TIM HIEU NGHE THUAT X U NG HO TRONG QUAN TRUNG Tif MENH TAP CUA NGUYEN TRAI
PHAM VAN DUNG (•)
Nguyin Trai (1380-1442) kh6ng chi
cac tudng ta nha Minh, d6i tugng kha uyen tham ve Han hpc, th6ng kinh bac su. Chinh vi vay, de thuyet phye d6i phucmg, ngoai y chi, tu tudng, sy mim tri phi thudng, tac gia rat can den mpt v6n Han hpc phong phii. Dieu do trudc het the hien d kha nang hanh van uyen chuyen, sac sao thong qua v6n tu vung phong phli, sy van dyn^ cac cau tnic ngft phap nhuan nhuyen, thuan thyc.
n6i len trong lich su dan tpc vdi tu each mpt nha chinh tri, nha quan sy, nha ngoai giao kiet xuat, dugc UNESCO xep vao hang danh nhan van hoa the gidi. Nhac den 6ng la con phai nhac den ve dep lap lanh eua anh "khue tao", cua tai nang van chuong toa sang tren nhieu the loai: tha (ca phan chft Nom va phan chft Han), van hanh chinh (cac ban eao, chieu, bieu...), dia ly (Du dia ehi), va d ca mpt the loai kha ty do la thu tu (Qudn trung tic menh tap).
Qudn trung tic menh tap ehu yeu la tap hgp nhung buc thu dugc Nguyen Trai viet nham thuong thuyet gifta quan ta va quan dich nen hien nhien ham chua trong do rat nhieu nhiing each xung ho gifta ta vdi d6i phuang^'\
1. He thong dai tiir nhan ximg De minh chung phan nao ve tai nang do, chung t6i tap hgp nhung thu tu, menh dy trao d6i gifta nha Le va nha Minh trong thdi gian khdi nghTa qua van ban Qudn trung tic menh tap. trong Qudn trung tie minh tap:
Theo Lim Canh N6ng trong Hdn ngit vdn ngdn ngit phdp: Dai tu la tu dimg de thay the danh tu, dpng tu, hinh dung tu hay si tu (...). Thay thi danh xung cho ngudi hoac vat la "dai tu danh xung", thay the ty xung nhu -i- ngd, ^
Mgt an tugng rat manh doi vdi ehiing ta khi dgc Qudn trung tic menh tap chinh la site thuyet phyc cua moi buc thu. Do la nhung don can nao ben bi va manh me gop phan danh thang giac tren mat tran ngoai giao. Vay lam nen sue thuyit phyc iy la gi? Nhu chiing ta da biit, dii tugng ma cac buc thu hudng tdi d day chu yiu la
(*) ThS. Tmong DH KHXH va Nhan van, HN.
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TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 1 (104) - 2011
PHAIVI VAN DUNG
Neu -i- ngd va ^ ngd ding thdi xuat hien trong mpt cau, khi ^ ngd dung lam tan ngft, -i- ngd se lam chu ngft, khi ^ ngd lam dinh ngft, ^ ngd se lam chii ngft, hai cai d6 co sy phan cong lan nhau. Tuy nhien trong cau phu dinh, -i- ngd co the dung lam tan ngft. ik nhit thudng dung lam chu ngft va tan ngft, ciing co the lam dinh ngft. M nhT ciing vay. 75 ndi chi dimg lam dinh ngft vao thdi Chu Tan, den ddi Han co the lam chu ngu, nhung tuyet doi kh6ng lam tan ngft. .SL ehi ehi lam tan ngu, i ky noi chung dung lam dinh ngft [2: tr.207 - tr.209].
Khao ve chuc nang ngft phap cua dai tu nhan xung, ehiing ta thay trong Qudn trung tic menh tap, "^ du chi dam nhiem chuc nang chu ngft trong cau. Vi dy:
1^ M A ^ i^ Jt , it ^ ^
lib [7: tr.214] Die vdn nhdn hOu nam bdc, dgo vd bi thic: Ta nghe noi: Ngudi con co ke nam ngudi bac, nhung dao thi chang the nay the khac.
il ehi lu6n lam tan ngft:
^ Vi dy: ik % His, X J^ ^ ^ ^ [7: tr.l91] Phue vgng liet vi dgi nhdn sdt nhi huu chi: Ciii mong cac ngai xet r5 ma lugng thu cho. ngd, -^ du, ^ du; thay d6i xung nhu >Jc nhit, M nhi, ^ nhugc, lb ndi; thay the tha xung nhu -i ehi, A ky, '4.. hi, A phu [1: tr.55]. Qua thong ke, chiing t6i thiy cac loai dai tu nhan xung trong Qudn trung tit menh tap cung phong phii kh6ng kem (Dai tu thay the ty xung gom co: % ngd, ^ ngd., '^ du, ^ ^ ngd ddng, ^ md', thay the doi xung gom co: ^ nhi, 1 ^^ nhT ddng, ^ J^ nhT ehung, ji" nhit, }ji:^ nhit ddng, 75 ndi; thay the tha xung g6m c6: .2L chi, ^ ky, ^ bi), vdi t6ng s6 lan xuat hien la 297 lan tren t6ng s6 19419 chft cua cac van kien, chiem 1,52%. Trong do, ^ ngd la dai tu nhan xung chiem s6 lugng nhieu nhat (118/297 lin, chiim 39,73%), thu din la % ky (52 lin/297 lin, chiim 17,5%), rii den ^ nhT (39 lan/297 lan, chiem 13,13%); %• ngd (28 lin/297 lin, chiim 9,42%,); 1^ Jif (16 lin/297 lin, chiim 5,38%); n^ nhT ddng (11 lin/297 lin, chiim 3,7%), ^k nhit (7 lin/297 lin, chiim 2,35%); ^ bi (6 lin/297, chiim 2,02%); :z, chi va ^ J? nhT ehiing (diu xuat hien 5 lan/297 lin, chiim 1,68%)); ^ ^ ngd ddng va 75 ndi (deu xuit hien 4 lin/297 lin, chiim 1,34%); ^ md xa }k^ nhic ddng chiem s6 lugng ft nhit (1 lin/297 lin, chiim 0,33%). 75 ndi chi dam nhiem vai tro dinh ngft:
Vi dy: 75 ?IL 75 5C i& M M *i "M [7: tr.246] Ndi td niii phu ndng thdu thdnh hieu thudn: Ong cha cac nguai da het long gang sue.
Ve chuc nang ngft phap cua dai tu nhan xung, theo Hdn ngic sic, dai tu nhan xung giai doan thugng c6 co sy phan c6ng ve chuc nang ro rang: -^ du ,^ du (chi khac nhau vi hinh thuc viit) chu yiu dung lam chu ngft va tan ngft, rit it diing lam dinh ngft. -# ngo chu yiu lam chu ngu va dinh ngft, rit it dung lam tan ngft. ^ ngd vua dung lam chu ngft va tan ngft, vua co thi dung lam dinh ngft. •i- ngd, ^ ngd, Wi nhT, }k nhit, ^ ky dam nhiem ca 3 chuc nang chu ngft, tan ngft, dinh ngft, trong do ^ ky lam dinh ngft nhiiu nhit, -i- ngd, ^ ngd, ^ nhT, jic nhit lam chu ngft va dinh ngft nhieu ban.
TIM HI£U NGHE THUAT XU^NG HO TRONG QUAN TRUNG Tif MENH TAP ...
huu dd...: Niu cac nguai cho la thanh cao hao sau, luong thyc lai nhieu...
Vi du: - -i- ngd lam chii ngft: J- ^h M ^-i: ^ a ^t. .S Jf -i ^-^ [7: tr.239] Ngd khung nhT chi sT tdt nhdt dg tu qui ehi thiet: Ta e sT tit cua cac 6ng ngay dem thiit tha mong vi.
- # ngd lam dinh ngu: ^ #^ ^
^ R, ?^ J-X # ^ [7: tr.228] Cdnh khi cudng ngo ddn, du dTphi nghTa: The ma lai con mu6n lua d6i dan nudc toi, dy d6 nhftng dieu phi nghTa. - ik nhit lam dinh ngft: fit ^ ^ Be. tb ^ # ^ ^^2 8E, I'J ^ifLik^myi ^ "f f^... [7: tr.216] NhT ddng nhugc ndng xudt thdnh die ngd hda thdn, tde ngd thi nhit nghTa do huynh de cdt nhue...: Neu cac nguai biet keo quan ra thanh, cung ta hoa hao than tinh, thi ta coi cac nguai nghTa nhu anh em rupt thit... - ^ ngd lam chii ngft: -^ # ^X {— m^ - % ky lam dinh ngft: "^ ^ K ^A
[7: tr.l90] k^'A,i-<^%t^ Ngd dice dT nhdn nghTa ehi dgo, tan tdm kinh su trieu dinh: T6i cung lay dao nhan nghTa, het long kfnh thd trieu dinh.
- ^ ngd lam dinh ngu: ^ % ^ W[ , ':L •% Z.-^^ i^ Mi % ^ m [7: tr.202] Kim dgi nhdn dT phu mdu ehi tdm nhi khi ky tic da?: Nay ngai vdi tam long cua cha me ma lai nd lua d6i con cai minh u?
fel ^,P >L e. ifc ^ ^f H ^ Fi i [7: tr.l87] De ngu Ddng Quan, vdn tri huynh dT xudt thdnh bdi kien ngd Trdn ehii: De d D6ng Quan, nghe tin huynh da ra cua thanh bai kien Tran chiia chiing t6i.
^'St - M nhT lam chit ngft:
t^ mi. n ^ H'J E $!; ^ # A y-A ik # #, # ^4 ^ i^ ? ^ -tiL [7: tr.l81] NhT kim due chiin, tde nghi lgc binh tuang cdng dT quyet thu hung, vd do khd luang qudn vi dd: Nay bgn nguai muon danh thi hay tien quan giao chien, de quyet song mai, chd lam kh6 cho quan sT hai nudc nfta.
- W nhT lam dinh ngft: iL ^ fe W i l K 4 ^ l ^ > X t i # ^ - ;f t . .. [7: tr.216] Thd ngd quan nhT qude ehi kim npi dT tieu tudng ehi thdm j/w...: Va lai ta xem d nudc cac nguai, hien nay ben trong lo mii hga cung dinh...
- ik nhit lam chu ngu: iic ^
if A^ i% viL •;? , « ^ 5C ^ ... [7: tr216] Nhic nhugc vi thdnh eao tri thdm, luang thue Cach bieu thi s6 nhieu c6 khi kh6ng phan biet gifta s6 don va s6 phuc, cung CO khi the hien bang cac tiep t6 bieu thi s6 nhieu thudng la ^ ddng (Vi du: ^ ft ^ 75 «t S] =^ J: fH >x ^x. ^ ^, 1. T- if ^ [7: tr.216] Nhi nhT ddng ndi due ed thu hu nghi dT thii thue hga, khdi bdt mau tai? The ma cac nguai lai con muon CO gift ldi ban su6ng, de chu6c lay tai va thyc, ha chang lam lam sao?), ngoai ra con xuat hien ^ ehung (Vi dy: i . .. [7: tr.267] ^^^ Ngd tri nhT ehung giai vi qude ehi sT: Ta biet cac nguai deu la ke sT trong nudc). Nhu vay, he th6ng dai tu nhan ximg d day ca ban deu tuan theo qui luat ngft phap cua dai tu nhan xung tieng Han giai doan thugng c6. Va phai chang dieu d6 the hien Nguyen Trai da chu truang su dyng van phong eua Tic thu, NgU kinh trong khi doi thoai vdi tudng ta nha Minh?
If
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 1 (104) - 2011
PHAI\n VAN DUNG
2. Lot noi khiem xirng va ton xxmg
cung la mpt loai t6n xung [3: 359]. 6 day, chiing toi thiy xuit hien 55 lin each gpi ten true tiip vdi ca ng6i thii hai (VI dy: $ i ^ ^t [7: tr.I79] Dit Phuang Chinh thu: Thu eho Phucmg Chinh) va ngoi thu b a i ^ ^t ^ i n^ ^<^^ [7: tr.l78] Kim Dd Phu dit bpc cuu vi ciru thii: Nay Do Phii vin co mii thu cu vdi t6i) nen ciing c6 thi xip day la mpt loai t6n xung.
3. Nhirng each xirng ho khac
tic; ^ Ngoai each xung h6 theo he thong dai tu nhan xung ph6 bien va nhftng loi noi khiem xung va ton xung nhu trinh bay d tren, Nguyen Trai con sir dyng rat nhieu each xung ho khac nfta:
3.1. Xung h6 bang each gpi chuc il ^H t, quan: Wi du: M ^ ^ ^ t
"X £ 1% li -f ^ ^ ^ [7: tr.212]. Tiin gid phung thu dT tu minh ngdn, vi dgi nhdn dit Tdng binh quan ehi y ed due hda gidi dT mien ludng qudc can qua chi khd: Trudc day dang thu (toi) da ty noi ro, rang y cua ngai va quan T6ng binh von mu6n hoa giai de hai nude thoat khoi n6i kh6 binh dao.
3.2. Xung ho bang each gpi kem ten ciing chuc quan:
,#, ;tt s Vi du: ^i @ ^?|5 A ^
# f^. [7:tr.l75]. Vdng nhdn huang nhdn if, ^ Tri huyen Dd Phii dit bpc hitu khieh: Trudc day vi ngudi d6ng huong la Tri huyen D6 Phii eo hiem khfch vdi toi. Theo Vuong Luc trong Cd dgi Hdn ngit, ngudi xua thudng dimg khiem xung va t6n xung. Khiem xung thay the nhan xung ng6i thu nhat, ton xung thay thi nhan xung ng6i thu hai. Day deu la danh tu (hay hinh dung tu dimg nhu danh tu) kh6ng phai dai tu nen chiing khong chiu sy che ude ciia qui luat dai tu (trong cau phu dinh kh6ng dat trudc dpng tu) nhung ve nghTa cua tu, chiing lai bieu thi ^ ngd hoac ^ nhT. Vi dy nhu: S /^ qud nhdn, ^ H bdt ede; S thdn; ^h /^ tieu nhdn; ^ if ldo phu; -f^ bpc; ,%. ngu; ^ qudn; : ^i dgi vuang; ik. tien i vuang; i^T be hg; ^ sinh; ^T tuc hg [3: tr.358-359]. Ci day, chiing ta thay trong Qudn trung tir menh tap, sy xuat hien ciia 16i noi khiem xung va t6n xung kha phong phii (co tdi 18 loai). Khiem xung g6m: \$. bpc, JM ^ bpc chiing, -f^^ bdc ddng, ^^ te dp. Ton ximg gom: ^ de, ^T ede hg, ^ khanh ddng, T tlie hg, ^^ khanh, ^^^ •'u cdng, -i^ ^ cdng ddng, ^^^ ehu cdng, : ^A dgi nhdn, ;^ A ^ dgi nhdn ddng, ^X. qudn phu, yt huynh, ^^L ldo huynh, ^^L hiin huynh. Trong do, vdi 16i noi khiem xung, \% bpc chiim si lupng nhiiu nhit (133 lin/ ting si 399 lan ciia 16i noi khiem xung va ton xung, chiem 33,33%). Vi lii noi t6n kung, ^ A dgi nhdn chiem s6 lugng cao ban ca (143 lin/ tren ting si 399 lin, chiim 35,84%). It nhit la #: g, te dp, ^ T titc hg, XJ huynh, ^K, hiin huynh diu chi xuit hien 1 lin/399 lin, chiim 0,25%. 3.3. Xung h6 bing each gpi chuc quan kem theo hp va t6n xung:
Vi dy: 'ft .€- A t i ^ A , iv li Oi ^ A # iL if .?i... [7: tr.I86]. Duy Ngoai ra, cung theo Vuang Lyc, ty xung ten cua minh cung la mpt loai khiem xung, gpi ten cua ngudi khac
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TiM HIEU NGHE THUAT XU^NG HO TRONG QUAN TRUNG Tif MENH TAP
Tdng binh quan Vuang dgi nhdn, Thdi gidm San dgi nhdn tgm thd dinh tru...: Duy eo quan Ting binh Vuong dai nhan va Thai giam San dai nhan con tam dong lai...
3.4. Xung ho bing each gpi chuc quan kem theo dai tu nhan xung tuong ung:
Vi dy: t ^^'A
[7: t ^ ^ •€- ^ tr.243]. Thu thi nhT Tdng binh quan tri dgo: Thu bao nguoi, quan Tong binh biet.
3.5. Xung ho bang each gpi hp kem theo 16i noi t6n xung:
Vi dy: t
ix, * ^P :^ A , ^T, 1^ il" ^ / : ^. [7: tr.l88]. Thu thuyit dit Hinh dgi nhdn, Dd, Luang ehu cdng ddng: Thu gui bay to cimg Hinh dai nhan va cac vi Da cong, Luang cong.
3.6. Xung h6 bang each gpi kem ten, dai tu nhan xung va mpt ket cau dinh ngft bieu thi sac thai:
Vi dn: ^^ ^ ^
[7: tr.l82] ig A-^ Thi nhT ngugc tgc Phuang Chinh: Bao may, giac ngugc Phuang Chinh.
da dang trong lii each xung h6 cua Qudn trung tir menh tap chinh la mpt biiu hien ro net cho v6n Han ngu phong phli cua Nguyin Trai. Han het, dieu do eon thi hien d sy van dyng uyen chuyen, linh boat, biin hoa khon ludng va day sac sao da nang len thanh nghe thuat trong lii xung h6 cua Nguyen Trai. Cach xung ho d m6i buc thu bien d6i theo sat dien bien cua tran chien. Khi thi nhiin nhudng xung "bpc", xung "de", xung "te ip", t6n xung doi phuang la "dai nhan", "hiin huynh", "lao huynh", "quan phy"... moi khi ta can tranh thu ben dich. Nhung thoat da day hien ngang, ty chu khi xung "ngo", xung "nga", xung "du", gpi d6i phuang la "nhr', "nhu" (each gpi tuy tien, khong cau ne le tiet, nhin chung chi dung cho be tren d6i vdi dudi, trudng b6i vdi van b6i, hay ban be than mat, neu khong la sy bieu hien kh6ng t6n trpng doi phuang [4: tr.82]), co khi gpi trye tiep ten doi phuang, tham chi con ket hgp vdi nhftng hinh dung tu day sac thai bieu earn (-TT ^ yt 1^ :^ ifi [7: tr.l82] Thi nhT ngugc tgc Phuong Chinh: Bao may, giae ngugc Phuang Chinh; ;'^ A A ^ ^,u , ffj 75
Trong cac each ggi tren, each ggi ten kem chirc quan chiem so lugng nhieu nhat (39 lin/ ting si 105 lin, chiim 37,14%); tiep den la each ggi chuc quan kem theo hp va t6n xung (28 lin/ 105 lan, chiem 26,66%); each gpi theo chuc quan (20 lin/105 lin, chiim 19,04%); each gpi hp kem theo loi noi ton xung (11 lan/ 105 lan, chiem 10,47%)); each gpi kem ten, dai tu nhan xung va mpt ket cau dinh ngft bieu thi sic thai (5 lin/105 lin, chiim 4,76%); each gpi chiie quan kem theo dai tu nhan xung chiem so lugng it nhat (02 lin/105 lin, chiim 1,90%).
Tu sy khao sat ve ba van de tren, chiing toi di den ket luan: sy phong phii. it M ?t !f. >X ^ j^lfP ? [7: tr.200] Dgi nhdn khdi bdt tri nhi ndi thinh gian thu Md Ky, tdn tdt Phuang Chinh ehi ke nhi tri nghi do du dT bdt quyet da? Dai nhan ha khong biet ma lai nghe ke cua ten Ma Ky gian hen, ten tan t6t Phuang Chinh ma h6 nghi, do dy khong dam quyet sao?; i^ ^ m-i^, Hi^l 1^ i it i€ ^ ^k "^ -ft H? m ?t [7: tr.246] Duy Ddng Quan nhdt thdnh, tde cic Vuong Thdng
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PHAIVI VAN DUNG
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 1 (104) - 2011
ciia Nguyin Trai, Nxb. Van hpc, H. 1998. (tr. 175-285).
Tai lieu tham khao chinh
1. #J * f.: >1IS- X T if -;i, t ^ • ^,
ib t^. 1998.
2. i # # -, ,^^^l^:;1|ff^. 3. i ;^ i
,^: ^ i\ m tf, ^ - #, t ^
t ^, it %. 1999.
du hdn tdn suyen, dd nhT si truong: Duy con mpt thanh Dong Quan, bpn giac Vuong Th6ng, h6n lia khoi xac, con chiit hoi tan ma van con dien cuong giay dya...) khi ta dang gianh the thang tran, truy kich ke thu. Va nhu vay, co the thay, nghe thuat xung h6 trong Qudn trung tic menh tap la mpt trong nhiing diem het siic dac sac lam nen "sue manh nhu mudi van quan", "manh nhu vu bao, sac nhu guam dao" [5: 143].
4. i ^Ir 'jf ra i^ #, t # #i # ^ ^ & ?i, i\i9^i^,iL'^K^i^m.
P.V.D
^'^:-^ Ji i^.1976.
Chu thich: 5. Nguyen Hiru Son tuyen chpn va gidi thieu: Nguyen Trai ve tdc gia vd tdc phdm, Nxb. Giao due, Tp. H6 Chi Minh. 2003.
6. Nguyen Trdi todn tap tdn bien. Tap 1, Trung tam Nghien ciiu Quoc hpc & Nxb. Van hpc, H. 2001.
(1) Phan van ban chir Han dupc chiing toi sir dung khao sat trong bai viet nay dya tren ban nen (chu yeu la ban Phiic Khe, hoac mpt ban khac trong trudng hop van kien nam ngoai ban in nay) dupc Nguyen Van Nguyen thyc hien khao hieu trong Nhung vdn de vdn bdn hgc Qudn trung tir menh tap 7. Nguyen Van Nguyen: Nhirng vdn de vdn bdn hgc Qudn trung tie menh tap ciia Nguyin Trdi, Nxb. Van hpc, H. 1998./.
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