọng sự thất vọng niềm vui, sự thích thú thích giải thích trận chung kết cuối cùng cuối cùng giám khảo, quan tòa tối đa thành viên, hội viên quan sát trình bày, biểu diễn sự trình bày, màn biểu diễn bài thơ điểm đọc thuộc lòng, đọc lớn tiếng đại diện (cho ai) người đại diện kết quả quy luật

(n) (v) (a) (adv) (n) (n) (v) (v) (n) (n) điểm cho điểm trôi chảy, phẳng phiu một cách trôi chảy tinh thần nhà tài trợ tài trợ kích thích, khuyến khích sự kích thích, sự khuyến khích Hội Phụ huynh Học sinh

25. score → score 26. smooth → smoothly 27. spirit 28. sponsor → sponsor 29. stimulate → stimulation 30. Students’ Parents Society GRAMMAR A. Reported questions (Revision) Chúng ta phân biệt hai loại câu hỏi khi tường thuật: Wh-questions (câu hỏi bắt đầu bằng một từ để hỏi) và Yes-No questions (câu hỏi "Yes-No"). Sau đây là những điều cần lưu ý khi tường thuật câu hỏi: a. Chúng ta thường bắt đầu câu tường thuật bằng: He/ She asked (me) ...; hoặc: He/ She wondered ..., He/ She wanted to know ... b. Không dùng thể đảo-động-từ (Inversion) khi tường thuật câu hỏi. Nghĩa là không đặt động từ trước chủ từ như câu hỏi trực tiếp.

c. Đối với câu hỏi loại Wh-questions, chúng ta phải dùng lại từ để hỏi như: what, where, when, who, why, which, how, ... trong câu tường thuật.

d. Đối với câu hỏi loại Yes-No questions, chúng ta dùng "if" hoặc "whether" để mở đầu câu tường thuật. e. Không viết dấu chấm hỏi ở cuối câu hỏi khi tường thuật. f. Làm những thay đổi thì (Tenses) và cách nói thời gian (Time expressions) như khi tường thuật câu nói thông thường (Reported statements).

Hãy so sánh cách tường thuật hai loại câu hỏi trong bảng sau đây:

Type Direct questions Reported questions

Wh-Questions

He asked me what I was looking for. He asked me where I had stayed. She asked me when my birthday was. She asked him who he would go with. She asked why I hadn't answered her letter. He asked me how I went to work. She asked me how long I had been there. He asked me if I was architect. She asked me if I liked reading.

Yes-No Questions

"What are you looking for?" "Where did you stay?" "When is you birthday?" "Who will you go with?" "Why didn't you answer my letter?" "How do you go to work?" "How long have you been here?" "Are you an architect?" "Do you like reading?" "Did Mark give you my message?" He asked if Mark had given me his message. "Have you ever broken a bone?" "Will you be there this weekend, Maud?" "Can you drive?" "Were you sleeping at that time?" She asked if I had ever broken a bone. He asked Maud if she would be there that weekend. She asked if I could drive. They asked if I had been sleeping at that time.

B. Reported speech with gerund Chúng ta dùng Verbs + Gerund (Verb+ing) để tường thuật khi câu nói trực tiếp mang ý nghĩa đặc biệt. Có khá nhiều động từ được dùng để tường thuật theo cách này tùy theo ý nghĩa của câu nói trực tiếp. Sau đây là một số động từ thông dụng: 1. "Accuse somebody of doing something": Buộc tội ai về việc gì. Ex:

"I'm afraid I've lost your letter", Kevin told me.

"It was your fault. You gave us unclear instructions", he said.

"Well done, Brian, you've passed the exam!" said his father.

"I didn't break your window", he said.

"I really must see the manager in person", the man insisted.

"Why don't we share the cost?" Carol said.

"Thank you very much for telling me the way", she said.

"Don't drink the local water”, said the guide.

The man accused the boy of having stolen his watch.

Direct: "You stole my watch", the man said to the boy. Reported: The man accused the boy of stealing his watch. 2. "Admit doing something": thừa nhận đã làm việc gì. Ex: Direct: Reported: Kevin admitted losing my letter. 3. "Apologize for doing something": xin lỗi vì đã làm gì. Ex: Direct: "I'm sorry I'm late", Amanda said. Reported: Amanda apologized for being late. 4. “Blame somebody for doing something": đổ lỗi cho ai về việc gì. Ex: Direct: Reported: He blamed me for giving them unclear instructions. 5. "Congratulate somebody on doing something": khen ngợi ai về việc gì. Ex: Direct: Reported: Brian's father congratulated him on passing the exam. 6. "Deny doing something": phủ nhận đã làm gì. Ex: Direct: Reported: He denied breaking my window. 7. "Insist on/upon doing something": cứ khăng khăng đòi làm gì. Ex: Direct: Reported: The man insisted on seeing the manager in person. 8. "Suggest doing something": đề nghị làm việc gì. Ex: Direct: Reported: Carol suggested sharing the cost. 9. "Thank (somebody) for doing something": cảm ơn (ai) về việc gì. Ex: Direct: Reported: She thanked me for telling her the way. 10. "Warn (somebody) against doing something": khuyến cáo (ai) đừng làm gì. Ex: Direct: Reported: The guide warned us against drinking the local water. * Chú ý: Trong một số trường hợp có thể dùng Perfect gerund (Having + past participle) sau động từ thay vì dùng Gerund (V-ing) (Xem lại phần Grammar, Unit 4). Ex: Direct: "You stole my watch", the man said to the boy. Reported: The man accused the boy of stealing his watch. Or: EXERCISES I. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in brackets 1. Did you hear the ____________ made by the President on television this morning? (announce) 2. The road was blocked for two hours after the accident, but traffic is now flowing __________ again. (smooth)

B. competed C. judged

B. apology C. activity D. aim

B. observing D. judging C. reciting

C. poems B. rules

C. enjoyment B. award D. aim

C. methods D. rules B. laws

C. announced D. recited B. priced

B. complete D. find out

C. Certainly. Here you are. D. Congratulations! B. So do I.

B. with C. for D. in

3. Teaching is now a very ______________ job; you have to try your best if you want to succeed. (compete) 4. Your _____________ exam results are entirely due to your inattention in class. (disappoint) 5. It is illegal if an athlete takes drugs to improve his or her __________________. (perform) 6. You must send her a letter of _____________ for what you have done. (apologize) 7. A ______________ from our company will meet you at the airport on your arrival. (represent) 8. After months of working, we _______ finished the project ahead of the scheduled time. (final) 9. Having read the book did not spoil my __________________________ of the movie. (enjoy) 10. The Nobel prizes are awarded _______________. (annual) 11. “I’m terribly sorry about it!” “No __________________ is necessary. Forget it!” (apologize) 12. Generally, life in big cities is more __________________ than that in the country. (compete) 13. While she was at home looking after her children, she felt deprived of intellectual _______________. (stimulate) 14. When you arrive there, you will be helped by our __________________. (represent) 15. The new manager’s ___________________ took all the staff by surprise. (announce) II. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences 1. The team is ___________ by BWM, so the players wear the letters BWM on their shirts. A. sponsored D. explained 2. Her ___________ is to become the youngest winner of the championship. A. maximum 3. The child has the talent for ______________ long poems without missing a word. A. competing 4. You must explain to me the _____________ of the game before I can play it. D. results A. members 5. The scientists was in Sweden to receive a(n) _______________ for his latest discovery. A. announcement 6. Can you clearly explain the ______ of the contest to me, please? A. instructs 7. The little boy was ______ a medal for showing supreme bravery. A. awarded 8. They are trying to find companies to ___________ their charitable work. A. participate C. sponsor 9. “I’ve just passed the entrance exam.” “______________” A. Not too bad. 10. Many friends telephoned to congratulate me ___________ winning the competition. A. on III. Complete the passage by putting the words in the box into the blanks

with winner responsibility out decide to wear barely nominated announcement

Laura couldn’t wait to hear Mrs. Perkins’ big (1) __________. She had a feeling it had something to do (2) _________ a class contest. Laura loved contests. She didn’t care what the prize was. She just liked to compete, and more than that, she liked to win.

“Okay, everyone,” Mrs. Perkins said. “Starting today, we will elect a class leader for each month. The person elected will help me pass (3) _____ papers, distribute materials, and write on the blackboard. He or she will also get to (4) ____ on the theme for the class project that month.” Laura could (5) ______ sit still. It was a contest! She had to win. Mrs. Perkins held up a gold star badge. “The class leader will (6) _______ this badge during school hours.” Laura's eyes widened. A shiny gold badge! Everyone would know she was a (7) _______ if she was wearing that badge.

“This is a lot of (8) __________,” Mrs. Perkins said, “so I only want students to nominate themselves if they truly feel they are up to the task.” Laura was barely listening anymore. She was picturing herself wearing the gold badge. Chalk scraped on the blackboard and Laura turned to see Mrs. Perkins writing a list of names.

“Does anyone else wish to be (9) _____ for class leader this month?” Mrs. Perkins asked. Laura’s hand shot up in the air. “I want to be nominated!” Mrs. Perkins added Laura (10) ________ the list.

B. to win C. that won D. on winning

B. if D. that

D. that had destroyed B. to have destroyed C. that he has destroyed

D. advised B. expected

B. broke C. breaking

C. didn’t I B. I hadn’t D. hadn’t I

C. to have B. we have D. we’ll have

B. where the station is D. is where the station

IV. Choose the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence 1. The principal congratulated the school team _________ the final match. A. for winning 2. The police asked him ___________ he had been at home during that night. A. where C. who 3. At last, the man admitted ___________my car. A. having destroyed 4. Patrick ____________ renting a caravan for our trip. A. decided C. suggested 5. You can’t deny ________________ my laptop by accident. A. to break D. had broken 6. Sue asked me why ___________________ informed her of the date of the meeting. A. I didn’t 7. “What about ___________ a picnic this weekend?” Sheila said. A. having 8. Do you know ________________________________? A. where is the station C. the station is where 9. “Let me give you a lift to the airport, Jenny!” Dan said. A. Dan warned Jenny against going to the airport. B. Dan admitted giving Jenny a lift to the airport. C. Dan insisted on giving Jenny a lift to the airport. D. Dan suggested to give Jenny a lift to the airport. 10. “You broke my best teapot, Bob!” Teddy said. A. Teddy accused Bob of having broken his best teapot. B. Teddy thanked Bob of breaking his best teapot. C. Teddy advised Bob not to break his best teapot. D. Teddy admitted having broken Bob’s best teapot. V. Choose the underlined part in each sentence that should be corrected 1. My friend (A) asked me what (B) did I intend (C) to do after I (D) graduated. 2. The doctor asked (A) that I (B) felt OK, and I told him (C) that I didn’t (D) feel well. 3. I asked him (A) what kind of movies (B) did he like and (C) he said he (D) liked romantic movies. 4. The hostess asked (A) everybody (B) don’t (C) hesitate (D) to get the food. 5. (A) I don’t understand what (B) are you trying (C) to explain (D) to me. 6. When Mary saw me she (A) asked me (B) that if I (C) had (D) ever met Carol. 7. I didn’t know where I (A) was supposed (B) to get off the bus, so I (C) asked the driver where (D) was the market. 8. We were late, (A) so I told my friend (B) to go (C) as fast as he (D) can. 9. After the accident, I opened my eyes (A) slowly and (B) realized that (C) I’m still (D) alive. 10. The detective ordered me (A) to stand by the window and (B) tell him if anyone (C) goes into the house (D) opposite. VI. Finish the sentence to make the reported speech with gerund 1. “Congratulations! You’ve got engaged, Paula,” I said.

 I congratulated ______________________________________________________________. 2. “You failed to save my husband’s life,” she said to the doctors.  She blamed _________________________________________________________________. 3. “I didn’t reveal the company’s confidential information,” Marian said.  Marian denied _______________________________________________________________. 4. “How about meeting in front of the cinema?” Pat said.  Pat suggested _______________________________________________________________. 5. “You damaged my new CD, Meg,” Pamela said to me.  Pamela accused ______________________________________________________________. 6. “Let me pay for the meal,” Ben said to me.  Ben insisted ________________________________________________________________. 7. “Why don’t we drive instead of taking the train?” Melanie suggested.  Melanie suggested ___________________________________________________________. 8. “Beware of that bad road! It’s very dangerous to drive on it!” he warned us.  He warned _________________________________________________________________. 9. “Yes. I’ve spent too much money doing the shopping,” she admitted.  She admitted ________________________________________________________________. 10. “Congratulations! You’ve succeeded in the interview”, my mother told me.  My mother congratulated ______________________________________________________. VII. Rewrite the following questions in reported speech 1. “Does Melvin know what he’s doing?” Pat said to me.  Pat asked me ________________________________________________________________. 2. “What do you want for your birthday, June?” Eric said to June.  Eric asked __________________________________________________________________. 3. “Is what I’ve heard true?” Kate wondered.  Kate wondered ______________________________________________________________. 4. “Did you enjoy your trip, Marge?” Cathy asked.  Cathy asked Marge ___________________________________________________________. 5. “How many students are there in your class, Hoa?” Ba asked Hoa.  Ba asked ___________________________________________________________________. 6. “Will you be at my office tomorrow?” Ms. Wang said to Ms. Lynn.  Ms. Wang asked Ms. Lynn _____________________________________________________. 7. “Who do you think will win, Ted?” asked Paul.  Paul asked Ted ______________________________________________________________. 8. “Brenda, when did you last see Harry?” asked Julia.  Julia asked Brenda ___________________________________________________________. 9. “Have you enrolled for the advanced class, Mai?” Tam asked Mai.  Tam asked Mai ______________________________________________________________. 10. “Which of you knows how to make the coffee?” Richard said to us.  Richard asked _______________________________________________________________.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- UNIT 7: WORLD POPULATION

(n) (a) (a) số lượng (dùng với N không đếm được) có sẵn để dùng trung bình trước công nguyên

VOCABULARY 1. amount 2. available 3. average 4. B.C = Before Christ 5. method 6. birth control method 7. decrease (n) (n) (n) phương pháp phương pháp hạn chế sinh sản sự sụt giảm

→ decrease 8. double → double 9. earth 10. family planning 11. figure 12. grow → growth 13. increase → increase 14. instead of 15. iron 16. limit → limit → limitation 17. metal 18. percent 19. petroleum 20. populate → population 21. probable → probably 22. raise 23. research → research 24. resources 25. safe → safety → safely 26. silver 27. support → support → supporter → supportive 28. (the) Third World (v) (v) (a) (n) (n) (n) (v) (n) (n) (v) (prep) (n) (n) (v) (n) (n) (n) (n) (v) (n) (a) (adv) (v) (n) (v) (n) (a) (n) (adv) (n) (v) (n) (n) (a) (n) giảm bớt tăng gấp đôi gấp đôi trái đất việc kế hoạch hóa gia đình con số tăng trưởng, lớn lên sự tăng trưởng sự gia tăng gia tăng, làm tăng lên thay vì sắt giới hạn hạn chế sự hạn chế kim loại phần trăm dầu mỏ sinh sống, cư ngụ dân số gần như chắc chắn (sẽ xảy ra) chắc hẳn (sẽ xảy ra) nuôi cuộc nghiên cứu nghiên cứu tài nguyên an toàn sự an toàn một cách an toàn bạc (kim loại) giúp đỡ, ủng hộ, nuôi dưỡng sự giúp đỡ người ủng hộ, cổ động viên sẵn lòng giúp đỡ thế giới thứ ba (gồm những nước nghèo và chậm phát triển)

GRAMMAR A. Conditional type 1, 2 and 3 (Revision) Câu điều kiện (Conditional sentences) thường có hai phần: If-clause (mệnh đề If) và Main clause (mệnh đề chính). Câu điều kiện thường được chia làm ba loại: Type 1, Type 2, và Type 3. Chúng ta có thể tóm tắt cách dùng và cấu trúc của ba loại câu điều kiện như sau:

FORM [If-clause: Present tenses] + [Main clause: will/ can/ may/ must + bare infinitive] TYPE 1

[If-clause: Past simple] + [Main clause: would/ could/ might + bare infinitive] TYPE 2 USE Chúng ta dùng câu điều kiện loại 1 để diễn tả hành động hoặc tình huống có thể xảy ra trong hiện tại hoặc tương lai. Chúng ta dùng câu điều kiện loại 2 để diễn tả hành động hoặc tình huống không có thật và EXAMPLE - If I find your key, I'll phone you. - If you don't set your alarm clock, you'll oversleep. - I won't wait for you if you're late. - If I had a car, I would give you a lift. - What would you do if you suddenly saw a U.F.O?

[If-clause: Past perfect] + [Main clause: would/ could/ might have + past participle]

- If I had seen him, I would have warned him. - He wouldn't have got angry if you had spoken more politely. TYPE 3

không thể xảy ra trong hiện tại hoặc tương lai. Chúng ta dùng câu điều kiện loại 3 để diễn tả hành động hoặc tình huống giả định. Các hành động hoặc tình huống này đã không xảy ra hoặc đã xảy ra theo một cách khác trong quá khứ.

* Những điểm cần lưu ý khi dùng câu điều kiện: I. Conditional type 1: 1. Ngoài thì hiện tại đơn (Present simple), chúng ta cũng có thể dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn (Present continuos) hoặc thì hiện tại hoàn thành (Present perfect) trong mệnh đề "If". Ex: - If you're waiting for the manager, he'll be here in fifteen minutes. - If you've finished your homework, you can go out. 2. Chúng ta có thể dùng câu yêu cầu với Imperative hoặc với "should" và "had better" trong mệnh đề chính. Ex: - If you need help, please let me know! - If you're tired, you should take a rest. - If you know anything about the accident, you'd better phone the police. 3. Chúng ta có thể dùng thì hiện tại đơn (Present simple) trong mệnh đề chính khi nói về tình huống xảy ra một cách tự động (automatic) thường xuyên theo thói quen (habitual), loại câu điều kiện này được gọi là "The Zero Conditional". Ex: - If water is colder than 0o Celsius, it freezes. II. Conditional type 2 1. Chúng ta thường dùng cách nói "If I were you ..." để cho lời khuyên. Ex: If I were you, I would never believe him. * Chú ý: Chúng ta thường dùng "were" đối với động từ "be" cho tất cả các ngôi trong câu điều kiện loại 2. Hình thức "was" cũng có thể được dùng với chủ từ số ít, nhưng được xem là cách dùng bình dân trong văn nói (informal). Do đó, tốt nhất là dùng "were" khi viết và nói. 2. Chúng ta dùng "might" trong mệnh đề chính khi diễn tả ý nghĩa "có lẽ", và dùng "could" khi diễn tả ý nghĩa "có khả năng". Ex: - If you sent your application, they might accept you. - If I knew her address, I could write to her. 3. Chúng ta có thể dùng "were + to-infinitive" trong mệnh đề "If" để nhấn mạnh ý không thể xảy ra. Ex: If I were to win one million dollars, I'd give up my job. III. Conditional type 3 Ngoài "would have + past participle" chúng ta cũng có thể dùng "might have + past participle" trong mệnh đề chings để diễn tả ý nghĩa "có lẽ đã xảy ra", và dùng "could have + past participle" với ý nghĩa "có khả năng xảy ra". Ex: - If you have applied for the job, you might have got it. - If you had asked him, he could have helped you. IV. Dùng cách đảo ngữ (Inversion) thay cho mệnh đề “If-clause”

Chúng ta có thể dùng cách đảo động từ ra trước chủ ngữ (“đảo ngữ” = inversion) thay cho mệnh đề “If- clause” khi muốn nhấn mạnh. Cách đảo động từ có thể được dùng với cả 3 loại câu điều kiện. Type 1: “Should + subject + bare infinitive”

- Should you know anything about the murder, phone the police. (If you know anything about the murder, ...) Type 2: “Were + subject + to-infinitive”

- Were I to fly in a spaceship, I would be extremely excited. (If I were to fly in a spaceship, ...) Type 3: “Had + subject + past participle”

- Had I heard about his trouble, I would have come to help him. (If I had heard about his trouble, ...) V. "Unless" có thể được dùng với ý nghĩa "If ... not":

Unless he works harder, he'll fail the exams. (If he doesn't work harder, he'll fail the exams.)

VI. Câu điều kiện pha trộn (mixed type): Câu điều kiện pha trộn có 2 loại cấu trúc như sau: 1.

If you hadn't stayed up too late last night, you wouldn’t feel so tired now. Past perfect + Main clause: would/ could + bare infinitive Chúng ta dùng loại câu pha trộn này khi muốn giả định một tình huống xảy ra trong quá khứ, nhưng kết quả lại xảy ra trong hiện tại. Ex: Tình huống thật: You stayed up too late last night, so you feel tired now. Giả định: 2. Past simple + Main clause: would/ could have + past participle

If she loved him, she would have agreed to marry him.

"If I get more information, I'll let you know", Kurt said to me.

"If I had a lot of money, I wouldn't go to work", Carol said.

Loại câu này được dùng khi chúng ta muốn nói về một hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ, nhưng điều kiện vẫn tồn tại trong hiện tại. Ex: Tình huống thật: She doesn’t love him, so she didn’t agree to marry him. Giả định: B. Conditional in reported speech Khi tường thuật câu điều kiện, chúng ta cần chú ý những điểm sau: 1. Tường thuật câu điều kiện loại 1: Thay đổi thì của động từ và làm những thay đổi cần thiết khác như thay đổi đại từ và thời gian. Ex: Direct: Reported: Kurt said if he got more information he would let me know. 2. Tường thuật câu điều kiện loại 2: Không thay đổi thì của động từ, nhưng vẫn làm những thay đổi cần thiết khác. Ex: Direct: Reported: Carol said if she had a lot of money she wouldn't go to work. 3. Tường thuật câu điều kiện loại 3: Không thay đổi thì của động từ, nhưng vẫn làm những thay đổi cần thiết khác. Ex: Direct: "If you had gone to my house-warming you would have met some of your old friends", Miguel said to me. Reported: Miguel said if I had gone to his house-warming I would have met some of my old

friends.

4. Khi tường thuật câu điều kiện loại 1 có mệnh đề chính ở dạng mệnh lệnh hoặc yêu cầu (commands or requests), chúng ta có thể dùng các cách sau: a. Dùng: He/ She told/asked + object + To-infinitive

"If you have any difficulty, give me a ring", he said.

Ex: Direct: Reported: He told/asked me to give him a ring if I had any difficulty. b. Dùng: was/were to + infinitive

"If you miss the last bus, take a taxi", Kevin said.

Ex: Direct: Reported: Kevin said if I missed the last bus I was to take a taxi. c. Khi câu điều kiện có ý nghĩa lời khuyên, dùng: advised + object + To-infinitive

"If you feel tired", he said, "why don't you have a rest?"

B. decrease D. figure

B. organize D. limit

D. population C. resources B. research

B. decrease D. increase C. raise

B. probably D. control C. safe

D. explosion B. decrease

B. population C. resources D. method Ex: Direct: Reported: He advised me to have a rest if I felt tired. EXERCISES I. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in brackets 1. Disability is a physical _____________ on your life. (limit) 2. Most governments in the Third World are trying to limit population ____________. (grow) 3. These measures were designed to improve the _____________ of traveling by airplane. (safe) 4. It’s highly ___________ that he’ll win the scholarship. (probably) 5. Alarmingly, the hole in the ozone layer has _________________ in size this year. (double) 6. The government is making great efforts to promote the family __________________ program throughout the country. (plan) 7. Despite the thick fog, the pilot managed to land the land _____________. (safe) 8. I was asked to ______________ my speech to ten minutes maximum. (limitation) 9. The mountainous areas are ___________________ mostly by ethnic groups. (population) 10. It seems that disability was not a _______________ on his life. (limit) 11. Police said that the two murders were ____________ concerned. (probable) 12. The teachers are responsible for the __________ of their students during the field trip. (safe) 13. I would like to thank the nurse who was very _________ during my father’s illness. (support) 14. All of his money is _______________ deposited in a Swiss bank account. (safe) II. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences 1. Luckily, the boss finally agreed to give a five per cent pay _______ to all workers. A. increase C. double 2. My starting salary as a newly qualified teacher wasn’t enough to ______________ a family. A. grow C. support 3. He has dedicated his life to scientific ____________. A. average 4. In order to lose weight, you must _________ the amount of fat you eat. A. grow 5. I’m sorry, this kind of product is not ___________ in the store this week. A. available 6. Because of their bad service, there has been a(n) _________ in the number of visitors recently. C. increase A. growth 7. Class sizes of most schools are always above the national ______________. A. average 8. The word “feel” has a _____________ “e” in the middle. 37

D. triple C. double B. percent

C. safe B. probable D. available

C. rise B. reach D. plan

B. amount C. method

D. So do I.

C. with B. for

A. different 9. I’m afraid I’m not ________ to help with the decoration for the party. I’m busy working on my essay. A. enough 10. He worked hard to ___________ his family and now wants to enjoy his retirement. A. raise 11. The new teaching ___________ encourages the students to think for themselves. D. resource A. limit 12. “Would you mind putting my case on the rack?” “____________” B. Not at all. There you are. A. That’s right. C. Don’t mention it. D. Not too bad. Thanks. 13. “I hope the weather will be fine during our holidays!” “_______________” A. Never mind. B. Oh, what a pity! C. Yes, go ahead. 14. There’s a strict limit ______ the amount of time we can spend on the test. D. in A. on III. Complete the passage by putting the words in the box into the blanks growth continue increased population

C. sat D. may sit B. would sit

B. returned C. will return D. would return

B. if C. unless D. so

B. unless you change your wet clothes D. if you didn’t change your wet clothes

D. unless C. when B. if

B. Had you listened D. If you would have listened

B. didn’t wake D. wouldn’t have woken

D. If you’d have read C. If you have read

developed The dramatic (1) _______ of the world's population in the twentieth century was on a scale without parallel in human history. Most of this growth had occurred since 1950 and was known as the population 'explosion'. Between 1950 and 1980 the world population (2) ______ from 2.5 to over 4 billion, and by the end of the twenty century the figure had risen to about 6.6 billion. Growth of this size cannot (3) ________ indefinitely. Recent forecasts suggest that the total (4) _________ will level out at between 10 and 15 billion in the mid twenty first century. Already there are encouraging signs that the rate of increase in many less (5) _________ countries is beginning to slow down. IV. Choose the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence 1. Someone _____________ on your glasses if you leave them there. A. sits 2. If the pain ____________ you’d better take another pill. A. returns 3. Don’t try to lift that box _____________ you’ll hurt yourself. A. or 4. If you had touched that electric cable you __________________. B. had been electrocuted A. could be electrocuted C. might have been electrocuted D. would have electrocuting 5. You’ll get pneumonia ____________________. A. if you won’t change your wet clothes C. unless you don’t change your wet clothes 6. You’ll be in danger _____________ you remember the password. A. because 7. __________ more carefully, you wouldn’t have made this mistake. A. If you listened C. Were you to listen 8. If you ____________ me up in the middle of the night, I wouldn’t feel so tired now. A. hadn’t woken C. don’t wake 9. _______________ the instructions carefully, you wouldn’t have made so many mistakes. A. Had you read B. If you read V. Finish the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first one 1. Our team didn’t lose the match thanks to the goalkeeper.  If it _______________________________________________________________________. 2. He can’t do a teaching job because of his lack of patience.  If he ______________________________________________________________________.

3. Keep your feet warm or you’ll catch a cold!  Unless _____________________________________________________________________. 4. Please let me know, if you get any news about Jim!  Should ___________________ __________________________________________________. 5. Don’t worry if you can’t answer all the questions.  It doesn’t ___________________________________________________________________. VI. Rewrite the following in reported speech 1. “The video pauses if you press this button,” Stella said to me.  Stella said __________________________________________________________________. 2. “If I knew they were honest, I’d gladly lend them the money,” said Steve.  Steve said __________________________________________________________________. 3. “If you have a mobile phone, check that it is turned off,” she said to me.  She said ___________________________________________________________________. 4. “I will be angry if it turns out that you’re wrong,” John told me.  John said __________________________________________________________________. 5. “Take another sandwich if you’re hungry,” she said to him.  She asked __________________________________________________________________. 6. “If I were you I would choose medicine to study at college,” Sam told me.  She advised _________________________________________________________________. 7. “If you change your mind, give me a ring,” Peter said to Pamela.  Peter asked _________________________________________________________________. 8. “If the disease is untreated, it can lead to brain damage,” said the doctor.  The doctor said ______________________________________________________________. 9. “Had you been in time for work, your boss wouldn’t have been annoyed,” Susan told Brenda.  Susan said __________________________________________________________________. 10. “If you complain about me I’ll get into trouble with my teacher,” Brian said.  Brian told Sally that __________________________________________________________. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- UNIT 8: CELEBRATIONS

VOCABULARY 1. agrarian 2. apricot blossom 3. banner 4. calendar 5. candy  candied fruit 6. colour  coloured / clored 7. comment  comment (on/ upon something) 8. decorate  decoration  decorative 9. entertain  entertaining  entertainment 10. exchange 11. fatty 12. festival 13. good luck (adj) (n) (n) (n) (n & v) (n) (v) (adj) (n) (v) (v) (n) (adj) (v) (adj) (n) (v) (adj) (n) (n) về nông nghiệp hoa mai biểu ngữ lịch (n) kẹo; (v) tẩm đường mứt tô màu có tô màu; có màu sắc lời nhận xét; lời bình luận bình luận (về việc gì) trang trí sự trang trí có tính cách trang trí chiêu đãi hoặc mua vui cho ai vui, thú vị sự giải trí trao đổi có nhiều chất béo lễ hội vận may

14. grand 15. influence 16. kumquat tree 17. Lunar New Year 18. main  mainly 19. occasion 20. peach blossom 21. positive 22. pray (for sb or sth)  prayer 23. prepare  preparation 24. ripe 25. sugared apples 26. special 27. spread 28. sticky 29. thus = therefore 30. tradition  traditional  traditionally (adj) (v) & (n) (n) (n) (adj) (adv) (n) (n) (adj) (v) (n) (v) (n) (adj) (n) (adj) (v) (adj) (adv) (n) (adj) (adv) hoành tráng; vĩ đại (v) gây ảnh hưởng; (n): ảnh hưởng cây quất Tết Nguyên Đán chính; chủ yếu chủ yếu dịp hoa đào chắc chắn; khẳng định; tốt đẹp cầu nguyện (cho ai hoặc điều gì) lời cầu nguyện chuẩn bị sự chuẩn bị (trái cây) chín mứt táo đặc biệt kéo dài (thời gian); lan ra dính; dẻo vì vậy; do đó; in this way truyền thống theo truyền thống theo truyền thống

Vocabulary Exercise 1

Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in brackets. 1. Your flower arrangement makes the table look really ______ .(decorate) 2. ______ , many Vietnamese people return to their hometowns to celebrate the Lunar New Year. (Tradition) 3. There are always lively New Year _____ throughout the country at this time of the year. (celebrate) 4. You should avoid eating _____ food if you want to lose weight. (fat) 5. We found his talk both informative and ______ .(entertain) 6. In some countries it is ____ for a bride to wear white. (tradition) 7. All the students shared the _____ for the party between them, so it wasn’t too much work. (prepare) 8. _____ fruit is one of the traditional kinds of food served on the occasion of Tet. (Candy) 9. What did you do for ____ while you were staying there – just watch TV? (entertain) 10. She whispered a silent _____ that her sick mother would not die. (pray) Vocabulary Exercise 2

C. banners

D. exchange C. decorate

C. influence B. celebrate D. mark

D. agrarian B. fatty

D. sticky C. main B. ripe

Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences. 1. The students marched around the town, waving the ____ reading “Keep our city clean and green!”. A. celebrations D. decorations B. festivals 2. Let us _____ for those who are not so fortunate as ourselves. A. comment B. pray 3. Most children’s television programs aim to educate and ____ at the same time. A. entertain 4. A lot of ____ land in the countryside has been turned into urban areas. A. grand C. traditional 5. Those apples aren’t _____ yet; they’re still green. A. blossom

GRAMMAR

A). Pronoun “one/ ones” B). someone, anyone, no one, everyone A). Pronoun “one/ones” 1). Chúng ta có thể dùng “one” (cho số ít) và “ones” (cho số nhiều) như những đại từ bất định (indefinite pronouns) thay thế cho một danh từ đi trước trong câu. Ví dụ:

Customer: “I’d like a bottle of mineral water, please.” Shop-assistant: “Which one? A big one or a small one, sir?” Customer: “A big one, please.” Trong đoạn đối thoại trên, đại từ “one” được dùng để khỏi phải lặp lại cụm từ “a bottle of mineral water”.

2). Chúng ta có thể dùng “one” hoặc “ones” theo sau hầu hết các tính từ: như tính từ màu sắc (red, blue, green, black, white,….), tính từ chỉ kích cỡ (large, small, long, short,…), hoặc các tính từ khác (expensive, cheap, old, new,…). Ví dụ:

- These blouses are all nice, but I’d like the red one. (“the red one” = the red blouse) - I didn’t buy a calculator. They only had expensive ones. (“expensive ones” = expensive calculators) - “Which is your toothbrush?” - “The soft one.” (“The soft one” = the soft toothbrush) - We threw away the old curtains and bought some new ones. (“some new ones” = some new curtains) 3). Chúng ta có thể dùng “one/ones” sau các từ: “this, that, these, those”; sau: “which”; sau: “the”; hoặc sau: “every, each, another”. Ví dụ:

- Which is your suitcase, Madam? This one or that one over there? (“This one” = This suitcase; “that one” = that suitcase) - These flowers are fresh, but those ones are nicer. (“Those ones” = those flowers) - He has three cars. Each one has its own chauffeur. (“Each one” = each car; trong câu này chúng ta có thể bỏ “one”) 4). Không dùng “one” trong các trường hợp sau: a). Không dùng “one” sau mạo từ “a” khi không có tính từ đi kèm. Ví dụ:

- Whenever you need a phone box, you can never find one. (“one” = a phone box; không thể nói: “a one”) - “You have so many pens.” “Well. You can take one if you want.” (“one” = a pen; không thể nói: “a one”) b). Không dùng “one” để thay thế danh từ không-đếm-được (uncountable nouns). Thay vào đó, chúng ta chỉ cần dùng tính từ mà thôi, nếu không muốn lặp lại danh từ. Ví dụ:

- There was no hot water. I had to wash in cold. (“cold” = cold water; không thể nói: “cold one”)

5). Chúng ta cũng dùng “one” như một đại từ nhân xưng (personal pronoun) với ý nghĩa “người ta” nói chung (“one” = people in general, including you and me). Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng sở-hữu-cách: one’s.

Ví dụ: - One can drive a car in Britain when one is 17 years old. (“One” = people) - One can easily lose one’s way in Paris. (“One” = people, including you and me)

B). someone, anyone, no one, everyone 1). Thông thường chúng ta dùng “someone/somebody” trong câu khẳng định; và “anyone/anybody” trong câu phủ định và câu hỏi.

Ví dụ: - There’s someone waiting for you at the gate. - Don’t worry! Somebody will help you with this! - Do you know anyone who’s interested in buying my house? - I went to her party, but I didn’t know anybody there. Chúng ta cũng dùng “anyone/anybody” trong mệnh đề “If-clause”. Ví dụ: - If you find anyone trying to get into this place, phone the police immediately. 2). Chúng ta có thể dùng “someone/somebody” trong câu hỏi khi nó có ý nghĩa của lời yêu cầu hoặc đề nghị (a request or offer).

Ví dụ: - Would you like someone to drive you home? - Shall I ask someone to help you with this? 3). Tất cả các từ “someone, anyone, no one, everyone” đều có ý nghĩa “số ít” và dùng với động từ số ít.

Ví dụ: - Someone is responsible for this mistake. - No one was in the office yesterday morning. - Everyone has to write an essay. 4). Chúng ta thường dùng các đại từ “they, them, their” để thay thế cho các từ “someone, anyone, no one, everyone”.

Ví dụ: - Somebody forgot to lock the door, didn’t they? (“they” được dùng thay thế cho “somebody”) - If anyone phones me when I’m out, tell them I’ll phone them back later on. (“them” được dùng thay thế cho “anyone”) - Look! Someone has left their bag on this seat. (“their” được dùng thay thế cho “someone”) - Everyone was asked what they thought. (“they” được dùng thay thế cho “everyone”) - Everybody was doing their best to help. (“their” được dùng thay thế cho “everybody”)

CHÚ Ý: Người ta cũng có thể dùng các đại từ nhân xưng “he, she, him, her, his” để thay thế cho “someone, anyone, ….” nhưng không thông dụng lắm.

Ví dụ: - Someone left her/ their handbag behind. 5). Chúng ta có thể dùng tính từ hoặc từ “else” (= cái khác, người khác) theo sau “someone, anyone, no one, everyone”.

Ví dụ: - We need someone strong to move the piano. (NOT: We need strong someone …..) - Do you know anyone reliable to work with? (NOT: Do you know reliable anyone ….) - The bus hit a lamp-post, but there was no one injured. (NOT: …. There was injured no one.) - Kate avoids seeing James. She often goes out with someone else these days. (“someone else” = another person) 6). Chúng ta có thể dùng sở-hữu-cách [‘] sau “someone, anyone, no one, everyone”. Ví dụ: - Somebody’s car is blocking the road.

- This is nobody’s fault. - We need everyone’s name and address. 7). Chúng ta cũng dùng các từ “something, anything, nothing, everything” và “somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere” tương tự các cách dùng của “someone, anyone,…”. Nhưng ý nghĩa những từ tận cùng “thing” chỉ cho vật; và các từ tận cùng “where” chỉ nơi chốn.

Ví dụ: - There’s something in my eye. I can’t see very well. (something = a thing) - Everything is so expensive these days. (everything = all things) - Everywhere was crowded. (everywhere = all (the) places) - Shall we go somewhere quiet this summer? (somewhere quiet = a quiet place)

EXERCISES EXERCISE 1: Complete each sentence with “one” or “ones”. 1. Put these large boxes here, and those small ____ over there! 2. “Which of those girls is your sister?” – “She’s the _____ with the dark hair,” 3. There are two films on TV this evening. Which _____ would you prefer to see ? 4. My new glasses are much strong than my old _____ . 5. “Would you like a drink?” “Oh, yes, please, I’d love _______ .” 6. The best road to the airport is the ______ on the right. 7. Carol likes these brown shoes more than those black _____ . 8. They have three children. Each _____ goes a different school. 9. Those chairs are too expensive for me. Can you show me some cheaper ______ ? 10. They’re building new houses on this street. The old _____ have been pulled down. EXERCISE 2: Complete each sentence, using “one, some, it” or “them”. 1. If you need a map, I can lend you _____ . 2. If you need the money, I can lend you _____ . 3. We took a taxi. There was ______ waiting. 4. I’m afraid the vase broke. I dropped ____ on the floor. 5. I’m having a biscuit. Would you like _____ too? 6. I don’t have any good CDs, but my brother has _____ . 7. Have you seen my glasses? I put _____ on the desk a minute ago. 8. I’ve been looking for a pencil, but I haven’t found ______ . 9. There’s a lot of milk in the fridge. You can get ____ if you like. 10. These paintings are beautiful. Can you hang _____ all on the wall? EXERCISE 3: Fill in each gap with “someone, anyone, something, anything, somewhere” or “anywhere”. A: Have you seen my camera? I can’t find it (0) anywhere. B. No, I haven’t. Perhaps (1) ______ has borrowed it. A: I haven’t given (2) _____ permission to borrow it. It must be (3) ____ in this room. B.: Things are in such a mess. It could be (4) _____ . A: I know. I can never find (5) ____ when I want it. B: We’ll have to do (6) _____ about this mess. We’d better tidy it up. EXERCISE 4: Complete each sentence using one of the following words.

somebody anybody nobody everybody something anything nothing everything somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere

1. There isn’t ____ watching TV at the moment. Can you turn it off? 2. Why don’t we go ____ for a picnic this weekend? 3. There’s _____ waiting outside to see you. He didn’t tell me his name. 4. They’ve got _____ to live; they’re homeless. 5. There’s _____ in the suitcase. It’s empty! 6. It’s a secret. _____ knows about it. 7. They lost ____ in the fire; their house and all their possessions. 8. Have you seen my gloves? I’ve looked ____ for them, but I can’t find them _____ . 9. Pamela is the only one in the office at the moment. ____ else has gone home. 10. “Shall I make you _____ to eat?” “Oh, please. I’ve had hardly ____ all day.” EXERCISE 5: Complete each sentence using “someone, anyone,… “ or “something, anything, ….” or “somewhere, anywhere, …”. 1. “ _______ phoned while you were out.” “Oh, who?” “He didn’t give his name. he wants to discuss ______ with you.” 2. “I’d like to go away ____ on holiday.” “On your own?” “No, I hope I can find _____ to come with me.” 3. “Has Brian got a job yet?” “No, he’s looked ____ , but he can’t get one. And he hates sitting around doing _____.” 4. “Have you ever found ______ in the street?” “Yes, I once found ______ .” “What?” “A ten-dollar bill.” 5. “We all know that the man is a thief.” “Yes, _____ knows, but ____ dares to say so publicly.” EXERCISE 6: Rewrite the phrases in brackets using “everyone, someone, something, anything, nothing” or “somewhere”. 1. (another place) It’s not very comfortable here. Let’s go somewhere else! 2. (an intelligent person) We need _____ to do this job. 3. (an interesting thing) Is there _____ in this magazine? 4. (a wallet belonging to someone) ______ is on the table. Do you know whose it is? 5. (no exciting things) _____ ever happens in this place. 6. (a different thing) This program is boring. Let’s watch ____ ! 7. (the opinions of everyone) ______ will be considered. 8. (a quiet place) I’m really tired of this noisy street. Shall we find _____ to live? 9. (all the other people) George isn’t coming, but _____ is coming. 10. (a strange thing) Can you see ____ about this house? EXERCISE 7: Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar sentence to the first sentence. 1. All the things in the room were in bright colors. Everything ……………………………………. 2. There was nothing I could do. I couldn’t ……………………………………… 3. When I phoned, there was no reply. No one ………………………………………… 4. You check in for your flight at least an hour before departure. One …………………………………………………………….. 5. I haven’t got any work. I’ve got ………………………………….. to do.

C. everything D. one B. it

D. everywhere B. anywhere C. nowhere

D. large ones C. the larges B. large one

C. Its one D. One

D. everyone C. nothing

C. them D. it

B. one’s D. their C. your

D. everything C. every one B. everyone

D. all ones

6. All of you know the answer, don’t you? Everybody …………………………………..? 7. We are all milk drinkers here! Everybody ………………………….. milk. 8. Are we going to be driven there? Is …………………………………? 9. No one was on time yesterday. ……………………………………………………… 6. We haven’t got any food. (NOTHING) ……………………………………………………… 7. The office is empty. (NO ONE) ………………………………………………………. 8. You fill in an application form, and then you wait for an answer. (ONE) ……………………………………………………………………………… 9. I wouldn’t change my mind no matter what you could say. (NOTHING) ………………………………………………………………………………. 10. I’ve done some things so far today, and they have gone wrong! (EVERYTHING) ……………………………………………………………………………………… EXERCISE 9: Choose the word or phrase (A,B,C or D) that best completes each sentence. 1. Ken’s bought a car, but it’s a second-hand _____ . A. something 2. He found _____ to live, so he had to leave the town. A. somewhere 3. Get some eggs, _____, please. A. large things 4. “Which house is yours?” “____- next to the bookshop.” A. The one B. A one 5. The material felt softer than ____ she had ever touched before. A. something B. anything 6. I had the matches a minute ago, but now I can’t find _____ . B. ones A. one 7. One should look after ______ health. A. his 8. The vases are all handmade and _____ looks different. A. every 9. I always get to work before _____ else. A. anyone C. no one B. someone 10. When you cook clams you shouldn’t eat ____ that don’t open. B. the one A. someone D. something C. the ones

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TEST FOR UNIT 8

B. mark C. spread D. build

C. builds up B. keeps up D. turns on

D. preparations B. comments C. traditions

I. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence. 1. There will be a big ceremony to ____ the 20th anniversary of the founding of the school. A. decorate 2. During several weeks before Tet, the children’s excitement usually ____ to the first day of the New Year. A. gets on 3. After the first-term test, the teacher made good _____ on her students’ work. A. occasions 4. As the New Year is approaching, people normally ____ greeting cards with their relatives and friends. A. prepare C. exchange B. celebrate D. entertain

C. in B. by D. for

C. A one D. The ones

B. someone / something D. no one / anything

B. no one C. anyone D. all ones

B. nowhere D. everywhere C. somewhere

D. If B. Unless C. Though

D. turns C. could turn B. would turn

B. in C. for D. at

B. how D. which C. where

D. enough B. such C. too

B. Congratulations! D. I’m sure you’ll do well.

B. Thanks. You too. D. It doesn’t matter.

D. polite D. excitement D. positive D. throughout B. delight B. occasion B. pagoda B. lunar C. coloured C. agrarian C. apricot C. blossom

5. Let us pray _____ the victims of that terrible disaster! A. with 6. “Which car is yours?” -“____ parking nest to the lamp post.” B. The one A. One 7. I saw _____ else in the office except for an old clerk who was busy writing ____. A. no one / something C. anyone / anything 8. Tom always hands in his paper before _____ else. A. someone 9. “Have you seen my handbag? I’ve been looking for it _____ , but I can’t find it.” A. everywhere 10. ____ disturbed, the bird may abandon the nest, leaving the chicks to die… A. Because 11. If water is heated to 1000C, it ____ to steam. A. turned 12. The victim was dead _____ arrival at the hospital. A. on 13. It may seem strange, but my Mom doesn’t know _____ to ride a bicycle. A. what 14. There are far _____ many students for such a small classroom! A. so 15. “I can’t stop worrying about my exam tomorrow.” “_______” A. That’s all right, never mind. C. Don’t mention it. 16. “Could I use your dictionary?” “______________” A. yes. Go ahead C. That’s a nice idea. II. Choose the word whose stress pattern is different from that of the others in each sentence. 1. A. between 2. A. popular 3. A. influence 4. A. recent III. Choose the underlined part in each sentence that needs correction. 1. If you need any more butter, I’ll bring you one. A B C D 2. All of these hats look so nice that I can’t decide what one to buy. A B C D 3. Tet is one of the grandest occasion for most Vietnamese people. A B C D 4. On the occasion of the New Year, most houses are decorated by apricot blossoms and other flowers. A B C D

IV. Read the passage and do the exercise below. All over the world, people welcome the New Year for it is one of the oldest of all holidays. Most

New Year Celebrations focus on family and friends. It is a time to reflect on the past and envision a future, perhaps, in a world where people live together in harmony.

In London, crowds welcome the New Year with fireworks bursting above the River Thames as Big Ben chimes out midnight in a display watched by more than 250,000 people on the river banks. In Paris, tens of thousands are expected to gather on the illuminated Champs Elysees to mark the celebration known as la Fete de Saint-Sylvestre while in Stockholm fireworks will be seen across much of the city. In Amsterdam, revelers are gearing up for the first “kiss” between two giant inflatable puppets representing a Dutch boy and girl, which will “walk” towards each other as the seconds tick down to

the New Year. At the stroke of midnight, the puppets will kiss as fireworks explode in an event that organisers hope will become a yearly tradition in the city. In Japan, families normally gather for trips to shrines to mark the New Year. Traditionally, Filipinos welcome the New Year with firecrackers and parties. *Answer the following questions in complete sentences.

1. In which country do people usually welcome the New Year by going to shrines? ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. In which city do people gather for the celebration known as la Fete de Saint-Sylvestre? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. According to the passage, what is the most notable event that people in Amsterdam are expecting to see for the New Year celebration? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. What activities do people in the Philippines welcome the New Year with? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… V. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word given in parentheses. 1. ____ for the opening ceremony are well under way. (prepare) 2. Your living room is badly in need of _____ . (decorate) 3. The floor is still ______ . It seems that someone spilled the juice on it. (stick) 4. If you want to lose weight, you must stop eating so much _____ food. (fat) 5. She ran _____ down the stairs to greet her cousins. (excite) 6. Such good news calls for a _____ . (celebrate) VI. Finish the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first one. 1. All the people at the party were dressed in fancy dress. Everybody …………………………………………….. 2. No one can use this machine without permission. This machine ……………………………………………. 3. I wouldn’t change my mind no matter what you could say. Nothing you ……………………………………………………… 4. We won’t get to the airport on time without taking a taxi. Unless ………………………………………………………………. 5. Have you got a smaller size than this? Is this the ………………………………………………………………. 6. I’ve never flown in a balloon before. This is ……………………………………………………………………

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- UNIT 9: THE POST OFFICE

VOCABULARY 1. advanced 2. bother 3. convenience  convenient  conveniently 4. courteous  courteously  courtesy 5. customer 6. deliver  delivery (adj) (v) (n) (adj) (adv) (adj) (adv) (n) (n): (v) (n) tiên tiến; tiến bộ mất thời gian, làm bực mình sự tiện lợi, tiện nghi tiện lợi một cách tiện lợi lịch sự, nhã nhặn một cách nhã nhặn sự lịch sự, nhã nhặn khách hàng phân phối, giao hàng việc phân phối hoặc giao hàng

7. distance 8. equip  equipment 9. express  Express Mail Service (= EMS)

(n) (v) (n) (adj) (n) (n) 10. facsimile (= fax) (adj & n) 11. graphic (n) 12. mail (n) 13. notification  notify (v) (adj) 14. ordinary  ordinarily (adv) (n) 15. origin  original (adj & n)  originally (adv) (n) 16. parcel (n) 17. recipient (adj) 18. secure  securely (adv) (n) 19. shape (adj) 20. spacious (adj) 21. speedy (n) 22. staff (v) 23. subscribe  subscriber (n)  subscription (n) 24. surface mai (n) khoảng cách trang bị trang thiết bị tốc, chuyển nhanh dịch vụ thư chuyển phát nhanh văn bản gửi qua máy fax (adj) về đồ họa; (n) hình vẽ thư (= post) việc báo tin hoặc thông báo thông báo; báo tin bình thường thông thường (= normally; usually) nguồn gốc (adj) nguyên bản; (n) bản gốc đầu tiên mức giá người nhận yên tâm, an toàn một cách an toàn hình dáng rộng rãi nhanh chóng đội ngũ nhân viên đặt mua dài hạn; thuê bao người đặt mua dài hạn; người thuê bao việc thuê bao hoặc đặt mua dài hạn thư chuyển bằng đường bộ hoặc đường biển (không phải bằng đường hàng không)

(adj) (n) (n) (n) (adj) (v) (n) (v) (adj) thuộc về kỹ thuật kỹ thuật văn bản ý nghĩ ân cần; đầy suy tư chuyển giao, chuyển nhượng sự truyền tải truyền đi lành nghề 25. technological  technology 26. text 27. thought  thoughtful 28. transfer 29. transmission  transmit 30. well-trained

Vocabulary Exercise 1 Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in brackets.

1. You will receive ______ of our decision within five days. (notify) 2. New York was _____ a Dutch trading post. (origin) 3. Don’t forget to lock the door ____ when you go out! (secure) 4. Thank you for coming to see me when I was sick. It was very ____ of you! (thought) 5. We’ll see a tremendous lot of ____ changes during our lifetime.(technology) 6. Is there a mail ____ on Sunday? (deliver) 7. Viewers will enjoy a live ____ from the Olympic Games sites. (transmit) 8. I decided to pay for a _____ to a science magazine. (subscribe) 9. It was a great ____ to have the school so near. (convenient) 10. Always hold the door for the person behind you – it’s just common ____. (courteous)

Vocabulary Exercise 2 Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences.

C. deliver D. equip

B. surface mail C. transmission

B. equipment D. rate

B. transmit D. shape

1. You should ____ us of the date of your arrival. A. notify B. subscribe 2. Will my parcel be sent by air or by ____? A. plane D. service 3. The management thanked the ____ for their dedication and enthusiasm. A. text C. staff 4. The course aims to ____ people with the skills necessary for a job in the technological age. A. transfer C. equip 5. We wish the Queen a ____ recovery from her illness. A. secure C. convenient B. courteous D. speedy

GRAMMAR

A) Defining relative clauses B) Non-defining relative clauses

Chúng ta có thể phân biệt hai loại mệnh đề quan hệ khác nhau: mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (defining relative clauses) và mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (non-defining relative clauses) A) Defining relative clauses (Revision) Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Ôn tập)

Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định được dùng để chỉ rõ người nào hoặc vật nào mà người nói muốn đề cập. Do đó, mệnh đề quan hệ xác định không thể thiếu trong câu, vì nếu không có nó thì câu sẽ không có nghĩa. Ex: The driver who caused the accident is being questioned by the police. The picture which was stolen yesterday is worth millions of dollars. CHÚ Ý: * Chúng ta không dùng dấu phẩy trước và sau mệnh đề quan hệ xác định. * Chúng ta có thể dùng tất cả các đại từ quan hệ như WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, WHERE, và WHEN với loại mệnh đề xác định. Ex: I like books that have happy endings. Mr. Nam is the teacher whose lectures we’ve always enjoyed. This is the village where my father was born and brought up. He phoned us at a time when everyone was asleep. B) Non- defining relative clauses (Revision) Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (Ôn tập) 1) Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định được dùng để cho thêm thông tin, khi mà mệnh đề chính đã đầy đủ ý nghĩa. Loại mệnh đề này thường được tách biệt với mệnh đề chính bằng các dấu phẩy. Ex: Pablo Picasso, who died in 1973, was a painter and sculptor. 2) Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định thường được dùng sau tên riêng, hoặc với các danh từ theo sau “this, that, these, those”, hoặc sau các tính từ sở hữu “my, your, his, her, its, our, their” Ex: Mr. Dan, who is now teaching us physics, has written several books. This company, which makes domestic appliances, was founded 20 years ago. My cousin, who has just passed the final exam, is going to study abroad. 3) Chúng ta không dùng THAT trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định. Ex: Mr. Gibson, who served us last night, is the owner of the restaurant. (WRONG: Mr. Gibson, that served us last night, is …….) 4) Chúng ta không thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định. Ex: Mai, whom you saw this morning, is my cousin. (WRONG: Mai, you saw this morning, is my cousin.)

EXERCISES EXERCISE 1: Complete the sentences using “who”, “which” or “whose”. 1. I’d like you to tell me ____ you were talking to. 2. The game ____ you are playing is difficult to understand. 3. One scientist ____ has studied dolphins carefully is John Lilly. 4. The couple ____ house I bought both worked in my office. 5. Fouts, ____ has studied the behaviour of other animals, taught a chimpanzee sign-language. 6. The guidebook ____ you gave us was very useful. 7. The chimpanzee, ____ name was Washoe, learned about 160 signs. 8. ‘Dumb’ is the word used in English for someone ____ is unable to speak. 9. This is the kind of language ____ is used by deaf and dumb people. 10. The friend ____ calculator I had borrowed wanted it back. 11. I can’t remember ____ I lent my ruler to. 12. We couldn’t find the people ____ money we found. 13. It’s difficult to say ____ this portrait was painted by. 14. The places ____ we visited were all very interesting. 15. The friend ____ house you stayed in is coming to visit you. EXERCISE 2: Some sentences have a word which should not be there. Write the word at the end, or put a tick [✓] if the sentence is correct. 1. Was the man you saw him wearing a black suit? …him… 2. The woman who shouted ay me was very angry. .... ✓… 3. Was the fish you had it for lunch good? ……….. 4. We didn’t recognize the man that he came into the room. ….. 5. Did you finish the book you were reading it? ……. 6. He tried to talk to the girl who sat beside him. …… 7. The girl who she stopped me asked me for directions. …….. 8. Are the shoes which you’re wearing them comfortable? ……. 9. The workshop which we attended was very interesting. ……. 10. She thanked the man that he opened the door for her. ……. 11. The clerk I wanted to see him was off work. ……… 12. The topic the were discussing it was very difficult. ……… 13. The man I asked for directions looked confused. ……… 14. The candidate I voted for here didn’t win the election. …….. 15. Annie is pleased with the picture she’s just finished it. ………. EXERCISE 3: Complete this advertisement. Put in ‘who, whom, whose’ or ‘which’.

Keswick, (0) which lies at the heart of the Lake District, is the perfect place for a holiday, and the Derwent Hotel, (1) ____ overlooks the town, is the perfect place to stay. Peter and Debbie Jackson, (2) ___ bought this small hotel three years ago, have already won a reputation for excellence. Peter (3) ___ cooking attracts people from far and wide, was once Young Chef of the Year. The comfort of the guests, (4) ___ the owners treat almost as members of the family, always comes first. Omar Sharif, (5) ___ once stayed at the hotel, descried it as ‘marvellous’. And the Lake District, (6) ___ has so much wonderful scenery, will not disappoint you.

EXERCISE 4: Join each pair of sentences using the relative pronoun given. 1. You got a package in the mail. Was it from your parents? (WHICH) Was the package which you got in the mail from your parents? 2. The clerk asked for identification. He crashed my check. (WHO) The clerk ……………………………………………. 3. Summer is the time of the year. The weather is the hottest then. (WHEN) 50

Summer ………………………………… 4. The children’s parents work during the day. The day care center was established to take care of these

children. (WHOSE) The day care center ………………………………. 5. The money was on the table. What happened to it? (WHAT) What ………………………….? 6. The people have now been released. They were arrested. (WHO) The ……………………………….. 7. You want something. Tell me that thing and I’ll try to get it for you.(WHAT) Tell me……………………………….. 8. The miser hid his money in a place. It was safe from robbers there (WHERE) The miser ……………………………….. 9. The students raised their hands. Their names were called. (WHOSE) The students ………………………………. 10. There was a time. Dinosaurs dominated the earth then. (WHEN) There ……………………………… 11. The hotel was located near the beach. We stayed at a hotel. (WHICH) We stayed ………………………………….. 12. You lost the keys. Have you found them? (THAT) Have ……………………………… ? 13. The student asked me for the correct time. He stopped me in the hall. (WHO) The student ………………………………….. 14. A café is a small restaurant. People can get a light meal there. (WHERE) A café …………………………………………. 15. The man’s car was stolen outside the hospital. The police came to question him. (WHOSE) The police …………………………….. 16. They said something. Did you hear it? (WHAT) Did you hear ……………………………. ?

EXERCISE 5: Add commas where necessary. Change the relative pronoun to “that” if possible. 1. My friend Binh who lives next to my house shows a great talent for art. My friend Binh, who lives next to my house, show a great talent for art. 2. The boy who lives next to my house is interested in art. (no commas; “who” can be changed to “that”) 3. Only people who have good command of French will be invited to the interview. ___________________________________________________________ 4. Brian who has good command of French was invited to the interview. ____________________________________________________________ 5. I was born in a town which lies along the coast. ____________________________________________________________ 6. This is a photo of my hometown which lies along the coast. ____________________________________________________________ 7. A river which is polluted is not safe for swimming. ____________________________________________________________ 8. The Mekong River which flows through the South of the country is a great source of seafood.

____________________________________________________________ 9. My children who are fond of swimming often ask me to take them to the beach. ____________________________________________________________ 10. Children who are fond of swimming should join the local swimming club. ____________________________________________________________ 11. The police haven’t known the identity of the man who was killed in the fight. ____________________________________________________________ 12. Nicholas Bennett who was killed in the fight was a well-known reporter.

____________________________________________________________

EXERCISE 6: John each pair of sentences using a relative pronoun. Use commas if necessary. 1. The girl is waiting in the hall. I was telling you about her. The girl who I was telling you about is waiting in the hall. 2. Mr. Stanley’s son won the championship. I’d like you to meet Mr. Stanley.

I’d like you to meet Mr. Stanley, whose son won the championship. 3. Emma wrote this article. She has a good knowledge of this subject. Emma ________________________________________________ 4. Margaret ran into an old friend. She had gone to school with him. Margaret ______________________________________________ 5. The Wye is a beautiful river. It flows through Hereford. The Wye ______________________________________________ 6. The children are terribly spoilt. I’m looking after them. I’m ___________________________________________________ 7. The Taylors haven’t arrived yet. We invited them to dinner. The Taylors ____________________________________________ 8. Mr. Simpson had to stay the night. His car was stolen. Mr. Simpson ___________________________________________ 9. There wasn’t any directory in the telephone box. I was phoning from this box. There _________________________________________________ 10. Mr. Bond is a very strange man. Stella works for him. Mr. Bond ______________________________________________ 11. The girl has been found safe and well. She had been missing since Monday. The girl _______________________________________________ 12. Elvis Presley left all his money to his only daughter. His records were all top hits. Elvis Presley ___________________________________________ 13. Have you seen the book? I was reading it. Have _________________________________________________ 14. Towns are usually crowded and expensive. They attract tourist. Towns ________________________________________________ 15. Stratford is the place where Shakespeare was born. Stratford attracts many tourist.

Stratford ______________________________________________

B. which C. in that D. in which

C. whom D. which B. whose

B. that Annie works D. for who Annie works

B. whom skill impressed D. that impressed skill

B. that she wrote new words D. she wrote new words in it

B. What D. Who

EXERCISE 7: Choose the word or phrase (A,B,C or D) that best completes each sentence. 1. Lam had a notebook ____ he wrote new words. A. when 2. The girl _____ photo was in the local paper lives near my house. A. who 3. What’s the name of the man _____ ? A. whom Annie works C. Annie works for 4. There were two players ____ everyone. A. their skill impressed C. whose skill impressed 5. Patricia couldn’t find the notebook______ . A. she wrote new words in C. in that she wrote new words 6. _____ puzzled me was Carolina’s attitude. A. That C. Which 7. Which is the Southeast-Asian country _____ the fastest? A. whose economy is growing C. that is growing economy B. who growing economy D. its economy’s growing

B. we missed C. we missed it D. that we missed it

B. That they did C. What they did D. It was that they did

B. that D. whom 8. The TV program ____ is repeated this evening. A. which missed 9. ______ was share the money equally. A. They did that 10. He kept everyone waiting, _____ made him rather unpopular. A. who C. which

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TEST FOR UNIT 9

D. scaring C. pleasant B. depressing

C. transfer B. advance D. subscribe

B. notify D. weigh C. subscribe

D. speed B. service C. distance

B. secure C. ordinary D. spacious

D. in B. by C. with

B. found C. finding D. have found

C. was painting D. have just painted

B. talk C. to talk D. to talking

D. to living C. to live B. living

C. delivering D. to deliver B. delivered

C. whom D. its

D. whom B. which C. that

B. should D. would C. ought

B. I’m glad you like it. D. I’d prefer coffee, please.

B. No, there’s no need. Thanks. D. That’s very kind of you. Thanks.

C. favourite C. engage C. official C. courteous B. subscribe B. teenage B. delicious B. fourth D. deliver D. update D. parcel D. court

I. Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that best completes each sentence. 1. The hotel has a _____ friendly atmosphere, so it’s normally full of guests. A. boring 2. You should ____ to an educational teenage magazine for your children. A. equip 3. The shop will _____ the parcel to the address on request. A. deliver 4. It was only a short ____ from our hotel to the beach. A. surface 5. This computer system is ____ from intruders. A. speedy 6. It is necessary that all high buildings be equipped ____ smoke detectors. A. for 7. I put my hand into my pocket and ____ that I’d left my keys at home. A. find 8. I ____ this chair, so, please, don’t touch it! A. had painted B. will paint 9. It’s worth ____ to your lawyer before making your final decision. A. talking 10. It is really pleasant ____ in a spacious house. A. live 11. We will have the newspaper ____ to your house early in the morning. A. deliver 12. They live in a house ____ roof could collapse at any time! A. whose B. which 13. This university has over 6,000 students, many of ____ come from overseas. A. who 14. It’s too late and I’m really tired. I ____ go to bed now. A. could 15. “Would you like tea or coffee?” “_____” A. I’d rather coffee, please. C. Thanks. The same to you. 16. “I’m sorry, but I can’t go out with you today!” “_____” A. That’s alright. Another time, perhaps! C. It’s a pleasure. Don’t mention it. II. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others in each sentence. 1. A. service 2. A. surface 3. A. spacious 4. A. course III. Choose the underlined part in each sentence that needs correction. 1. This is the house in that three generations of my family used to live. A B C D

2. The hotels of the town were full of guests whom had gone there to see the festival. A B C D 3. His car, that was bought just a few weeks ago, has broken down several times. A B C D 4. They have changed the glass of the broken windows only two days ago. A B C D IV. Read the passage and do the exercise below.

Before the use of adhesive paper stamps, letters were hand stamped or postmarked with ink. Postmarks were the invention of Henry Bishop and were at first called “Bishop mark” after the inventor. Bishop marks were first used in 1661 at the London General Post Office. They marked the day and month the letter was mailed.

A schoolmaster from England, Rowland Hill invented the adhesive postage stamp in 1837, an act for which he was knighted. Through his efforts, the first stamp in the world, the Penny Black, was issued in England on May 6th , 1840. The Penny Black was engraved the profile of Queen Victoria’s head, who remained on all British stamps for the next sixty years. Roland Hill also created first uniform postage rates that were based on weight rather than size. Hill’s stamps made the prepayment of mail postage possible and practical. * Write ‘T’ if the sentence is true. Write ‘F’ if the sentence is not true. 1. The first adhesive postage stamp was invented by Henry Bishop. 2. Rowland Hill was knighted because he had invented the adhesive postage stamp. 3. All the stamps in Britain have been engraved the head of Queen Victoria. 4. The first uniformed postage rates based on weight were created by Rowland Hill.

V. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word given in parentheses.

1. You need a university degree to be _____ in today’s job market. (compete) 2. I gave them the copy of the report and kept the ____. (origin) 3. Recent advances in medical ____ have saved countless lives. (technical) 4. The photographer arrived early to set up his ____. (equip) 5. We are receiving a live ____ from the scene of the accident. (transmit) 6. Last night, he came to visit me at a (n) ____ time when I was already asleep. (convenience)

VI. Finish the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first one. 1. I went on holiday with the people. They were very friendly. The people with ……………………….. 2. She sent me a nice present. I was very grateful for it. She sent me a nice present, for ……………….. 3. I sat next to a boy in the exam. He didn’t understand most of the questions. The boy whom ………………………………… 4. My younger brother finds origami interesting. My younger brother is …………………………. 5. The beach of this town is very famous. This town is …………………………….. 6. I’ve never enjoyed myself so much. I’ve never had …………………………….

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- UNIT 10: NATURE IN DANGER

VOCABULARY 1. coexist  coexistence 2. consequence (v) (n) (n) cùng tồn tại; chung sống sự cùng tồn tại hoặc chung sống hậu quả

 consequent

 consequently 3. cut down 4. danger  dangerous  dangerously 5. destroy  destruction  destructive 6. disappear  disappearance 7. effort 8. endangered 9. environment  environmental  environmentalist 10. establish  establishment 11. estimate  estimation 12. exist  existence 13. extinct  extinction 14. fund 15. habit  habitual  habitually 16. human human beings 17. interfere  interference 18. law 19. off-spring 20. peace  peaceful  peacefully 21. pollutant  polluted  pollution 22. prohibit  prohibition 23. rapid  rapidly 24. rare 25. (the) rest of 26. result in 27. scatter  scattered 28. set up 29. species 30. survive  survival (adj) (adv) (v) (n) (adj) (adv) (v) (n) (adj) (v) (n) (n) (adj) (n) (adj) (n) (v) (n) (v) (n) (v) (n) (adj) (n) (n) & (v) (n) (adj) (adv) (adj) (n) (v) (n) (n) (n) (n) (adj) (adv) (n) (adj) (n) (v) (n) (adj) (adv) (adj) (n) (v) (v) (adj) (v) (n) (v) (n) vì hậu quả hậu quả là (= as a result) chặt, đốn sự nguy hiểm nguy hiểm một cách nguy hiểm tàn phá; phá hủy sự tàn phá hoặc phá hủy có tính hủy diệt biến mất sự biến mất nỗ lực đang gặp nguy môi trường thuộc về môi trường người hoạt động vì môi trường thành lập sự thành lập ước tính; dự đoán sự ước tính hoặc dự đoán tồn tại; hiện hữu sự tồn tại hoặc hiện hữu bị tuyệt chủng sự tuyệt chủng (n) quỹ tiền; (v) tài trợ thói quen thuộc về thói quen theo thói quen thuộc về con người con người can thiệp sự can thiệp luật pháp con cháu hòa bình ; sự bình yên hòa bình; bình yên một cách bình yên chất gây ô nhiễm bị ô nhiễm sự ô nhiễm ngăn cấm sự ngăn cấm nhanh chóng nhanh chóng hiếm phần còn lại gây ra; dẫn đến (kết quả là) rải ra; rắc lên rải rác thành lập (= establish) chủng loài sống sót sự sống còn

Vocabulary Exercise 1

Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in brackets. 1. Sheila is always bad-tempered, and _____ doesn’t have many friends. (consequence) 2. There is something wrong with anyone who is so ____ rude. (habit) 3. The doctors told him that his father had a 50/50 chance of _____ after the operation. (survive) 4. Many governments have announced a complete _____ on hunting endangered species. (prohibit) 5. She gathered up the newspapers that were _____ around the floor. (scatter) 6. The two communities enjoyed a period of peaceful ____ . (exist) 7. Sulphur dioxide is one of several ____ that are released into the atmosphere by coal-fired power stations. (pollute) 8. All nations in the world should live ____ and take care of our planet. (peace) 9. The giant panda is one of the highly ____ species. (danger) 10. Many people worry about the ____ effect that violent TV series may have on children. (destroy)

Vocabulary Exercise 2

B. existence C. destruction D. environment

B. In addition D. On the contrary C. By tradition

D. make for

B. disappear D. establish C. result

D. effort C. habit B. rest

Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences. 1. Some people think that we are not doing enough to protect the _____ from pollution. A. extinction 2. I spent most of my money in the first week. _____ , I had very little to eat by the end of the holiday. A. As a result 3. They have ____ a fund for saving the wildlife in that area. A. set off C. make out B. set up 4. Regular exercise can ____ in a loss of weight. A. destroy 5. One-third of the class are doing very well; the____ are only average. A. fund GRAMMAR

Relative pronouns with prepositions (Đại từ quan hệ với các giới từ) 1). Khi kết hợp hai mệnh đề mà trong đó đại từ quan hệ thay cho một từ đứng sau giới từ, chúng ta có các cách làm khác nhau. Ví dụ: * (Karen is the schoolgirl. I told you about her.) a). Karen is the schoolgirl I told you about. b). Karen is the schoolgirl who/that/whom I told you about. c). Karen is the schoolgirl about whom I told you. (WRONG: Karen is the schoolgirl about who/ that I told you.) Trong câu (c), chỉ dùng “whom” sau giới từ “about”. Không dùng “who” hoặc “that” sau giới từ. * (The topic is Chinese cookery. Marian is interested in it.) a). The topic Marian is interested in is Chinese cookery. b). The topic that/ which Marian is interested in is Chinese cookery. c). The topic in which Marian is interested is Chinese cookery. Trong câu (c), chỉ dùng “which” sau giới từ “in”. Dùng “that” sau giới từ là sai. 2). Chúng ta cũng dùng “preposition + relative pronoun” sau dấu phẩy trong loại mệnh đề không xác định (Non-defining relative clauses). Ví dụ: - Mr. Reese, to whom we sent the letter, hasn’t given us his reply. (Or: Mr. Reese, whom we sent the letter to, hasn’t given us his reply.) - I’d like you to see my new laptop, for which I paid $2,300. (Or: I’d like you to see my new laptop, which I paid $2,300 for.)

3). Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng một số từ chỉ số lượng kèm theo giới từ “of + whom / which”. Cách nói này được dùng với loại mệnh đề không xác định (Non-defining relative clauses). Ví dụ: * (They have four children. All of them are married.) - They have four children, all of whom are married. * (We’ve taken many tests. Most of them were difficult.) - We’ve taken many tests, most of which were difficult. Những từ chỉ số lượng sau đây có thể dùng với “of whom / which”: all/most/some/a few/many/much of whom none/ neither/any/ either of which both/ half/each/one/two/three, … Các ví dụ khác: a) (Two men came to visit me. I had met neither of them before.)

- Two men, neither of whom I had met before, came to visit me. b) (He had three cars. One of them was made in Japan.) - He had three cars, one of which was made in Japan.) 4). Trong cách nói kiểu cách (formal English), chúng ta có thể dùng “noun + of which” cho một số trường hợp. Ví dụ: - The presidents of several countries are attending the meeting, the purpose of which is to strengthen the relationship between their countries. (which = the meeting) - The end of the war, the anniversary of which is on 30th April, has been commemorated throughout the country. (which = the end of the war) - The huge amount of oil was spilled, the effects of which are still being felt. (which = The huge amount of oil was spilled) EXERCISES EXERCISE 1: Rewrite the following sentences using a preposition at the beginning of a relative clause. (Remember that this makes the sentences sound formal.) 1. We cannot agree with that opinion. That is an opinion with which we cannot agree. 2. No one cares about these people. These are ______________________________ 3. Sandra knows very little about a subject, which is electronics. Electronics is ___________________________ 4. Our company believes in that idea. That is ________________________________ 5. Do you normally go to that restaurant? Is that the restaurant _____________________? 6. They are strongly opposed to that policy. That is ________________________________ 7. They obtained the information of those mistakes. Those are ______________________________ 8. You should be ashamed of those mistakes. Those are ______________________________ 9. What evidence do you base this claim on? What is the evidence _____________________? 10. The government is dealing with that problem. That is ________________________________ EXERCISE 2: Join each pair of sentences using a ‘preposition + whom/which’. 1. The girl is John’s sister. I introduced you to her.

The girl to whom I introduced you is John’s sister. 2. The shop is closed. I bought the shoes from it. The shop from which I bought the shoes is closed. 3. My English teacher is Mr. Tam. I had great respect for him. ________________________________________ 4. He gave me a lot of advice. Much of them was very useful. ________________________________________ 5. The man is a good friend of mine. I borrowed the money from him. ________________________________________ 6. The school has been given 50 computers. Half of them are brand new. ________________________________________ 7. Lan’s party is next Sunday evening. We are all invited to it. ________________________________________ 8. Mrs. Jason apologized for the mistake. We complained to her. ________________________________________ 9. I have heard her on the violin and piano. She plays both of them extremely well. ________________________________________ 10. The film ‘The Lost World’ is showing next week. I’ve heard good reports about it. ________________________________________ 11. They have changed the date. The furniture is to be delivered on that date. ________________________________________ 12. A number of my friends will be at party. You’ve met some of them before. _________________________________________ 13. Pasteurization was discovered by the French chemist Louis Pasteur. It was named after him. _________________________________________

14. The college is home to 40 students from Southeast Asia. Most of them are studying computer science. _________________________________________ 15. There are a number of safety procedures. You should be aware of all of them. _________________________________________

EXERCISE 3: Match the phrases and write the definitions. Use the zero relative and leave out the relative pronoun. A C B

someone travels to it you can make holes with it you can either sit or sleep on it we keep valuable things in it you cook in it we cook or heat food in it people walk along it people speak into it people dig or move earth with it a cupboard an instrument a garden tool a piece of furniture a passage the place a household appliance a room a tool

1. a kitchen 2. a microwave 3. a sofa bed 4. a drill 5. a destination 6. a shovel 7. a corridor 8. a microphone 9. a safe 1. A kitchen is a room you cook in. 2. …………………………………… 3. ……………………………………. 4. ……………………………………. 5. ……………………………………. 6. ……………………………………. 7. ……………………………………. 8. ……………………………………. 9. …………………………………….

EXERCISE 4: A woman is complaining about a man she really dislikes. Complete what the woman says using the words in brackets and “of which” or “of whom”.

B. whose C. what D. –

C. whose B. which D. what

C. for whom D. for that B. which ‘He’s always giving people lots of advice, (0. much) much of which is completely nonsense. He also talks about all the famous people he says he knows, (1. most) ___ I’m sure he’s never even met. He boasts about the hundreds of books he says he’s read, (2. many) ___ I’m sure he’s never opened in his life. He talks about his ‘three lovely children’, (3. all) ___ are, in fact, as horrible as their father. He talks constantly about what a good son he is, and how often he visits his parents, (4. neither) ___ ever actually see him. And what else? Well, he spends lots of money, (5. none) ___ is his, and drives two big cars, (6. both) ___ belong to his wife!’ EXERCISE 5: Finish the sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the pair of sentences given. 1. My brother is studying archaeology. I know nothing about this subject. My brother is studying archaeology, about which I know nothing. 2. The people like her very much. She works with them. The people with ________________________________________ 3. Mr. and Mrs. Wang live in Shanghai. We went to holiday with them. Mr. and Mrs. Wang, with ________________________________________ 4. It is her unmarried name. She is better known by it. It is her unmarried name, by _______________________________ 5. She was left the money by her former husband. She was divorced from him in 1996. She was left the money by her former husband, from ______________ 6. The election result is a great success. There can be no doubt about it. The election result, about ___________________________________ 7. Fleming’s discovery of penicillin had a major influence on the lives of people in the 20th century. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for it. Fleming’s discovery of penicillin, for _________________________ 8. They went to a shop. It was on Le Loi Street. The shop to ______________________________________________ 9. I spoke to a shop assistant. She was very nice and helpful. The shop assistant to _______________________________________ 10. The bus didn’t come. We had been waiting for it. The bus for _______________________________________________ EXERCISE 6: Some sentences have a word which should not be there. Write the word at the end, or put a tick [✓] if the sentence is correct. 1. The people I talked to them at the reception were nice. them 2. The book I wanted wasn’t available at the bookshop. …✓… 3. I paid the shopkeeper for the vase I accidentally broke it …………. 4. I watched a little girl whose her dog was chasing a ball …………... 5. The chairs that they bought them were expensive. ………………… 6. Frank is someone you can rely on for support and help …………. 7. The friend whom I waved to her didn’t wave back ……………. 8. The people for whom I was waiting them were an hour late. ………….. 9. Ecology is a subject which I’m not familiar with. …………………… 10. The man whose his wallet I found gave me a reward. ……………… EXERCISE 7: Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that best completes each sentence. 1. Have you ever read any books by the author ____ the teacher mentioned in class yesterday? A. which 2. The fans ____ crowded the stadium roared their approval. A. who 3. Mrs. Wilson is a wonderful woman ____ I have a great deal of respect. A. who 4. The coffee ____ in that restaurant was cold and tasteless.

D. which I drank it B. I drank it C. that drank

B. the doctor prescribed for her D. which the doctor prescribed it for her

B. Julie was arguing with her D. who Julie was arguing for

B. that well known you D. that they know you well

B. which consisting D. that they consist

B. I always enjoy talking to him D. whom I always enjoy talking to him

B. where I want to visit D. where I want to visit to A. I drank 5. The medicine ____ was very expensive. A. the doctor prescribed it for her C. that prescribed for her 6. The woman ____ was very angry. A. whom Julie was arguing C. with whom Julie was arguing 7. I met some people at the conference ____ . A. who knows you well C. who know you well 8. Water is a chemical compound ____ of oxygen and hydrogen. A. which consist C. that consists 9. My brother Chan is someone ____ about sports. A. I always enjoy talking to C. with who I always enjoy talking 10. One of the places ____ next summer is Beijing in China A. I want to visit C. to which I want to visit

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TEST FOR UNIT 10

B. put up D. got up C. turned up

C. rise B. raise D. compose

C. survived D. prohibited B. endangered

B. resulted D. destroyed C. co-existed

C. at D. on B. for

B. other D. another C. else

B. with D. in C. to

B. was attending C. have attended D. attended

C. who selling D. she sold

D. that

B. has received D. had received C. is receiving

D. Could B. May C. Do

B. as well as you did B. as better as you can I. Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that best completes each sentence. 1. This organization was _____ to call for people’s awareness of protecting wildlife. A. set up 2. We need everybody’s help to ____ money for this environmental campaign. A. produce 3. In Britain, the sale of alcohol to young people is ____ by law. A. resulted 4. Air and water pollution has _____ in the extinction of some animal species. A. respected 5. Television brings benefits, but it can also have a bad influence ____ people A. with 6. Some students were confused about the teacher’s lecture, but the ____ of the class were interested in it. A. rest 7. Here’s another foreign stamp for you to add ____ your collection. A. for 8. I ____ five conferences last month. A. attend 9. The clerk ____ me the camera made a mistake with the bill. A. selling B. sold 10. The waiter ____ we were served refused to receive our tip. A. whom C. by whom B. by who 11. So far this week, the hotel ____ more than one hundred guests. A. receives 12. “____ you show me the way to the station, please?” “Sure. Turn left at the first traffic lights. It’s on the right.” A. Must 13. I wish I could sing ____. A. as well as you do B. as good as you can 14. She didn’t understand what you said ____.

B. however she was hard of hearing D. because you spoke very clearly

B. I can’t, I’m afraid. D. Yes, go ahead.

B. I’m sorry to hear that, D. No, there’s no need. Thanks.

C. environment C. pollutant C. introduced C. species D. agriculture D. consequence D. prohibited D. forest B. industry B. condition B. established B. planet

A. although she was deaf C. because she was deaf 15. “Betty, make me some tea, will you?” “____” A. No, I will, I’m afraid. C. That’s very kind of you. 16. “Make yourself at home!” “____” A. Don’t mention it. C. That’s very kind. Thanks II. Choose the word whose stress pattern is different from that of the others in each sentence. 1. A. influence 2. A. affecting 3. A. endangered 4. A. survive III. Choose the underline part in each sentence that needs correction. 1. If people were more responsible for the environment, more species would exist at this planet. A B C D 2. People have changed weather conditions by cut down trees in the forests. A B C D 3. The number of rare animals is decreasing so rapid that they are in danger of extinction. A B C D 4. Our school can provide the right environment, in that the children can learn and grow up well. A B C D IV. Read the passage and choose the answer (A, B, C or D) that best fits each blank in the passage.

The koala is an endangered species. An endangered species is a certain kind of animal that does not have enough members of its kind to survive unless it protected. Animals that are not protected may become (1) ____, or completely die out. Interestingly, the koala is partly to blame for its own condition as an endangered creature.

Koalas live in tall eucalyptus trees, also known as gum trees. Lucky for them, they eat leaves of the eucalyptus tree. Since there are over 600 different varieties of eucalyptus tree, the koala should have no trouble (2) ____ food. However, koalas are even pickier than you ever were about what they eat. Out of the 600 varieties, they will only eat the leaves of about 120 kinds of eucalyptus trees. Really, they are even pickier than that. The koalas of a specific area will only eat about four or five different kinds of eucalyptus leaves. They would actually (3) ____ starve than eat the other kinds. Now that’s stubborn! The biggest trouble right now is that the brush land where many koalas live in Australia is being cut down to make (4) ____ for houses and cities.

1. A. abundant 2. A. finding 3. A. prefer 4. A. place B. improving B. find B. better B. room C. prosperous C. to find C. rather C. site D. extinct D. for find D. like D. ground

V. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word given in parentheses. 1. Some factories were accused of dumping their chemical ________ into the river. (pollute) 2. Both sides are trying their best to resolve the problems _______. (peace) 3. The giant panda is one of the highly_________ species in the world. (danger) 4. The company has increased the number of staff and ________ the service is better. (consequence) 5. For all animals in the wild, every day is a fight for _________ (survive) 6. Because elephants are hunted for their tusks, very few of them are still in ________.(exist)

VI. Finish the second sentence so that is has the same meaning as the first one. 1. I had left my bicycle at the gate and then it had disappeared. My bicycle, …………………………………………………...

2. This is the store. I bought my jeans from it. This is the store from ……………………………………… 3. David told me to return this bike this evening. I borrowed this bike from him. David, from …………………………………………………... 4. This chair is my own work. I made ………………………………………………………... 5. Nobody knows everything about Samuel’s background. Nothing ………………………………………………………. 6. If I were you, I wouldn’t keep a dog.

I advise you ……………………………………………………

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- UNIT 11: SOURCES OF ENERGY

VOCABULARY 1. alternative 2. coal 3. cool 4. create  creation  creative creatively 5. dam 6. demand  demanding 7. disadvantage 8. electrical  electricity 9. energetic  energetically  energy 10. entire  entirely 11. exhaust  exhausted  exhaustion 12. fossil fuel 13. geothermal heat 14. heat 15. infinite 16. make full use of 17. need 18. light 19. nuclear energy 20. plenty (of)  plentiful 21. potential  potentially 22. relative  relatively 23. release 24. researcher 25. reserve (n) & (adj) (n) (v) (v) (n) (adj) (adv) (n) (v) & (n) (adj) (n) (adj) (n) (adj) (adv) (n) (adj) (adv) (v) (adj) (n) (n) (n) (n) & (v) (adj) (v) (n) (v) (n) (pron.) & (deter.) (adj) (n) & (adj) (adv) (adj) (adv) (v) (n) (n) (n) vật thay thế, (adj) để thay thế than (đá) làm mát tạo ra sự sáng tạo hoặc sáng lập có sáng tạo hoặc có óc sáng tạo một cách sáng tạo con đập (v) đòi hỏi; (n) nhu cầu yêu cầu cao; khó khăn sự bất lợi thuộc về điện; chạy bằng điện điện năng đầy năng lực; năng động một cách năng động năng lượng toàn bộ; trọn vẹn hoàn toàn làm cạn kiệt kiệt quệ; kiệt sức sự kiệt sức; sự cạn kiệt nhiên liệu hóa thạch địa nhiệt (n) sức nóng; (v) sưởi ấm không giới hạn; bất tận tận dụng nhu cầu thắp sáng; đốt cháy năng lượng hạt nhân có nhiều phong phú; nhiều (n) tiềm năng; (adj) có tiềm năng có khả năng tương đối một cách tương đối thả ra; phóng thích nhà nghiên cứu người hoặc vật dự trữ

26. solar

(adj) (n) (n) (adv) (n) (n) thuộc về mặt trời tấm pin mặt trời nguồn không may năng lượng từ sức nước cối xay gió

 solar panel 27. source 28. unfortunately 29. water power 30. windmill Vocabulary Exercise 1

Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in brackets. 1. We tried to get tickets, but ________ they were already sold out. (fortunate) 2. My grandfather is very ________ for a man of his age. (energy) 3. Any major airport or station is _______ a terrorist target. (potential) 4. Some members of the staff weren’t _____ happy with the decision of the management. (entire) 5. To their surprise, there were ______ few applications for the job. (relative) 6. His present job doesn’t stretch him, so he is looking for something more ______. (demand) 7. Many people are living in remote villages with no ____ or running water. (electric) 8. As they approached the end of the marathon, the runners looked near _____. (exhaust) 9. Scientists are wondering whether there are any intelligent life forms outside our ____ system. (sun) 10. There is a 30% discount on all _____ goods until the end of the month. (electric)

Vocabulary Exercise 2

C. exchange D. light

B. alternative D. release

C. Nuclear B. Infinite D. Entire

C. demand B. blow D. heat

B. exhausted C. potential D. plentiful

Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences. 1. They are trying to ______ more jobs for young people. A. research B. create 2. Solar power is now a viable _____ to fossil fuels in this area. A. source C. heat 3. _____ energy may overtake oil as the main fuel. A. Fossil 4. These chemical factories _____ toxic gases into the air. A. release 5. Tropical fruits, such as mangoes, durians, etc., are _____ in the south of the country. A. possible GRAMMAR

Relative clauses replaced by participles or to-infinitive

A). Relative clauses replaced by participles Thay thế mệnh đề quan hệ bằng các phân từ Chúng ta có thể thay thế mệnh đề quan hệ với “who, which, that” bằng cách dùng hiện tại phân từ “Verb+ing” (present participle) hoặc quá khứ phân từ “Verb+ed” (past participle). Cách dùng này cũng còn được gọi là cách giản lược mệnh đề quan hệ (Reduction of relative clauses) 1). Relatives replaced by present participles: Chúng ta dùng hiện tại phân từ “Verb+ing” để thay thế mệnh đề quan hệ khi động từ trong mệnh đề có ý nghĩa chủ động (active). Ví dụ: - The man talking to the teacher is my father. (The man who is talking to the teacher is my father) - A lorry carrying concrete pipes overturned and hit two cars. (A lorry which was carrying concrete pipes overturned and hit two cars) CHÚ Ý:

a). Chúng ta có thể dùng “Verb+ing” thay thế cho động từ tiếp diễn (continuous verbs) hiện tại và quá khứ như trong các ví dụ trên; hoặc cho các động từ chỉ về trạng thái (state verbs) hiện tại hoặc quá khứ. Ví dụ: - All the roads leading to the city center were crowded. (All the roads that led to the city center were crowded.) - All the equipment belonging to the club is insured. (All the equipment which belongs to the club is insured.) - Fans wanting to buy tickets started queuing early. (Fans who wanted to buy tickets started queuing early.) b). Chúng ta có thể dùng “Verb+ing” thay thế cho hành động lặp lại nhiều lần, hoặc thói quen. Ví dụ: - Students preparing for their exams usually stay up late last night. (Students who prepare for their exams usually stay up late last night.) - People traveling to the city center in rush hours are used to the traffic jams. (People who travel to the city center in rush hours are used to the traffic jams.) c). Chúng ta không thể dùng “Verb+ing” thay thế cho một hành động riêng lẻ xảy ra trong quá khứ. Thay vào đó, chúng ta phải dùng mệnh đề quan hệ đầy đủ với “who, which, that”. Ví dụ: - The people who saw the accident are reporting to the police. (WRONG: The people seeing the accident are reporting to the police.) - The gang who stole the jewels got away. (WRONG: The gang stealing the jewels got away.) - The plane which crashed had taken off at Heathrow Airport. (WRONG: The plane crashing had taken off at Heathrow Airport.) Trong ba câu trên, các động từ “who saw, who stole” và “which crashed” là những hành động riêng

lẻ quá khứ, chứ không diễn tả sự lặp lại hoặc thói quen; do đó không thể dùng “Verb+ing” thay thế. 2). Relatives replaced by past participles: Chúng ta có thể dùng quá khứ phân từ để giản lược mệnh đề quan hệ khi động từ trong mệnh đề có ý nghĩa bị động (passive). Trong trường hợp này, chúng ta thường chỉ cần bỏ bớt “who/which/that + be”. Ví dụ: - The book published last week is her first novel. (The book which was published last week is her first novel.) - President Kennedy was murdered by a man called Lee Oswald. (President Kennedy was murdered by a man who was called Lee Oswald.) - Stones thrown at the train by vandals smashed many windows. (Stones which were thrown at the train by vandals smashed many windows.) Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng “being + past participle” để giản lược mệnh đề quan hệ khi động từ được dùng với thì bị động tiếp diễn. Ví dụ: - The skyscraper being built has been designed by a French architect. (The skyscraper which is being built has been designed by a French architect.) - The prisoners being released are all women.

(The prisoners who are being released are all women.) B). Relatives replaced by to-infinitive Thay thế mệnh đề quan hệ bằng “ to-infinitive” Chúng ta cũng có thể giản lược mệnh đề quan hệ với “who, which, that” bằng cách dùng “ to- infinitive”. Cách giản lược này có thể được thực hiện trong các trường hợp sau: 1). Dùng “ to-infinitive” để giản lược “who, which, that” sau các từ “the first, the second,…., the last, the only”. Ví dụ: - Andrew was the only student to give the correct answer. (Andrew was the only student who gave the correct answer.) - Who was the last person to see the man alive? (Who was the last person that saw the man alive?) - New Zealand was the first country to give women the vote.

(New Zealand was the first country that gave women the vote.) - Alice was the second applicant to be interviewed. (Alice was the second applicant who was interviewed.) 2). Dùng “to-infinitive” để giản lược “who, which, that” sau tính từ so sánh nhất + danh từ (superlative+ noun). Ví dụ: - William Pitt was the youngest person to become Prime Minister. (William Pitt was the youngest person who became Prime Minister.) - Mr. Forbes was the oldest man to fly a balloon. (Mr. Forbes was the oldest man who flew a balloon.) - Ryan Giggs is the most famous footballer to play on this ground. (Ryan Giggs is the most famous footballer who has played on this ground.) 3). Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng “to-infinitive” để thay thế khi mệnh đề quan hệ có ý nghĩa chỉ mục đích hoặc sự cho phép (purpose or permission). Ví dụ: - I think she had something to say. (I think she had something that she wanted to say. ) - I can’t go out now. I have a lot of work to do. (I have a lot of work that I must do.) - The children really need a garden to play in. (The children really need a garden which they can play in.) EXERCISES EXERCISE 1: Complete the following definitions. Put in the present or past participle of one of these verbs.

watch play arrive rent take tell add block own wear 1. A tenant is someone renting a room, a house or an apartment. 2. Baseball is a game _______ mainly in the United States. 3. A spectator is someone _______ a game or an event. 4. An extension is a new part ________ on to a building. 5. An obstacle is something _______ your way. 6. Your property is everything _______ by you. 7. A competitor is someone _______ part in a competition. 8. A wrist-watch is a watch _______ on your wrist. 9. A latecomer is a person ________ late. 10. An instruction is a statement ________ you what to do. EXERCISE 2: Join each pair of sentences. Use the present or past participle phrases to replace the part in brackets. 1. A ship nearly hit a huge iceberg. (It was sailing from Canada to Europe) A ship sailing from Canada to Europe nearly hit a huge iceberg. 2. A lighthouse attracts a lot of tourist. (It is situated on a small island.) A lighthouse situated on a small island attracts a lot of tourists. 3. People have gathered in front of the Town Hall. (They are protesting against pollution.) People …………………………….….. 4. Some illegal goods belong to a local firm. (They were found at a flat nearby.) Some illegal goods ………………………. 5. A new international airport is planned. (It’ll cost 20 billion dollars.) A new international airport ……………………. 6. Football fans have been queuing all night at Wembley. (They hope to buy tickets.) Football fans …………………………………... 7. Families have been evicted. (They were living in an empty office building.) Families …………………………………….

8. A chemical company has gone bankrupt. (It employed 4,000 people.) A chemical company …………………………... 9. A bridge has been declared unsafe. (It was built only two years ago.) A bridge …………………………………………… 10. A new drug may give us eternal youth. (It was developed at an American university.) A new drug ………………………………………... EXERCISE 3: Rewrite each sentence using “to-infinitive” to replace the phrase or clause in italics. 1. I have some letters that I must write. I have some letters to write. 2. Here are some accounts that you must check. …………………………………… 3. Who was the first person who left the office yesterday? …………………………………… 4. Edward’s wife was the only person who realized the danger. ………………………………….. 5. We had a bottle of wine, but we didn’t have anything that we could open it with. ……………………………………. 6. She simply loves parties. She’s always the first who comes and the last who goes. ……………………………………….. 7. They had to eat standing up because they didn’t have anything that they could sit on. ………………………………………… 8. Your son was the second child who was kidnapped in this way. ………………………………………… 9. Your files are all over the place. You should have a box that you can keep them in. ……………………………………….. 10. Who was the last person who saw the detective alive? ……………………………………….. 11. He didn’t buy any cards because he didn’t have anything anyone to whom he could send cards. ……………………………………….. 12. Brad was the only person who discovered her secret. …………………………………………. 13. Mr. Carlos, aged 81, was the oldest person who climbed the mountain. …………………………………………… 14. Do you have a wallet in which you can keep your money and important papers? ………………………………………………. 15. Laura was the quickest candidate who found the correct answer. ……………………………………………….. EXERCISE 4: Complete the story about a thief’s punishment. Write the missing word. Use one word only in each space.

This is a true story (0) which is supposed to have happened somewhere in the US. A man (1) ____ was accused of housebreaking appeared in court. He had put his arm through the window of a house and stolen some money (2) ____ was lying on a table inside. The argument (3) ____ the man’s lawyer put forward wasn’t very impressive. He said that (4) ____ was the man’s arm (5) ____ had committed the crime and not the man himself. ‘You cannot punish a man for (6) _____ his arm has done,’ said the lawyer. Now the judge in (7) ____ court the man was appearing wanted to show how stupid the lawyer’ argument was. Instead of finding them man guilty, he found the man’s arm guilty and sent it to prison. ‘He can go with his arm or not, as he chooses,’ the judge added, (8) ____ made everyone laugh. But (9) ____ the judge didn’t know was that the man had an artificial arm. He took the arm off, gave it to the judge – (10) _____ could hardly believe his eyes – and walked out of the court.

B. that it was lying in the street D. it was lying in the street

B. who fired Kate D. whom fired Kate EXERCISE 5: There are mistakes in the following sentences. Find them and correct them. 1. The people which live next door often work at night. …..which…….who………………………………….. 2. The woman was nice that I met at the party. ………………………………………………………. 3. A clock is an instrument measures time. …………………………………………………………. 4. The book that I bought it at the book fair is very interesting. ……………………………………………………………… 5. I met a woman who her husband is a famous doctor. ……………………………………………………………… 6. Do you know the people who lives in the house opposite? …………………………………………………………….. 7. The professor teachers Vietnamese Literature is very good. ………………………………………………………………. 8. The man was very angry who his car was stolen. ……………………………………………………………… 9. The apple tree is producing fruit that we planted it last year. ……………………………………………………………… 10. I wrote a thank-you note to the people I stayed at their house last summer. ………………………………………………………………. EXERCISE 6: Replace the relative clauses by using present or past participle phrases. 1. The couple who live in the house next door are both architects. The couple living in the house next door are both architects. 2. Only a few of the movies that are shown on this TV channel are suitable for children. …………………………………………………………………. 3. A throne is the chair which is occupied by a queen, king, or other rulers. ………………………………………………………………….. 4. A knuckle is a joint that connect a finger to the rest of the hand. ……………………………………………………………………… 5. Two out of three people who are struck by lightning survive. ……………………………………………………………………….. 6. Arizona, which was once thought to be a useless desert, is today a rapidly growing industrial and agricultural state. ………………………………………………………………………… 7. Antarctica is covered by a huge ice cap that contains 70 percent of the earth’s fresh water. ………………………………………………………………………… 8. Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way. …………………………………………………………………………….. 9. The rulers that allow public access to wilderness areas need to be reconsidered. ………………………………………………………………………….. 10. The experiment which was conducted at the University of Chicago was successful. ………………………………………………………………………….. EXERCISE 7: Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that best completes each sentence. 1. A tree branch ____ was a hazard to motorists. A. that lying in the street C. lying in the street 2. The boss ____ is a difficult person to work for. A. who firing Kate C. fired Kate 3. The person ____ is my sister.

B. which I got this parcel from D. from that I got this parcel

D. come C. who are B. that are

B. whom C. whose D. -

C. which gave D. that giving B. giving

D. who driving C. to drive B. driven

C. who fishing D. fished

D. that being

A. from whom I got this parcel C. I got this parcel from her 4. There are eighty students, ____ from all over the world, studying English at this school. A. are 5. The teenagers counted the money ____ they earned at the car wash. A. who 6. Last Sunday I attended a party ____ by one of my friends. A. given 7. My grandfather is the oldest person in the village ____ a car. A. drives 8. The old man ____ next to me on the pier was muttering to himself. A. was fishing B. fishing 9. People ____ forced to retire in their middle or late sixties may become anxious and worried. C. who is B. are A. are 10. Jasmine, ____, grows only in warm places. A. a viny plant with fragrant flowers C. that is a viny plant with fragrant flowers B. is a viny plant with fragrant flowers D. a viny plant with fragrant flowers it is

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TEST FOR UNIT 11

B. entire C. alternative D. demanding

B. move C. create D. replace

B. have C. without D. make

B. with D. for

C. discovering B. to discover D. who discover

B. interviewing D. who interviewing

B. seen C. see D. to see

B. in which C. in that D. which

B. Who C. That D. Then

C. is frozen D. have been frozen

B. disappointed C. disappointing D. disappointment

D. had come

B. he would like to take the job. D. he was not given such a good job.

B. its leg was broken in the race D. whose leg was broken in the race

I. Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that best completes each sentence. 1. Fossil fuels reserves are limited, so we are trying to find _____ sources of energy. A. relative 2. Solar panels can be used to ____ houses and cars. A. power 3. Scientists are trying to find ways to ____ full use of wind and solar energy. A. take 4. Wind power produces energy ____ pollution. A. by C. without 5. Isabel was the only journalist ____ the true story of the scandal. A. discovered 6. Only one of the people ____ was qualified for the job. A. interview C. interviewed 7. You should visit that town. There are many interesting places ____ there. A. seeing 8. Parents are responsible for providing the right environment, ____ their. A. that 9. ____ Mr. Pike is getting is a surprise! A. What 10. Most of the world’s fresh water ____ at the North and South Poles. B. is freezing A. are frozen 11. The winners were happy and the loser felt ____. A. to disappoint 12. The patient has been feeling much better since the doctor ____. A. came C. coming B. comes 13. Without his famous father, ____ . A. he would never have gotten the job. C. he did not want to take the job. 14. They quickly carried the injured horse, ____ , to a veterinarian. A. which leg was broken in the race C. the leg of it was broken in the race 15. “Thank you so much for your instructions.” “____” A. That’s right. C. Not too bad. Thanks. B. Yes, of course. D. No problem. That’s what I’m here for.

B. Many happy returns. D. That’s a good idea!

B. develop B. bread B. bought B. exact C. every C. thread C. course C. exercise D. any D. dead D. drought D. exist

16. “Today’s my birthday!” “____” A. Oh, dear. It is! C. It’s my pleasure. Thanks. II. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others in each sentence. 1. A. energy 2. A. heat 3. A. source 4. A. exhausted III. Choose the underline part in each sentence that needs correction. 1. Geothermal energy is available only in a few places on the world. A B C D 2. Solar energy is not only plentiful and infinite and also clean and safe. A B C D 3. Auguste Mouchout was the first man designed a motor running on solar energy. A B C D 4. The employees work in this office are able to speak at least two foreign languages. A B C D IV. Read the passage and do the exercise below.

Energy from the sun is called solar energy. It comes in the form of light or heat. Solar energy is what makes you feel hot when you sit in the sunlight. People have used solar energy for thousands of years. Houses were built with windows so that sunlight can get inside and provide heat. The sun’s energy can also be used to heat water and even food. If you own a magnifying glass, your parents have probably warned you about leaving it the sun. Solar energy can actually make the magnifying glass burn objects underneath it, causing a fire. This type of energy from the sun in the form of heat is called solar thermal energy.

We can also turn sun’s light into electricity. This is done with solar panels. Solar panels are made up for a material called silicon. The silicon is heated and formed into very thin wafers. When the sunlight hits the solar panel, the electrons (tiny particles) in the silicon move and flow through wires built into the solar panel. Using this technology, we can run a calculator and even power cars. * Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 1. Why should we not leave a magnifying glass in the sun? …………………………………………………………….. 2. What do people call the energy coming from the sun in the form of heat? …………………………………………………………………………….. 3. What are solar panels made up of? ……………………………………………………………………………… 4. How can the solar panel turn the sunlight into electricity? ……………………………………………………………………………… V. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word given in parentheses. 1. Tropical fruits and vegetables seem to be _______ in this region. (plenty) 2. One of the _______ of this job is that I have to travel a long distance to work. (advantage) 3. I must say that I am _________ grateful for your help. (infinite) 4. We could go to the Japanese restaurant, or ________ , we could try that new Korean place. (alter) 5. Increased consumption will lead to faster _________ of our natural resources. (exhaust) 6. The city of Napier was ________ rebuilt after an earthquake in 1931. (entire) VI. Finish the second sentence so that it has the meaning as the first one. 1. The heat from the earth can create energy, but it is only available in a few places. The energy created ………………………. 2. Fossils fuels produce energy, but it is not renewable. Energy coming ………………….. 3. I’m sorry I broke your teacup.

I apologize ……………………….. 4. Let’s go to the beach this weekend! Why ………………………….. 5. The exhibition was not very interesting. My friend took me to see it. The exhibition my friend ……………………………………. 6. His latest movie has been a great success. It was well reviewed by the critics. His latest movie, ………………………………………………………………..

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- UNIT 12: THE ASIAN GAMES

có tiến bộ, tiến tới (adj) thuộc về Châu Á; (n): người Châu Á

Á vận hội (Đại hội thể thao Châu Á)

viên chức đánh giá cao; trân trọng ở dưới nước các môn thể thao dưới nước khía cạnh, mặt vận động viên giỏi thể thao, khỏe mạnh các môn điền kinh = track and field

VOCABULARY 1. advance 2. Asian  Asian Games 3. official 4. appreciate 5. aquatic  aquatic sports 6. aspect 7. athlete  athletic  athletics 8. billiards 9. bodybuilding 10. decade 11. facilities 12. fencing 13. gather  gathering 14. hockey 15. host  host country

(v) (adj) & (n) (n) (n) (v) (adj) (n) (n) (n) (adj) (n) môn bi-da (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (v) (n) (n) (n) & (v) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (v) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (v) (n) (n) (n) thể dục thể hình thập niên các tiện nghi môn đấu kiếm tụ họp cuộc họp mặt khúc côn cầu (n) người chủ; (v): tổ chức (một sự kiện) nước chủ nhà sự hiểu biết văn hóa lẫn nhau huy chương môn xe đạp leo núi giải đấu có nhiều môn thể thao người tham gia sự tham gia đẩy mạnh; làm phát triển sự thăng chức hoặc thăng hạng phẩm chất; chất lượng bóng bầu dục môn bắn súng tình đoàn kết môn dùng vợt đánh bóng vào tường diễn ra nhiều loại khác nhau; sự đa dạng môn cử tạ môn đấu vật

16. intercultural knowledge 17. medal 18. mountain biking 19. multi-sport event 20. participant  participation 21. promote  promotion 22. quality 23. rugby 24. shooting 25. solidarity 26. squash 27. take place 28. variety 29. weightlifting 30. wrestling

Vocabulary Exercise 1

Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in brackets. 1. When did you first get interested in _______, and why did you specialize in long jump? (athlete) 2. Did Pamela get the ____ that she wanted? (promote) 3. The games is an international sporting event with more than three thousand ____. (participate) 4. Many students joined the protest march to show ____ with the workers. (solid) 5. Tropical rainforests are home to a large ____ of wildlife. (vary) 6. An ____ from the Department of Education will be inspecting the school next week. (office) 7. Jessica and Patrick first met at a social ____ organized by their company. (gather) 8. My cousin is a talented ______ who competes nationally and internationally. (athletics) Vocabulary Exercise 2

C. martial B. aquatic D. aerobics

B. gets C. happens D. takes

B. participation C. decade D. variety

B. appreciate D. compete

D. develop

Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences. 1. Snorkelling is a(n) _____ sport, which is being enjoyed by more and more people. A. athletics 2. This festival always ____ place in the summer when the weather is the finest. A. makes 3. We should think about this problem from every _____ . A. aspect 4. We believe that Vietnam will be able to ____ a big sporting event like the Asian Games. A. gather C. host 5. Your child is the youngest player ever to ____ to a semi-final. A. participate C. hold B. advance GRAMMAR

A). Relative clauses (general revision) B). Omission of relative pronouns A). Relative clauses (general revision)

Mệnh đề quan hệ (ôn tổng quát) Mệnh đề quan hệ thường được kết nối bằng các đại từ quan hệ (Relative pronouns) khác nhau, tùy theo ý nghĩa của mỗi câu. Chúng ta có thể tóm tắt cách dùng các đại từ quan hệ như sau:

Used for (Dùng cho) Examples (Ví dụ) People Relative (Đại từ) WHO

WHICH Things and animals Used as (Dùng như) Subject and object Subject and object

WHOM People

Object only, and after prepositions

THAT People, things and animals Subject and object

WHOSE People, things and animals Of whom/ Of which

- The man who lives next door works in my office. - The man who/ whom I’m talking about works in her office. - The dog which bit the postman belongs to my neighbor. - The dog which you saw outside my house belongs to my neighbor. - Her new boyfriend is the man whom you saw in her living room yesterday. - She’s going to marry the man with whom she went on holiday last month. - That man that/who told you this thing must have been a fool. - The man that/who/whom she’s going to marry comes from a wealthy family. - The children whose paintings win the competition will be given a scholarship. - They were playing a game whose rules I couldn’t understand. - This is the bend where the accident happened. WHERE Places Adverb of places 71

- I still remember the day when we first met. WHEN Time

Reason Adverb of time Reason WHY

WHAT The things which Subject and object - She didn’t give us the reason why she was absent from class yesterday. - What we found was a box full of old coins. - What I want now is a cup of coffee.

CHÚ Ý: Cách dùng đặc biệt của “which”: Chúng ta có thể dùng “which” sau dấu phẩy để thay thế cho cả một ý tưởng trong mệnh đề đi trước nó. Ví dụ: - They had to wait for an hour, which annoyed them very much. (“which” thay thế cho cả câu “They had to wait for an hour”.) - He suddenly shouted at me, which made me very upset. (“which” thay thế cho cả câu “He suddenly shouted at me”.) - Carol helped us clear up, which was very good of her. (“which” thay thế cho cả câu “Carol helped us clear up”.) B). Omission of relative pronouns Lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ 1). Khi đại từ quan hệ “who/whom/which/that” được dùng như túc từ (object), chúng ta có thể lược bỏ nó. Cách dùng này được gọi là “Zero relative”. Ví dụ: - The woman you met yesterday was my aunt Laura. (The woman who/ whom/ that you met yesterday was my aunt Laura) - The doctor I spoke to told me not to worry. (The doctor who/ whom/ that I spoke to told me not to worry.) - The mistake I made was fortunately not very serious. (The mistake that/ which I made was fortunately not very serious. - The jacket Bob always wears was a gift from his uncles. (The jacket that/ which Bob always wears was a gift from his uncles. 2). Chúng ta không thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ khi nó làm chủ ngữ (subject); có nghĩa là nó đứng trước động từ chính trong câu. Ví dụ: - The doctor who/ that treated me told me not to worry. (WRONG: The doctor treated me told me not to worry.) - The woman who told you about your mistake was very kind. (WRONG: The woman told you about your mistake was very kind. 3). Chúng ta cũng không thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ khi nó đứng sau dấu phẩy (nghĩa là trong mệnh đề không xác định), mặc dù nó làm túc từ (object). Ví dụ: - Mr. Walker, whom I invited to dinner, didn’t come. (WRONG: Mr. Walker, I invited to dinner, didn’t come.) - This watch, which I bought ten years ago, has always kept accurate time. (WRONG: This watch, I bought ten years ago, has always kept accurate time. 4). Chúng ta cũng không thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ “whom/which” khi dùng nó theo sau giới từ. Ví dụ: - The people with whom I went on holiday were very kind. - Astronomy is a subject about which I know very little. EXERCISES EXERCISE 1: Join each idea in A with the most suitable idea in B using “which”. A B

a). It means he can’t get about very easily. b). It’s made her very depressed. c). That was very rude of him. 1. Jerry didn’t answer my letter. 2. It poured with rain all day. 3. My cousin is disabled.

4. Pamela’s sister paid for the meal. 5. You left the key in the car. 6. Brenda has lost her job. 7. The police blocked off the road. 8. My phone is out of order at the moment. 9. There was a bus strike. 10. There was a delicious smell coming from the kitchen. d). It meant I had to take a taxi. e). That left the ground very wet. f). That was very kind of her. g). It made us all feel very hungry. h). That caused a traffic jam. i). It’s a nuisance. j). That was rather careless of you.

1. Jerry didn’t answer my letter, which was very rude of him. 2. ……………………………….. 3. ……………………………….. 4. ……………………………….. 5. ……………………………….. 6. ……………………………….. 7. ……………………………….. 8. ……………………………….. 9. ……………………………….. 10. ……………………………….. EXERCISE 2: Join each pair of sentences using a relative clause. Some clauses need commas; some do not. 1. Miss Lynn has just got married. She’s our chemistry teacher. Miss Lynn, who is our chemistry teacher, has just got married. 2. Someone made the arrangements. It was Cathy. The person who made the arrangements was Cathy. 3. My grandfather couldn’t hear the phone. He’s a bit deaf. My grandfather …………………………… 4. This General Post Office was designed by a French architect. It dates back from the 19th century. This General Post office …………………………… 5. Someone knew the truth. It was the judge. The person …………………………….. 6. Diamond is used for cutting. It’s a very hard substance. Diamond ………………………….. 7. Somebody’s bike was stolen. It was Nam. The person …………………… 8. A road leads to the village. It isn’t suitable for motor vehicles. The road ………………………… 9. Our teacher stayed at home during the bus strike. She lives very far from the school. Our teacher …………………………….. 10. Patrick was very annoyed. His name was missed off the list. Patrick ………………………………………………………. EXERCISE 3: Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word given in capitals. Do not change the meaning. 1. I bought my motorbike from that man. WHOM That is the man from whom I bought my motorbike. 2. The girls were hungry and decided to have a meal. WHO …………………………………………………………… 3. That boy’s sister sits behind me at school. WHOSE …………………………………………………………….. 4. Did you borrow this book? THAT …………………………………………………………….

5. I was given the job by this man. WHOM …………………………………………………………….. 6. You gave me a very useful present. WHICH ……………………………………………………………. 7. Tom’s computer had broken and he had to use a pencil. WHOSE …………………………………………………………….. 8. She lives in Croydon – it’s near London. WHICH ……………………………………………………………… 9. Someone found the money and was given a reward. WHO ………………………………………………………………… 10. The car was in good condition and wasn’t expensive. WHICH ………………………………………………………………. EXERCISE 4: Make one sentence from each group of sentences, beginning as shown. 1. The hotel was full of guests. The hotel was miles from anywhere. The guests had gone there to admire the scenery. The hotel, which was miles from anywhere, was full of guests who had gone there to admire the scenery. 2. I lent you a book. It was written by a friend of mine. She lives in France. The book I …………………………………………………………………. 3. A woman’s jewels were stolen. A police officer was staying in the same hotel. The woman was

interviewed by him. The woman whose ………………………………………………………… 4. A goal was scored by a teenager. He had come on as a substitute. This goal won the match. The goal which …………………………………… 5. I was sitting next to a boy in the exam. He told me the answers. The boy ……………………….. 6. My wallet contained over $200. It was found in the street by a schoolboy. He returned it. My wallet, …………………………………… 7. My friend Albert has decided to buy a motorbike. His car was stolen last week. My friend Albert, ………………………………………. 8. Carol is a vegetarian. I cooked a meal for her last week. She enjoyed it. Carol, ………………………………………………………………………. EXERCISE 5: Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one. Use between two and five words, including the word given. Do not change the word given. 1. Jason was leaving on a flight that was cancelled. WHICH The flight on which Jason was leaving cancelled. 2. A better film about love has never been made. BEST It’s the ………………….………………. has ever been made. 3. None of the specially prepared food was left over. ATE The guests ……………………….…. had been especially prepared. 4. I’ve never seen a bigger dog than that one. EVER That’s the …………………………………… seen. 5. The company has produced a lot of sports cars, and has sold them all. BY All the sports cars ……………..…………… been sold. 6. Whatever has been ordered will be delivered. EVERYTHING We will deliver …………………….…………. ordered. 7. I’ve never visited a more impressive exhibition before. THAT This is ……………………..…….… I’ve never visited. 8. No one in the club plays tennis as well as David. WHO David is the person ……………..…………. in the club 9. We borrowed the money from this bank. WHICH

This is the bank from …………….……… the money. 10. You can do nothing to make me change my mind. IS There …………………………….. to make me change my mind. EXERCISE 6: Put one word in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.

C. expresses B. expressing D. which to express

D. which has

D. whose

B. a famous American author D. is a famous American author

B. that overlooking C. overlooking D. overlooked

B. when you’ll arrive D. when you’ll arrive on

D. that is known as C. is known as B. known as

B. she hardly knows him D. whom she hardly knows him

D. who doesn’t C. which don’t

B. which C. where D. that

Murder at the Station by Lorraine Small. Episode 5. Trouble on the 6.15. The story so far: Jane Platt, (1) who is travelling to London because of a mysterious letter, is the only person (2) _____ witnesses a murder at Victoria Station. The detective to (3) _____ she gives her statement then disappears. Jane goes to an office in Soho to answer the letter (4) _____ she had received. There she discovers that her uncle Gordon, (5) _____ lives in South America, has sent her a small box (6) _____ she is only to open if in trouble. Jane, (7) ____ parents have never mentioned an Uncle Gordon, is suspicious of the box, (8) _____ she gives to her friend Tony. They go to Scotland Yard and see Inspector Groves, (9) _____ has not heard of the Victoria Station murder, (10) _____ was not reported to the police. Jane gives Inspector Groves the murdered man’s ticket (11) ____ she found beside his body. Then Jane and Tony decide to go to Redhill, (12) ____ was the town (13) ____ the murdered man had come from. On the train they meet a man, (14) ____ face is somehow familiar to Jane, (15) ____ says he knows her Uncle Gordon… EXERCISE 7: Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that best completes each sentence. 1. A myth is a story _____ traditional beliefs. A. that expressing 2. I read ‘The Old man and the Sea’, ____ written by Ernest Hemingway. C. which B. who has a A. a novel 3. “Who is eligible for the scholarship?” “Anyone ____ scholastic” A. has a C. who’s a B. who has a 4. I’ll lend you a book by Mark Twain, ____. A. that is a famous American author C. he is a famous American author 5. They have an apartment ____ the park. A. overlooks 6. “Is April twenty-first the day ____ ?” “No, the twenty-second.” A. you’ll arrive then C. on that you’ll arrive 7. Florida, ____ the Sunshine State, attracts many tourists every year. A. is 8. Pamela’s marriage has been arranged by her family. She is marrying a man ____. A. she hardly knows C. that she hardly knows him 9. People who exercise frequently have greater physical endurance than those ____. A. that doesn’t B. who don’t 10. “Is this the address to ____ you want the package sent?” “Yes”. A. whom 11. Brenda quit her job at the advertising agency, ____ surprised everyone. A. what C. which B. that D. who 12. The missing man’s family is desperately seeking everyone ____ information about his activities or

B. having C. who have D. have

B. who they are interested D. interested

whereabouts. A. has 13. The publishers expect that the new book will be bought by people ____ in environmental conservation. A. are interested C. they are interested 14. I have always wanted to visit Rome, ____ of Italy. A. the capital C. that is the capital B. is the capital D. which the capital is

D. all of whom C. that all of them B. who all of them

C. fresh fish is caught B. that is fresh fish D. fresh fish

D. which we want C. we went to

B. whom I had expected D. I had expected

D. who he is C. who is

B. which I must speak to you about it D. that I must speak to you

15. Annie has three brothers, ____ are pilots. A. who they all 16. Some fish is frozen, but ____ is best. A. fish is fresh 17. The movie ____ last night was terrific. A. we went B. we went to it 18. The problem ____ never occurred. A. I had expected it C. that I had expected it 19. My grandfather, ____ a wise man, has greatly influenced my life. B. that is A. is 20. “Excuse me, but there is something about ____ immediately. A. which I must speak to you C. that I must speak to you about --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TEST FOR UNIT 12

D. team

D. attract B. advance C. appreciate

D. purposes B. aspects C. facilities

D. that B. what C. which

D. to that B. to whom C. about which

D. for coming B. come C. to come

D. hadn’t C. haven’t B. wouldn’t

D. had heard B. will hear C. heard

D. has been seen C. was seen B, has seen

D. enough C. too

D. none C. nothing B. not

D. even though C. so that B. if

B. where I used to live in it. D. I used to live in

B. the company has just hired her D. whom she has just been hired by the

B. No, thanks. D. Yes, here you are.

I. Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that best completes each sentence. 1. Swimming, snorkeling, and scuba are some of the _____ sports. A. athletic C. martial B. aquatic 2. We really ____ all the efforts our athletes have made to win the medals. A. participate 3. The sports officials promised to provide modern ____ for the athletes to train. A. friendship 4. You must apologize for ____ you’ve done! A. whom 5. The clerk _____ I complained didn’t take it seriously. A. whom 6. Do you fancy _____ on a day trip to Bath next Saturday? A. coming 7. “Did you invest in that company?” “Yes, I did. But now I wish I ______ .” A. didn’t 8. Please let me know the moment you _____ any news. A. hear 9. Wendy ____ going to the movies with her boyfriend yesterday evening. A. saw 10. Mr. Robinson is _____ old to continue his teaching career. A. so B. such 11. He didn’t come to the date, ____ did he phone to apologize for not coming. A. nor 12. Mr. Ponce always wears a thick coat ____ the weather is very hot. A. because 13. That’s the house _____ . A. I used to live in it C. which I used to live in it 14. The new employee _____ has got an MBA at a foreign university. A. the company has just hired C. whom the company has just hired her company 15. “Can I get you another drink?” “_________” A. I’m sorry to hear that. C. Don’t mention it. 16. “I hope our team will win the championship this year.” “_______” A. It’s my pleasure B. Oh, what a pity! C. So I will D. So do I.

II. Choose the word whose stress pattern is different from that of the others in each sentence.

1. A. purpose 2. A. knowledge 3. A. athletic 4. A. solidarity B. aspect B. promote B. official B. developing C. event C. compete C. aquatic C. participant D. athlete D. effect D. history D. enthusiasm

III. Choose the underline part in each sentence that needs correction. 1. The leader of the team apologized for not be able to win the competition. A B C D 2. During their five-decades history, the Asian Games have been advancing in all aspects. A B C D 3. The candidate I voted for her lost the election. A B C D 4. The passer-by whom stopped me in the street asked me for directions. A B C D IV. Read the passage and do the exercise below.

The Winter Olympic Games are a multi-sport event held every four years. The first Winter Olympics was held in Chamonix, France, in 1924. The Games were held every four years from 1924 until 1936 when they were interrupted by World War II The Olympics resumed in 1948 and were celebrated every four years until 1992. At that point the governing body for the Olympic Games, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), decided to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four- year cycles in alternating even-numbered years.

C. Italy D. Japan B. Switzerland

C. 1992 B. 1948

The Winter Games have undergone significant changes since their inception. The rise of television as a global medium for communication has enhanced the profile of the Games. It has also created an income stream, via the sale of broadcast rights and advertising, which has become lucrative for the IOC. The Winter Olympics have been hosted on three continents but never in a country in the southern hemisphere. The United States has hosted the Games four times. France has been host three times. Austria, Canada, Italy, Japan, Norway, and Switzerland have hosted the Games twice. In 2014 Sochi will be the first Russian city to host the Winter Olympics. * Choose the correct answer A, B, C, or D. 1. Which of the following countries has not hosted the Winter Olympics so far? A. Australia 2. When did the IOC make a change in the years of celebrating the Summer and Winter Olympics? A. 1936 D. 1924 3. Which of the following is one cause of the Winter Olympics becoming more popular? A. The Winter Olympics becoming lucrative for the IOC B. The growth of television broadcast throughout the world C. The decision of the IOC on separate four-year cycles D. the interruption of the Second World War 4. It can be inferred form the passage that A. there have been no changes to the Winter Olympics since their inception. B. no countries can be the host of the Winter Olympics more than twice. C. the Winter Olympics will never be hosted by Russia. D. the Winter Olympics cannot be hosted by any African country. V. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word given in parentheses. 1. Sporting events are the opportunities for people to improve ____ and develop friendship. (know) 2. Some ____ of FIFA were accused of receiving money gifts to vote for the hosting country. (office) 3. In most sports games, the ____ is much more important than winning or losing. (participate) 4. You need to have a lot of ____ to play this kind of sport. (strong) 5. Most of the students in our school are very ____ about doing volunteer work. (enthusiasm) 6. There is a wide ____ of activities before the opening ceremony of the sporting event. (vary) VI. Finish the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first one. 1. You gave me a very useful present.

The present ………………………….. 2. The Vietnamese athletes took part in this event and played with great enthusiasm. The Vietnamese athletes taking ………………………………………………….. 3. Was the man a friend of yours? You spoke to him this morning. Was the man you ………………………………………………? 4. I am not as good at math as you are. You are ……………………………….. 5. My advice is to report the accident to the police. I think you had ………………………………… 6. I phoned Jessica last of all. Jessica was the …………………………………

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- UNIT 13: HOBBIES

VOCABULARY 1. accompany  accompaniment 2. accomplish  accomplished  accomplishment 3. admire  admiration 4. album 5. avid  avidly  avidity 6. collect  collection  collector 7. common  commonly 8. discard  discarded 9. fish tank 10. give sth away 11. guitarist 12. hobby 13. indulge in  indulgence 14. modest  modesty 15. occupation  occupied  occupy 16. once in a while 17. regular  regularly 18. rice field 19. stamp 20. throw away 21. tune 22. while (v) (n) (v) (adj) (n) (v) (n) (n) (adj) (adv) (n) (v) (n) (n) (adj) (adv) (v) (adj) (n) (v) (n) (n) (v) (n) (adj) (n) (n) (adj) (v) (adv) (adj) (adv) (n) (n) (v) (n) (n) đệm đàn nhạc đệm thành đạt tài hoa; nhiều tài năng sự thành đạt; tài năng thán phục; ngưỡng mộ sự thán phục hoặc ngưỡng mộ tập lưu giữ tem thư hoặc hình ảnh say mê; đầy nhiệt tình một cách say mê sự say mê sưu tầm; thu thập việc sưu tập; bộ sưu tập người sưu tập thông thường; phổ biến thông thường loại bỏ; phế thải bị phế thải hoặc loại bỏ bể cá cho đi người đánh đàn ghi-ta thú tiêu khiển say mê ; nuông chiều sự say mê hoặc nuông chiều khiêm tốn sự khiêm tốn sự chiếm thời gian; nghề nghiệp bận rộn chiếm chỗ hoặc chiếm thời giờ thi thoảng thường xuyên; hợp lệ thường xuyên; đều đặn cánh đồng lúa con tem vứt đi giai điệu một khoảng thời gian

Vocabulary Exercise 1

Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in brackets. 1. I have great _____ for those who fight against poverty and injustice. (admire) 2. _____ exercise will help you feel fresher and fitter. (regularly) 3. Drawing and singing were among her many _____ . (accomplish) 4. My younger brother is a(n) _______ reader of fiction science books. (avidity) 5. Elbow injuries are _______ found among tennis players. (common) 6. By keeping yourself ________ , you will never feel bored with your life. (occupy) 7. She does a lot of work for charities, but her ______ forbids her from talking about it. (modest) 8. Good food is his only ________. (indulge) 9. His songs are often performed with guitar ________ . (accompany) 10. As she doesn’t have to go to work, her main ________ is going shopping. (occupy) Vocabulary Exercise 2

B. in C. up D. away

C. put away B. throw away D. turn out

C. accomplish B. produce D. throw

D. work C. tune

D. occupy C. collect

Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences. 1. They gave ____ all their old books when they moved to another town. A. out 2. Don’t ____ your old clothes! You should sort them out and give them to the poor. A. keep up 3. A lot of families ____ old newspapers for recycling. A. collect 4. The band was playing rather well, but one of the guitars sounded a little out of ____. A. song B. way 5. They went into town and ____ in shopping until the evening A. accomplish B. indulge GRAMMAR

Cleft sentences + Subject focus + Object focus + Adverbial focus

Cleft sentence là cách dùng “it + be + phần nhấn mạnh + mệnh đề quan hệ” để nhấn mạnh. Ví dụ: Cách nói bình thường (Neutral) Cách nói nhấn mạnh (Emphatic)

a). It was Tracy that/ who gave me this book (not Mary). b). It’s The TV program that gives me a headache (not your music). c). It’s English grammar (that) I’m studying (not English vocabulary). d). It was on Friday that Sarah’s husband died (not Thursday or Saturday). a). Tracy gave me this book b). The TV program gives me a headache. c). I’m studying English grammar. d). Sarah’s husband died on Friday.

CHÚ Ý: 1). Trong loại câu Cleft sentences, đại từ “that” thường được dùng nhiều hơn là “who” hoặc “which”. 2). Đại từ “that” có thể làm chủ từ như trong câu (a) và (b); trong trường hợp này câu Cleft sentence được gọi là “Subject focus”. Khi thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người và làm chủ từ trong câu, chúng ta có thể dùng “who” thay vì “that” như trong câu (a). Nhưng khi “that” làm chủ từ thay cho vật, chúng ta thường không thể dùng “which” thay cho “that”. 3). “That” cũng làm túc từ như trong câu (c); trong trường hợp này câu Cleft sentence được gọi là “Object focus”. Lưu ý rằng chúng ta có thể lược bỏ “that” khi nó làm túc từ trong câu. Ví dụ:

- It’s English grammar I’m studying.

4). “That” cũng được dùng thay thế cho cụm- trạng- từ (Adverbial phrases) chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn hoặc mục đích như trong câu (d); trong trường hợp này câu Cleft sentence được gọi là “Adverbial focus”. Lưu ý rằng mặc dù “where” hoặc “when” có thể được dùng, nhưng chúng ta vẫn thường dùng “that” khi thay thế cho cụm-trạng-từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn hoặc mục đích (không thể dùng “why” và “how” trong câu Cleft sentence). Các ví dụ khác: *Subject focus: - It’s speed that causes accidents, not bad roads. - It was Claire that/who phoned you last night. *Object focus: - It was wine that we ordered, not beer. (Or: It was wine we ordered, not beer.) - It’s the manager that I want to see, not the secretary. ( Or: It’s the manager I want to see, not the secretary.) *Adverbial focus: - It was to show her how much I cared for her that I bought her the necklace. (Adverbial phrase of purpose = Cụm-trạng-từ chỉ mục đích) - It was at this corner that the accident happened. (Adverbial phrase of place = Cụm-trạng-từ chỉ nơi chốn) - It’s only in the winter that it gets really cold. (Adverbial phrase of time = Cụm-trạng-từ chỉ thời gian) 5). Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng loại câu Cleft sentence bắt đầu bằng “What” hoặc “All” để nhấn mạnh. Lưu ý rằng “What” có ý nghĩa “The thing that” và “All” có ý nghĩa “The only thing that”, do đó không thể dùng thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người.

Ví dụ: - What I need is your help, not your sympathy. (The thing that I need is your help, not your sympathy.) - What we want is quality, not quantity. (The thing that we want is quality, not quantity.) - All I need is $20. (= I only need $20.) EXERCISES EXERCISE 1: Rewrite the sentences to focus attention on the underlined information using the cleft sentence “it + be + a relative”. 1. J K Rowling wrote Rabbit when she was six years old. It was J K Rowling that / who wrote Rabbit when she was six years old. 2. She worked as an English teacher in Portugal. ………………………………………………………. 3. J K Rowling met and married a Portugal journalist. ………………………………………………………… 4. She had the idea for a Harry Potter book in 1990. ……………………………………………………… 5. Chris Columbus made the first Harry Potter film. ………………………………………………………… 6. Amanda wrote this letter. ……………………………………………………….. 7. The president’s speech spoiled the meeting. ………………………………………………………… 8. Her husband often helps her with the housework. …………………………………………………………. 9. I told you about Kate, not Susan. …………………………………………………………

10. The pop star’s presence saved the party. …………………………………………………………. EXERCISE 2: Quiz champion Claude Jennings is answering some questions. Look at each question and answer and write a sentence with “it + be + a relative clause”. 1. Who invented radio ? - Marconi. It was Marconi who invented radio. 2. When did Columbus sail to America? - In 1492. It was in 1492 ……………………………………. 3. What does Tiger Woods play? - Golf It’s ………………………………………………… 4. Where did the Olympics Games first take place? – In Greece. ……………………………………………………….. 5. Which is nearest the sun, Venus or Mercury? – Mercury. …………………………………………. 6. Who discovered penicillin? – Ian Fleming. ………………………………………………. 7. When was the sandwich invented? – In 1762 ………………………………………………… 8. Where did Napoleon Bonaparte lose his last battle? – In Waterloo ……………………………………………………. 9. Who first set foot on the moon? – Neil Armstrong. …………………………………………………… 10. Where was pasta first produced commercially? - In Italy. …………………………………………………… EXERCISE 3: Rewrite the sentences to focus attention on the underlined information using “it + be+ a relative clause”. 1. Mark’s known for ages that his parents are coming to stay with us this weekend, but he only told me yesterday. Mark’s known for ages that his parents are coming to stay with us this weekend, but it was only yesterday

that he told me. 2. The film was made in Liverpool. It …………………………… 3. ‘Helen bought the car from Tom.’ ‘No, Tom bought the car from Helen.” ‘Helen bought the car from Tom.’ ‘No, …………………………….’ 4. He already plays for the national side, and he turned professional only last year. He already plays for the national side, and ………………………………… 5. Caroline has been feeling a bit depressed for some time, so I booked a holiday in Amsterdam to cheer her up. Caroline has feeling depressed for some time, so …………………………………… 6. I had my wallet when I went into the sports hall, so I lost it somewhere in there. I had my wallet when I went into the sports hall, so …………………………………. 7. She doesn’t find learning languages very easy, and she improved her French only by studying very hard. She doesn’t find learning languages very easy, and ……………………………………. 8. ‘Susan is seriously ill in hospital.’ ‘But I was playing tennis with her only last Saturday’ ‘Susan is seriously ill in hospital.’ ‘But …………………………………………’ 9. ‘Was it by cutting staff that he managed to save the firm? ‘No, he made profitable by improving distribution.’ ‘Was it by cutting staff that he managed to save the firm?’ “No, ………………………..” 10. I don’t mind her criticizing me, but I object to how she does it. I don’t mind her criticizing me, but …………………………….

EXERCISE 4: Complete each space with one of the following relative clauses. Use each clause once only.

that they did and said that he did with his host family who lived near Quito, Ecuador that were different between his host family and himself that they had in common who were like him in their customs and habits that his host family followed

Hiroki is from Japan. When he was sixteen, he spent four months in South America. When he was sixteen, he spent four months in South America. He stayed with a family (1) ……………. . Their way of life was very different from his. At first, many of things (2) ………….. seemed to Hiroki: their eating customs, political views, ways of expressing emotion, work habits, sense of humor, and more. He felt homesick for people (3) …………………

As time went on, Hiroki began to appreciate the way of life (4) ………. Many of things (5) …………. began to feel natural to him. He developed a strong bond of friendship with them. At the beginning of his stay in Ecuador, he had noticed only the things (6) ……. At the end, he appreciated the many things (7) ……… as human beings despite their differences in cultural background.

1. who lived near Quito, Ecuador 2. ……………………………………. 3. …………………………………….. 4. …………………………………….. 5. …………………………………….. 6. ……………………………………… 7. ………………………………………

EXERCISE 5: Complete each space with a relative pronoun.

A fire broke out yesterday afternoon in Mason’s department store in River Street. Nobody knows yet (1) ____ caused it, but it may have been an accident. However, the police are looking for two young men (2) ___ were seen running out of the store shortly before it began. They jumped into a car (3) ___ was waiting for them. A witness (4) ____ was walking past the car at the time says he overheard (5) ____ one of the men said to the driver. ‘I didn’t hear everything but I’m sure one of the words (6) ____ he said was “bomb” or something like that, ‘ the witness told the police.

The police have said they are looking for a young man between 19 and 24 (7) ____ hair is red and (8) ____ was green with two other men in a yellow car (9) _____ was being driven at high speed along River Street at 4.30 p.m. yesterday. Anyone (10) ___ saw him or has information about the other two men should contact the police immediately. (11) ____ you tell the police will be treated confidentially. Luckily the fire (12) ____ began in Mason’s was quickly put out by the fire-fighters (13) ____ arrived at the scene. However, (14) ____ happened at Mason’s yesterday could happen again with results (15) ____ might be far more serious. EXERCISE 6: Complete the second sentence in each pair using the word given in capitals. Do NOT change that word. 1. We don’t know the cause of the fire. CAUSED We have no idea ……………………..the fire. 2. Perhaps a bomb caused the fire. WHAT Perhaps ………………….. was a bomb. 3. The man with red hair may have caused it. WHOSE It may have been caused by …………….. was red.

B. which C. that D. –

B. the doctor gave me D. which given to me by the doctor.

B. whom C. who D. that

D. whom B. what C. who

B. who his tent we borrowed D. whose tent we borrowed

B. which D. what C. that

B. who he had D. that his C. whose

C. in where D. in that B. which

B. a Spanish painter D. that is a Spanish painter

B. When C. What D. That

4. The police want to contact people if they saw him. ANYONE The police want to talk to ………………… him. 5. He jumped into a car waiting in front of the store. WAS The car ……………. waiting in front of the store. 6. The driver of the car had a beard. WAS The man …………….. the car had a beard. 7. Luckily the fire didn’t cause serious damage. VERY Luckily, the damage the …………… serious. 8. Sudden fires often cause very serious damage. IS The damage …………….. often very serious. 9. The thing that happened at Mason’s must be prevented from happening again. WHAT We have to ………….. at Mason’s from happening again. 10. How should people be punished if they start a fire? SOMEONE What should we do with ……………… a fire? 11. If people deliberately start a fire, they should be punished. ANYONE I think ………….. a fire should be punished. 12. Just think if they start a fire and someone is killed. KILLS What if a fire ……………….. someone? EXERCISE 7: Choose the word or phrase (A,B,C or D) that best completes each sentence. 1. My bike, ____ I had left at the gate, had disappeared. A. when 2. The medicine ____ had no effect at all. A. the doctor gave it to me C. which the doctor gave it to me 3. Betsy, ____ couldn’t see the screen, decided to change her seat. A. she 4. Can you see ____ the people in the picture are doing? A. that 5. What was the name of your friend ______________? A. his tent we borrowed C. that his tent we borrowed 6. Was ____ I said a moment ago clear? A. when 7. That voters were overwhelmingly against the candidate ____ proposals called for higher taxes. A. who his 8. The new shopping mall is gigantic. It’s advertised as a place ____ you can find just about anything you might want to buy. A. where 9. I read a book about Picasso, ____. A. is a Spanish painter C. who a Spanish painter is 10. _____ you said a moment ago suggests you didn’t understand my question. A. Who --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TEST FOR UNIT 13

B. successful C. actually D. common

C. accompanied B. practised D. indulged I. Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that best completes each sentence. 1. He took a(n) ____ interest in football. He never missed a match on television. A. avid 2. She sang several songs, ____ by her friend on the piano. A. collected 3. He enjoyed watching the colorful fish swimming in the glass ____.

D. tank B. glove C. album

C. Once B. Some D. One time

B. Thanks to your advice D. Although you had advised me

B. which the movie is based on it D. on which the movie is based

C. for D. until B. when

C. then D. which

D. Not C. Neither

B. Carving D. To carve C. Carve

C. finding D. to find B. found

B. by D. in C. to

B. will be discarded D. will be discarding

C. To reading D. For reading B. Reading

B. Thanks. You too D. There’s no need. Thanks

B. It’s not mine. Sorry D. It’s fishkeeping.

B. envelope B. practise B. alternative B. collector C. regularly C. promise C. alright C. actually D. remain D. favorite D. album D. Britain A. envelope 4. ____ in a while, the whole family went to a restaurant for dinner. A. One 5. ____, I avoided lots of trouble on my trip. A. In spite of your advice C. Because of you advised me 6. In the novel by Rowling, ____ , the main character is a teenager. A. which the movie is based C. on that the movie is based 7. The first time I noticed something wrong was ____ I got home. A. since 8. It was on March 19th, 1876 ____ the first telephone call was made. A. that B. when 9. “I can hardly understand what he’s saying.” “ ____ can I.” A. So B. Either 10. ____ into the side of the mountain are the faces of four men who were United States presidents. A. Carved 11. All of the beautiful descriptions ____ in these books help me create pictures in my mind. A. find 12. He spent every minute of his tree time to indulge ____ his hobby of playing guitar. A. for 13. This old bridge ____ soon. A. will discard C. will have to be discarded 14. ____ novels in bed is one of her hobbies. A. Read 15. “Did you have a good trip?” “____”. A. Yes, not too bad. Thanks C. Thanks. That would be nice 16. “What’s your favorite hobby?” “____” A. Yes, it is C. Not at all. Thanks II. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others in each sentence. 1. A. relative 2. A. admire 3. A. although 4. A. guitar III. Choose the underline part in each sentence that needs correction. 1. My friend, an accomplished guitarist, is now teaching me how playing the guitar. A B C D 2. When I turned the ignition key, the car was starting. A B C D 3. My nextdoor neighbor, who’s job is selling new products, often travels to other towns. A B C D 4. You’d better think very careful before making your final decision.

A B C D IV. Read the passage and do the exercise below.

My hobby is reading. I read story books, magazines, newspapers and any kind of material that I find interesting. This hobby got started when I was a little boy. I had always wanted my parents to read fairy tales and other stories to me. Soon they fed up and tired of having to read to me continually. Therefore, as soon as I could, I learned to read. I started with simple ABC books. Soon I could read simple fairy tales and other stories. Now I read just about anything that is available.

Reading enables me to learn about so many things that I would otherwise not know. I learned about how people lived in bygone days of magic and mystery. I learned about the wonders of the world, space travel, human achievements, gigantic whales, tiny viruses and other fascinating things of our world.

The wonderful thing about reading is that I do not have to learn things the hard way. For example, I do not have to catch a disease to know that it can kill me. I know the danger so I can avoid it. Also I do not have to go deep into the jungle to learn about the tiger. I can read all about it in a book.

Books provide the reader with so much information and facts. They have certainly helped me in my daily life. I am better equipped to cope with living. Otherwise, I would go about ignorantly learning things the hard way. So I continue to read. Besides being more informed about the world, I also spend my time profitably. It is indeed a good hobby. * Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 1. How did the author start to learn to read books? ………………………………………………….. 2. What is the wonderful thing about reading according to the author? ……………………………………………………………………… 3. How can he learn about the tiger without going into the jungle? ……………………………………………………………………. 4. Why does the author say that “reading is indeed a good hobby”? ……………………………………………………………………… V. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word given in parentheses. 1. Organizing the sporting event was one of his remarkable ______ . (accomplish) 2. He ____ went to the club to play chess with his friend as it was his hobby. (regular) 3. He is known for his _____ , an uncommon characteristic for a rich businessman. (modest) 4. His ____ in alcohol resulted in his nervous breakdown. (indulge) 5. Her latest ____ of short stories was received with great enthusiasm.(collect) 6. We are full of ____ for your hard work. (admire) VI. Finish the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first one. 1. Qatar was the country where the 15th Asian Games were held. It was in ………………………………………………………. 2. The first mobile phone were commercially produced in 1983. It was in ……………………………………………………….. 3. The noise of the traffic has driven me crazy. It is …………………………………………… 4. That girl’s mother works in my father’s office. That’s the girl …………………………………. 5. It is essential that this letter be posted today. This letter ………………………………………. 6. Can you give me directions for the Grand Theater? Could you tell me how ……………………………..

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- UNIT 15: SPACE CONQUEST

VOCABULARY

1. approximately 2. astronaut 3. attention 4. congratulate (adv) (n) (n) (v) (n)  congratulation 5. conquer (v) chinh phục khoảng chừng phi hành gia sự chú ý chúc mừng, khen ngợi lời chúc mừng hoặc khen ngợi

(n) (n) (v) cuộc chinh phục phi hành gia đối phó, giải quyết  conquest 6. cosmonaut 7. deal with

8. extreme 9. failure 10. feat 11. flight 12. hero 13. last 14. orbit 15. precise

16. psychology  precisely  psychological 17. react to

18. routine

 reaction  routine 19. satisfaction  satisfy  satisfied with

20. share 21. speed 22. technical 23. telegram 24. temperature 25. tense

26. tragedy

 tension  tragic  tragically 27. uncertain  uncertainty

28. venture 29. view 30. weightless  weightlessness (a) (n) (v) (n) (n) (v) (n, v) (a) (adv) (n) (a) (v) (n) (a) (n) (n) (v) (a) (v) (n) (a) (n) (n) (a) (n) (n) (a) (adv) (a) (n) (n) (v) (a) (n) cực độ thất bại kì công, công trình chuyến bay anh hùng kéo dài quỹ đạo, bay theo quỹ đạo chính xác một cách chính xác tâm lý thuộc về tâm lý phản ứng với sự phản ứng thường lệ việc thường lệ sự thỏa mãn hoặc hài lòng làm thỏa mãn hoặc hài lòng thỏa mãn, hài lòng chia sẻ, dùng chung tốc độ về kĩ thuật điện tín nhiệt độ căng thẳng, hồi hộp sự căng thẳng bi kịch bi thảm một cách bi thảm không chắc chắn sự bất trắc, không chắc chắn sự mạo hiểm xem, quan sát không trọng lực tình trạng không trọng lực

GRAMMAR A. “Can, could, be able to”: 1. “Can”: Chúng ta thường dùng ‘can+ bare infinitive’để diễn tả ‘một việc khả năng xảy ra’ hoặc ‘một người có khả năng làm gì’ trong hiện tại hoặc trong tương lai Ví dụ: I can see you tomorrow afternoon, not tomorrow morning . Chú ý: hình thức phủ định (negative forrm) ‘can’ là ‘can’t’ hoặc ‘cannot’ Ví dụ: I can’t/cannot cook, so we should eat out. Chúng ta cũng dùng ‘can’ với ý nghĩa ‘cho phép hoặc được phép làm gì’ Ví dụ: You can go out if you’ve finished your work 2. “Could” là hình thức quá khứ của ‘can’ thường dùng để nói về khả năng nói chung trong quá khứ. Ví dụ: she could sing very well when she was a child. 3. “Be able to+ infinitive” được dùng để nói rằng ‘một người nào đó có khả năng làm gì’, tương tự như ‘can+bare infinitive’ Ví dụ:Are you able to type 80 words a minute? Chú ý: trong tiếng Anh đàm thoại thông dụng (informal English) người ta tường dùng ‘can’ hơn là ‘be able to’ 4. Tuy nhiên, ‘can’ chỉ có hình thức hiện tại và hình thức quá khứ là ‘could’. Vậy nên trong một số trường hợp chúng ta phải dùng ‘be able to’ khi diễn tả khả năng.

* Diễn tả khả năng với ‘To-infinitive’: It’s difficult to be able to speak English flutently (NOT: it’s difficult English flutently) - His English is not verry good enough to be able to study able to study abroad * diễn tả khả năng sau các động từ khiếm khuyết - You must be able to make yourself understood in English. (NOT: You yourself understood in English) * diễn tả khả năng với thì hiện tại hoàn thành (present perfect); - How long have you been able to drive? (NOT: How long?) Chú ý: khi diễn tả khả năng trong tương lai, chúng ta có thể dùng ‘will be able to’ hoặc ‘can’ Ví dụ: I’ll be able to meet you tomorrow after class. 5. ‘Could’ và ‘was/were able to’: chúng ta có thể dùng ‘could’ hoặc ‘was/were able to’ khi nói về một khả năng tổng quát trong quá khứ. Ví dụ: Lisa could play/ was able to play the piano when she was. Tuy nhiên khi nói về khả năng đối với một hành động xảy ra riêng biệt chỉ một lần (particular

action) trong quá khứ, chúng ta không thể dùng ‘could’ mà chỉ dùng ‘was/were able to’ Ví dụ: The car suddenly caught fine, but they were able to escape from it. (trong trường hợp này, không thể dùng ‘they could escape from it they were able to escape’ đồng nghĩa với’ they manager to escape’ hoặc ‘they succeeded in escaping.) - He was able to get job although he didn’t have enough qualification. (NOT: He could get the job.., ‘he was able to get’ = he succeeded in getting or he managed to get’) Trong câu phủ định và câu hỏi (negative sentence and question), cả hai dùng ‘could’ và

‘was/were able to’ đều có thể được dùng như nhau mà không thay đổi ý nghĩa. Ví dụ: The weather was awful, so I couldn’t go/ wasn’t able to go sailing. Chúng ta cũng thường dùng ‘could’ (hơn là dùng ‘was/were able to’) đối với những động từ

chỉ giác quan (see, hear,…) và những động từ chỉ hoạt động trí tuệ (understand, remember,…) Ví dụ: I could smell something burning when I came into the kitchen. B. Question tags (câu hỏi đuôi): * Quy tắc: Câu phát biểu là khẳng định thì câu hỏi đuôi sẽ là phủ định và ngược lại. Cụ thể:

- Vế đằng trước là (+) thì phần đuôi là (-). Ex: You play the guitar, don’t you ?

- Vế đằng trước là (-) thì phần đuôi là (+). Ex: You didn’t do your homework, did you?

* Ví dụ về câu hỏi đuôi với các thì:

Thì Động từ “To be” Động từ thường

- He is handsome, isn't he? - They like me, don't they? - You aren't studying, are you? Hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn - She doesn't love you, does she? - I am late, aren't I?

- He was reading, wasn't he? - He didn't come here, did he? Quá khứ đơn, quá khứ tiếp

- They weren't surprised, were they? - You came late, did you? diễn

- She will be loved, won't she?

- It won't rain, will it? Thì tương lai đơn

- We shall go out tonight, shan't we?

- He hasn't been here all week, has he? Hiện tại hoàn thành, Hiện tại - They have left, haven't they? hoàn thành tiếp diễn - She has studied well, hasn't she?

- They had been working hard, hadn't they? Quá khứ hoàn thành, Quá

- He hadn't met you before, had he? khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn

* Một số lưu ý quan trọng về cách chuyển đuôi:

1. Ở phần câu hỏi đuôi phủ định, ta bắt buộc phải dùng dạng viết tắt, không được dùng ‘not’.

Ex: You are a student, aren't you? (không dùng “are not you”?

2. Câu hỏi đuôi của “I am” là “aren’t I”.

Ex: I am going to do it again, aren't I?

3. Đối với câu mệnh lệnh, thì câu hỏi đuôi sẽ là “will + you”

Ex: Close the door, will you?

4. Câu giới thiệu dùng “Let’s + V-inf”, câu hỏi đuôi là “shall we”

Ex: Let's go for a picnic, shall we?

Tuy nhiên, Let me do …, will you?

5. Chủ ngữ là "nothing, anything, everything, something ..." thì câu hỏi đuôi dùng "it".

Ex: Everything is ok, isn't it?

6. Chủ ngữ là những đại từ bất định: "everyone, someone, anyone, no one, nobody ...". câu hỏi đuôi

là "they".

Ex: Somebody wanted a drink, didn't they?

7. Trong câu có các trạng từ phủ định và bán phủ định như: "never, seldom, hardly, scarely, little …;

nothing, nobody, no one ... " thì phần hỏi đuôi sẽ ở dạng khẳng định.

Ex: He seldom drinks wine, does he?

You hardly call each other, do you?

8. Chủ ngữ là "this, that", dùng "it" trong câu hỏi đuôi. Chủ ngữ là "these those", dùng

"they" trong câu hỏi đuôi.

Ex: This isn't your bag, is it?

These are 3 oranges, aren't they?

9. Chủ ngữ là mệnh đề danh từ, dùng “it” trong câu hỏi đuôi.

Ex: What you have said is wrong, isn't it?

10. Câu đầu có: "It seems that + mệnh đề", lấy mệnh đề để hình thành câu hỏi đuôi.

Ex: It seems that you are right, aren't you?

11. Câu đầu là "I wish", dùng "may" trong câu hỏi đuôi.

Ex: I wish to study English, may I?

12. Chủ từ là "One", dùng "you" hoặc "one" trong câu hỏi đuôi.

Ex: One can be one's master, can't you/one?

13. Với câu cảm thán, lấy danh từ trong câu đổi thành đại từ và dùng "is, am, are".

Ex: What a beautiful dress, isn't it?

How intelligent you are, aren't you?

14. Câu đầu có "Must" thì câu hỏi đuôi biến đổi như sau

* "Must" chỉ sự cần thiết => dùng "needn't".

Ex: They must study hard, needn't they?

* "Must" chỉ sự cấm đoán => dùng "mustn't"

Ex: You mustn't come late, must you?

15. Câu đầu có: "I + think, believe, suppose, figure, assume, fancy, imagine, reckon, expect, seem,

feel" + mệnh đề phụ, ta lấy mệnh đề phụ làm câu hỏi đuôi.

Ex: I think he will come here, won't he?

I don't believe Mary can do it, can she?

16. Câu đầu dùng "used to", câu hỏi đuôi dùng "didn't ...".

Ex: She used to live here, didn't she?

17. Câu đầu có "had better", ta mượn trợ động từ "had" để lập câu hỏi đuôi.

Ex: He'd better stay, hadn't he?

18. Câu đầu có "would rather", ta mượn trợ động từ "would" để lập câu hỏi đuôi

Ex: You'd rather go, wouldn't you?

EXERCISES UNIT 15

I. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in brackets: 1. Passengers are requested to check in two hours before the ____________. (fly) 2. You could feel the ______________ in the room as the students were waiting for their exam results. (tense) 3. All I can say now is “__________________ on your exam results!” (Congratulate) 4. This book tells you about the Spanish ______________ in South America. (conquer) 5. Another crop _______________ could result in widespread famine. (fail) 6. Life is full of _________________ .(certain) 7. Her sickness is more ____________________ than physical. (psychology) 8. There has been a mixed _____________ to the appointment of the new director. (react) 9. _______________, most of the villagers were killed by the tsunami. (Tragedy) 10. Astronauts have to work in __________________ conditions. (weight) II. Complete the sentences using “can” or “could” where possible. If “can” or “could” is not possible, use a form of “be able to”:

1. Nam has been living in England for a year. He ___________ speak English very well now. 2. I won’t ______________ complete the report by Friday. 3. When I was younger, I _______________ run ten kilometers every morning. 4. You’ll _________________ find a job easily when you finish university. 5. It was very dark but we ________________ see a figure moving in front. 6. How long has Lisa ______________ play the violin? III. Put a question tag at the end of each sentence. (Sometimes more than one answer is possible): 1. You don’t like this program, ____________? 2. Your mom isn’t at work today, _____________? 3. I’m too impatient, ____________? 4. I shouldn’t have lost my temper, _____________? 5. Lynne speaks French and German, _____________? 6. That was a good movie, ____________? 7. You’ve never come to class late, __________? 8. You’d like something to drink, ____________? 9. Everybody can answer this question, ___________? 10. Don’t ask me any more questions, ______________?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TEST FOR UNIT 15

I. PRONUNCIATION Choose the word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from that of the others. 1. A. foot C. look 2. A. gravity C. biography 3. A. technical C. psychology B. moon B. aspiration B. conquest D. would D. possible D. launched

Choose the word that has the main stress placed differently from that of the others. 4. A. scientist 5. A. conquest B. president B. venture C. engineer C. technical D. astronaut D. artificial

II. LANGUAGE FOCUS A. Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best completes the sentence or substitutes for the underlined word or phrase.

6. Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon ______ 20 July 1969. D. of C. on A. in B. at 7. She is never satisfied ______ what she's got. B. with C. for D. in . A. to 8. In 1961 Yuri Gagarin lifted ______ into space aboard the Vostok 1. B. up C. on D. Ø A. off 9. After landing, the team members were greeted like ______ heroes. A. conquer C. conqueror D. conquest B. conquering 10. No one knew precisely what would happen to a human being in space. A. exactly C. carefully B. clearly D. vividly 11. Neil Armstrong, an American ______, was the first man to step on the moon's surface. A. scientist B. cosmonaut C. astronaut D. astronomer 12. The 27-year-old Soviet cosmonaut became the first person to eat and drink in ______. A. weight B. weighting C. weightless D. weightlessness 13. About 100 Russian satellites are ___________ the earth. A. flying B. orbiting C. traveling D. circuiting 14. Many people are demonstrating to express their ______ with the new land law. A. satisfied B. satisfactory C. satisfaction D. dissatisfaction 15. The astronauts were able to send the information back to the earth.

A. spaceships B. space stations C. spacemen D. space shots

B. Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best completes the sentence. 16. No one is better cook than his mother, ______? A. is she B. isn't she C. are they D. aren’t they

17. Do it right now, ______? A. will you B. shall you C. do you D. don't you 18. There are no easy ways to learn a foreign language, ______? A. are they B. are there C. aren't they D. aren't there

19. He seldom goes to the library, ______? A. doesn’t he C. does he D. isn’t he B. is he 20. Let's go for a long walk, ______? A. will we B. shall we C. don't you D. do you

21. I'd lost my key, so I ______ the door when I got home. A. could lock C. couldn't unlock B. wasn't able to lock D. was able to unlock 22. When Mr. Lee was younger, he ______ work in the garden for hours. A. has got to B. should be able to C. can D. could 23. Yesterday I ______ to a furniture store. I bought a new lamp there. A. could go B. could have gone C. went D. ought to have gone 24. Do you think there ______ less conflict in the world if all people ______ the same language?

A. would be/ spoke C. were/ spoke B. were/ would speak D. would have been/ had spoken 25. Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system, ______ eleven times the size of the earth. A. being B. has C. is D. having C. Choose the word or phrase - A, B, C or D -that needs correcting.

D A B C

26. After the stock market crash of 1929, less people were able to find employment. 27. The average temperature on Mars, the fourth planet from the sun, is A B C about eighty degrees than colder on Earth. D 28. Halley's comet was named of the astronomer Edmund Halley, who was the first to realize that some comets appear in regular cycles. B C D 29. A number of people still wants to apply for the position of accountant in that company. A B C D 30. If I were a little taller I could be astronaut, but I don't meet the height requirement. A B C D

III. READING A. Fill in each blank space with one appropriate from the box.

manned seriously affected space radiation groundless weightlessness harmless journey flown appeared effects

Before man had (31) ______ in space it was thought that his physical and mental capabilities might be

(32) ______ by long periods of (33) ______, and that he might be endangered by high levels of (34) ______. Yuri Gagariri's first (35) ______flight in April 1961 showed that man could live in space and, although this (36) ______ only lasted for 108 minutes, it gave encouragement to those interested in the future of (37) ______ space flight. In fact most of the early fears about man's health in space have proved (38) ______,

and although several odd medical (39) ______ have been observed, none has (40) ______ affected man's ability for useful work.

B. Read the passage carefully, then decide whether the following statements are true (1) or false IF).

Throughout history there have been many great explorers. Have you, for example, heard of Marco Polo, the famous Italian traveler? He was the first European to travel to China. He arrived in China in the late 13th century. About 200 years later, Christopher Columbus sailed from Spain by ship. He was looking for a new way to reach India. However, as you probably know, he didn't reach India. He landed in America. Five hundred years after Columbus in the' 1930s a famous explorer named Richard Byrd was one of the first persons to fly over both the North and the South Poles. Today we continue to explore this world and are studying to explore other worlds, too. In the 1930s Russian and American scientists sent many unmanned spacecraft to the moon. These spacecraft sent back very valuable information about the moon. Then on July 16th 1969 the first manned spaceship to the moon left earth. On that day Apollo 11 blasted off with three American astronauts on board. Four days after blast-off, two of these astronauts landed on the moon. They later explored the surface of the moon. About two days after landing on the moon, they started back to the earth. They arrived safely back on earth a few days later. Today we are sending unmanned spacecraft to other planets. In the future, we might walk on Mars or Venus the way we did on the moon. We might even travel to other galaxies. Who knows? One thing we know for sure is that we will continue to explore this world and other worlds, too. 41. Marco Polo traveled from England to China in the late 13th century. 42. While he was looking for India, Christopher Columbus reached America. 43. In the 19thcentury Richard Byrd flew over both the North and the South Poles. 44. Unmanned spacecraft went to the ,moon before manned spacecraft did. 45. Apollo 11 was the first manned spaceship to go to the moon. 46. Apollo 11 was damaged in the blast. 47. All of the American astronauts on the spaceship landed on and explored the surface of the moon. 48. Today we are sending spacecraft with astronauts on board to other planets.

IV. WRITING Choose the phrase that best completes the sentence.

B. but poetry also prose D. and also poetry and prose

B. The Earth is D. Being the Earth

49. ______ by meteorites whose impact formed craters of all size. A. The surface of the moon was shaped B. The moon whose surface shaped C. The surface of the shaped moon D. The surface was forming the shape of the moon 50. Many craters on the earth's surface were probably formed by very large meteorites ______. A. when smashed into the ground was an explosion B. which smashed into the ground and an explosion C. smashing into the ground and exploding D. they smashed into the ground and exploded 51.Throughout history, the moon has inspired not only song and dance ______. A. but poetry and prose as well C. together with poetry and prose 52. Claudius Ptolemy, ______ of the first century A.D., left a good description of the geocentric theory. A. he was an astronomer and a philosopher B. being an astronomer and a philosopher C. an astronomer and who was a philosopher D. who was an astronomer and a philosopher 53. ______ the fifth largest among the nine planets that make up our solar system. A. The Earth being C. That the Earth is 54. If my aunt had not fallen down yesterday, ______. A. her legs would not be hurting now

B. she can walk normally now C. she does not have to go on crutches now D. she would not have been painful now 55. Glass that has been tempered may be up to ______. A. as hard as ordinary glass five times B. five times as hard as ordinary glass C. hard as ordinary glass five times D. ordinary glass as hard as five times

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- UNIT 16: THE WONDERS OF THE WORLD

VOCABULARY

1. base 2. belongings 3. block of stone 4. burial

5. consist of 6. enclose 7. huge 8. involve 9. journey 10. mysterious

11. pharaoh 12. proceed 13. process 14. proposal

 mysteriously  mystery  propose 15. protect  protection

16. pyramid 17. ramp 18. rank 19. region 20. serve 21. site 22. spiral 23. straight 24. structure 25. surpass 26. theoretical

 theoretically  theory 27. tomb 28. transport

 transport  transportation

 burial chamber  bury 29. treasure 30. wonder (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (v) (v) (v) (a) (v) (n) (a) (adv) (n) (n) (v) (n) (a) (v) (v) (n) (n) (n) (v, n) (n) (v) (n) (n, a) (a, adv) (n) (v) (a) (adv) (n) (n) (v) (n) (n) (n) (n) nền móng, chân đế vật dụng cá nhân, vật sở hữ khối đá việc an táng phòng mai táng chôn cất, mai táng gồm có bao quanh khổng lồ liên quan, dính líu cuộc hành trình bí ẩn một cách bí ẩn điều bí ẩn, sự huyền bí vua Ai Cập cổ tiến hành, tiến tới tiến trình, quá trình lời đề nghị đề nghị bảo vệ, che chở sự bảo vệ hoặc che chở kim tự tháp đoạn đường dốc xếp hạng, thứ hạng hoặc cấp bậc vùng, khu vực phục vụ địa điểm lò xo, hình xoắn ốc thẳng cấu trúc, công trình xây dựng vượt trội về lý thuyết về mặt lý thuyết lý thuyết ngôi mộ vận chuyển, chuyên chở sự vận chuyển sự vận chuyển kho tàng kì quan

GRAMMAR * Reporting with passive verbs: “ It is said that …”; “ He is said to ….” (Câu tường thuật bị động:“ It is said that …”; “ He is said to ….” ) (Người ta nói/ đồn/ ….. rằng…..): Để chuyển từ câu chủ động với động từ tường thuật sang câu bị động, ta có 2 cách sau: - Active (chủ động):

S2 V2 O2 People (they)/ S1 + say (s)/ động từ tường thuật (hiện tại đơn) + that

=> Passive (bị động):

Cách 1: It + is + said/ động từ tường thuật ở dạng V3/ed + that + S2 V2 O2

Cách 2: S2 + is/ are O2

+ said/ động từ tường thuật ở dạng V3/ed to-inf (to V1) (nếu câu đề bài có V2 (s/es/am/is/are/ tương lai)) + that + to have + V3/ed (nếu câu đề bài có V2 (was/ were/2/ed/quá khứ/ hiện tại hoàn thành))

* Một số động từ tường thuật thường được dùng với hai cấu trúc này: say, think, believe, consider, understand, know, report, expect, allege, claim, …. Ex1: - Active (chủ động): People say that he is intelligent. => Passive (bị động): Cách 1: It is said that he is intelligent. Cách 2: He is said to be intelligent. Ex2: - Active (chủ động): They think that he has passed the final exam with the best result. => Passive (bị động): Cách 1: It is thought that he has passed the final exam with the best result. Cách 2: He is thought to have passed the final exam with the best result. * Chú ý: - Chúng ta có thể dùng “Subject + Passive verb + to be doing”: khi diễn tả hành động đang diễn tiến (continuous verbs) Ví dụ: (People think that they are traveling in Africa.) It is thought that they are traveling in Africa. They are thought to be traveling in Africa. - Khi diễn tả hành động xảy ra trước khi người ta nói, chúng ta dùng “Perfect infinitive”: to have + past participle” Ví du: (People say that Freddie was in the army.) Freddie is said to have been in the army. (“Freddie was in the army” đã xảy ra trước khi “people say”) - “Be supposed to” cũng có thể được dùng với ý nghĩa tương tự như “be said to”. Ví dụ: The man is supposed to have been married before. (= That man is said to have been married before.) Ngoài ra, “be supposed to” cũng diễn tả việc làm hoặc hành động đưc dự định và chờ đợi.

Ví dụ: I must leave now. I’m supposed to meet the bank manager at 8.30. (= I have arranged to meet the bank manager at 8.30.) - Chúng ta cũng thường dùng “not be supposed to” để nói người nào không nên làm hoặc không được phép làm điều gì. Ví dụ : You’re not supposed to smoke here. (= You’re not allowed to smoke here.) EXERCISES UNIT 16

I. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in brackets: 1. She wondered who had sent her the ___________________ email. (mystery) 2. ________________, it is possible for him to achieve his goal in life. (Theory) 3. His ______________ that the workers should be given a pay rise was rejected. (propose) 4. The company is providing free ____________ to the city center from the airport. (transport) 5. These clothes can provide good ____________ against the wind and the sun while you are at the sea. (protect) 6. Passengers are reminded to take all their personal _____________ with them when they leave the plane. (belong)

7. Last month, my family went back to my hometown for my grandfather’s ______________. (bury) 8. __________________, the light came on although no one was near the switch. (Mystery) 9. His latest book is about the ______________ and practice of teaching high school students. (theoretical) 10. The finally decided not to ______________ with their plan. (process)

II. Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meaning:

1. People know that cars pollute the environment. → It____________________________________________________________________ → Cars _________________________________________________________________ 2. People believe that the robber has broken into the bank. → It____________________________________________________________________ → The robber____________________________________________________________ 3. Many people believe that she is a hot girl. → It____________________________________________________________________ → She __________________________________________________________________ 4. They think that the president will arrive soon. → It____________________________________________________________________ → The president __________________________________________________________ 5. They say that he has passed the final exam with the best result. → It____________________________________________________________________ → He is _________________________________________________________________ 6. People say that he has been all over the world. → It____________________________________________________________________ → He __________________________________________________________________ 7. People believe that Omachi is from Quang Nam. → It___________________________________________________________________ →Omachi______________________________________________________________ 8. They think that Danny can clean the floor. → It___________________________________________________________________ →Danny_______________________________________________________________ 9. People think that Tom has been punished by the teacher. → It___________________________________________________________________

→Tom_________________________________________________________________ → 10. They think Benam will attend the party. → It___________________________________________________________________ → Benam_______________________________________________________________

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TEST FOR UNIT 16 I. PRONUNCIATION

Choose the word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from that of the others. 1. A. world 2. A. pyramid 3. A. weather B. wonder B. spiral B. treasure D. proceed D. recycle D. jealous C. theory C. private C. great

Choose the word that has the main stress is placed differently from that of the others.

4. A. wonder 5. A. surpass B. pyramid B. spiral C. treasure C. propose D. belongings D. mysterious

II. LANGUAGE FOCUS A. Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best completes the sentence or substitutes for the underlined word or phrase.

6. The structure consisted ______ approximately 2 million blocks of stone, B. with A. on C. of D. in 7. The Great Pyramid ranked ______ the tallest structure on earth for more than 43 centuries. A. in B. of C. at

B. from A. for C. of D. as 8. The purpose of the pyramid was to protect the burial chamber ______ the weather. D. in 9. The Great Pyramid of Giza is one of the, famous man-made wonders of the world. A. artificial C. modern D. eternal B. natural 10. The Great Pyramid was only ______ in height in the nineteenth century AD. A. proposed B. promoted C. improved D. surpassed

11. There are rumors of buried ______ in that old house. A. belongings B. tomb D. chamber

C. treasure 12. Each tower of the Ponagar Towers was ______ to a different god. C. delivered B. distributed A. dedicated D. contributed 13. The Great Wall is China's most popular ______. A. construction C. impression B. attraction D. contribution 14. A visit to the Great Wall will certainly bring tourists great ______ in each step of the wall. A. excite B. exciting C. excitement D. excited 15. The Great Wall of China is considered one of the greatest wonders in the world ______ its magnificence and significance. A. in spite of C. instead of D. thanks to

B. because B. Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best completes the sentence. 16. The current constitutional problem is ______ by the top legal minds in the country. A. studying B. being studied C. being studying D. been studied 17. It was announced that neither the passengers nor the driver ______ in the crash. A. were injured B. are injured C. was injured D. have been injured 18. If it keeps on raining, the basketball game ought ______. A. to postpone B. to be postponed C. postpone D. be postponed

19. The first question must ______ before you attempt the others. A. be answered B. have answered C. answer

D. to answer 20. The manager expected the team ______ because they hadn't done enough training. A. to be lost C. by losing B. have lost D. to lose

21. The floor in the room was so dirty as if it ______ for days.

A. hadn't swept C. haven't been swept B. wouldn't have swept D. hadn't been swept 22. What's wrong with your car? ~ I think it needs ______. A. check B. checking C. to check D. be checked

23. I think you should ______. A. have your hair be cut C. cut your hair B. have your hair cut D. have your hair been cut

A. equip with C. be equipped with D. be equipped by 24. Both domestic and imported automobikes must ______ anti-pollution devices. B. equip by 25. ______ that we have to leave the building.

A. We have informed C. It has beep informed us B. It has been informed D. We have been informed

C. Choose the word or phrase - A, B, C or D - that needs correcting. 26. They are planning on attending the convention next month, and so I am. A B C D 27. Financier Andrew Mellon donated (A) most of this magnificent (B) art collection (C) to the National Gallery of Art, where it is now locating (D). 28. Because of its (A) vast tracts of virtually (B) uninhabited northern forest, Canada has one of the lowest (C) population density (D) in the world. 29. Some of the (A) people were standing (B) the street watched (C) the parade, while others (D) were singing songs. 30. As soon as Pete had arrived (A) , he told us that he will be leaving (B) for London tomorrow (C) after the board (D) meeting. III. READING A. Fill in each blank space with one appropriate from the box.

visible network conservative Astronauts monument structure discernible designated measured dispelled

The Great Wall is probably China's best-known (31) ______ and one of its mast popular tourist destinations. In 1987 it was (32) ______ a World Heritage Site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The Great Wall is not a single, continuous (33) ______. Rather, it consists of a (34) ______ of walls and towers that leaves the frontier open in places. Estimates of the total length of the monument vary, depending on which sections are included and haw they are (35) ______. The Great Wall is about 2,400 km (about 1,500 mi) long, according to (36) ______ estimates. Other estimates cite a length .of 6,400 km (4,000 mi), or even longer. Some long-standing myths about the wall have been (37) ______ in recent decades. The existing wall is hat several thousand years old, nor is it, as has been widely asserted, (38) ______ with the naked eye from outer space. ((39) ______ have confirmed this. However, same of the wall is (40) ______ in special radar images taken by satellites.)

B. Read the passage carefully, then choose the correct answer.

The ruined temples of Angkor are perhaps one of the mast impressive Seven Wonders of the World. Located in modern day Cambodia near Lake TonIe Sap, the largest freshwater lake in Asia, Angkor was the seat of power for the Khmer Empire from the ninth to the fifteenth century. The ruins of Angkor are d9cumented as same .of the mast impressive ones in the world, rivaling the pyramids of Giza in Egypt. Why this mighty civilization died out is a question that archeologists are now only beginning to ponder. The answer, it turns out, may be linked with the availability of fresh water.

One possible explanation far the downfall of the Khmer Empire has to do with the inhabitants' irrigation system. The temple and palaces of Angkor were constructed around a series of artificial reservoirs and canals which were annually flooded to capacity by the Mekong River. Once filled, they were used to irrigate the surrounding rice patties and farmland during the course of the year. Farmers were completely dependent upon the water for their crucial rice crop. Without consistent irrigation, the farmers would have been unable to maintain functional crop production.

B. contamination of soil D. loss of water supply

B. many theories D. there have been many theories.

B. energy derived from light D. from light, and energy derived' Scientists speculate that toward the end of the Khmer Empire the hydraulic systems of the reservoirs and canals broke down. The construction of hundreds of sandstone temples and palaces required an enormous amount of physical labor. In addition, as the capital of the Khmer Empire, Angkor contained upwards of one hundred thousand people who resided in and around Angkor. In order to feed so many people, the local farmers were driven to grow food quicker and more efficiently. After centuries of continual use, the irrigation system was pushed beyond its capacity. Soil erosion, nutrient depletion, and the loss of water led to decrease in the food supply. With less food available, the people of Angkor slowly began to migrate to other parts of Cambodia thus leaving the marvelous city of Angkor to be swallowed by the jungle. Therefore, it is speculated that the Khmer Empire may have fallen victim to its own decrepit infrastructure. 41. What is the passage mainly about? A. Modern day agricultural procedures in Cambodia. B. A possible explanation for the, decline of a civilization. C. The essential role water plays in farming. D. Religious temples of the ancient Khmer Empire. 42. The passage preceding the passage most likely discusses ______. A. architecture of ancient Asian civilization B. religious practices of the people of Angkor C. the form of government practiced by the Khmer Empire D. the other six wonders of the world 43. According to the passage, Lake Tonle Sap in Cambodia ______. A. is an enormous fresh body of water in Asia B. was unable to supply enough fish for the people of Angkor C. became polluted due to a population explosion D. is one of the Seven Wonders of the World 44. Why does the author mention the hydraulic systems of the reservoirs? A. They supplied irrigation from the Indian Ocean. B. They became non-functional due to overuse. C. They were destroyed by nearby warrior tribes. D. They helped transport the sandstones for constructing temples. 45. It can be inferred from the passage that the inhabitants of the Khmer Empire ______. A. were intentionally starved by the farmers B. lost their food source due to excess rainfall C. supplemented their diets with 'meat hunted in the nearby jungles D. depended upon rice as their main source of food 46. All the following are mentioned as events that can affect food supply EXCEPT. A. erosion of soil C. reduction of nutrients IV. WRITING From the four words or phrases- a, b, c or d – choose the one that best completes the sentence. 47. Over the centuries, ______ that try to explain the origins of the university. A. although many theories C. have many theories been 48. Green plants combine ______ with water and carbon dioxide to make food. A. energy derived it from light C. energy is derived from light 49. To plant rice, farmers, ______, set young plants in the mud.

A. they wade with bare feet in the water B. water wading in their bare feet C. whose bare feet wading in the water D. wading in the water in their bare feet 50. Only by reproducing at a tremendous rate ______ to survive in the sea. A. many plant and animal species manage B. do many plant and animal species manage C. manage many plant and animal species D. plant and animal species manage many ------ THE END -------

Tài liệu ôn tập môn Tiếng Anh lớp 11 năm 2021-2022 - Trường THPT Đào Sơn Tây

Tài liệu Kiến thức cơ bản Tiếng Anh 11

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