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system("/usr/local/minerva/bin/msgrcv vox $auth $cmd &");
?>
This causes any existing command script called $cmd present in /usr/local/minerva/etc/msg/
vox/cmd to be executed and includes typical commands to control the lights (lightson, lightsoff), audio
mixer (mute, quiet, next), and status reports (such with time and status).
Also, you know that any text written to the output is returned by the same conduit. Since this uses
the vox voice input conduit, the output will be via the voice output conduit (Festival through say). You
can therefore persuade the computer to enact simplistic conversations by creating scripts such as hello:
# /usr/local/minerva/etc/msg/vox/cmd/hello
echo Hello
and time:
# /usr/local/minerva/etc/msg/vox/cmd/time
$MINBASE=/usr/local/minerva
$MINBASE/bin/hdate
$MINBASE/bin/htime
TODO: Building a Conduit
Although there are many necessary small files and directories in the creation of a conduit, the process
has been made simpler by a short script that generates them all automatically, so you need only to call
the following:
msgconduit create todo
You should see the extra directories created:
$MINBASE/etc/msg/todo/addr
$MINBASE/etc/msg/todo/auth
$MINBASE/etc/msg/todo/cmd
$MINBASE/etc/msg/todo/xmit
By default, the output command ($MINBASE/etc/msg/todo/xmit/cmd) is symlinked to
$MINBASE/bin/mxtodo. This is currently empty, and there is no reason to bend the standard for the sake of
it, so you can edit this file to create the code that will run whenever a message is sent into the TODO
conduit. Since you have a Bearskin command that does all the processing, it’s simply a matter of taking
out the arguments and passing them into $MINBASE/bin/todo:
#!/bin/bash
$MINBASE=/usr/local/minerva
CONDUIT=$1; shift
USER=$1; shift
MSG=$*
$MINBASE/bin/todo add $USER $MSG
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And again, you need to ensure that this script can be executed:
chmod ugo+x /usr/local/minerva/bin/mxtodo
And that’s it! It’s ready for testing:
msgxmit todo steev "Write the web applet for TODO"
Message Relays
Minerva also includes a message-relay system to pass information between different conduits whenever
a new message is received. This works in a similar way to monexec, except that rlyexec is always, and
only, called from msgrcv. A typical invocation would be as follows:
rlyexec email steev command arguments
This would trigger each executable script in the $MINBASE/etc/users/steev/relay/email directory,
giving ample opportunity for the command or message to be processed, which might include
retransmission as an SMS, for example. Each script is executed alphabetically and stops on the first
script who’s exit code is nonzero. Consequently, you would adopt the convention by giving each script
in the directory a sequential number, similar to how you ordered your virtual hosts in Chapter 5.
Time-Based Messaging
Some systems aim to be smart. It is, after all, the next stage of home automation. So, being able to target
a message according to certain parameters, such as time, introduces a new level of convenience for the
user.
Unfortunately, to be truly accurately, you would need to make every personal and work calendar
you have accessible to the system. And then you would need to understand how to parse it. Neither one
is a realistic goal for the short term. However, you can create an approximate description of your daily
routine since it is, for most purposes, routine.
The Minerva Timing System (MTS) sits in a layer above the messaging conduits to determine which
of the conduits should be used at any given hour of the day or night. So, the computer might want to
issue the following and be sure to send it to me in the manner where I’m likely to receive it soonest:
mtsxmit steev warn "Disc space is getting low on /dev/sdc1"
It does this with a two-stage process by first working out whereabouts I’m likely to be and then,
knowing that, how I’d like to be contacted while there.
The first part works through a series of personalized timetables, found in
$MINBASE/etc/users/steev/mts, which describe where that user is likely to be at the times given for a
particular type of message. That one-line design document has already created four sets of variables
for us:
• The user
• The type of message or priority
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• The day
• The time of day
By arranging them in order, you can probably guess the directory structure already, because each
category sits in a directory beneath the other! The priority is one of mesg (for standard informational
messages), warn (for warnings about the hardware or software of the house), and error (for severe
problems, security issues, and possible intruders).
You will be pleased to know that the day can be determined with less than 365 separate files. In fact,
you only need as many files as you have types of day. Most employees will have three: weekday,
Saturday, and Sunday. Consequently, the configuration for the 240 working days of the year would be
“get up, go to work, work, come home, sleep.” This equates to a file called weekday that could appear like
this:
! hourly
# 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
* -- -- -- -- -- -- -- hp tr wk wk wk wk wk wk wk wk wk wk tr hp hp hp hq
The format used by MTS is simple but very strict. The first line indicates the format of the file, in this
case, an hour-by-hour report. The second is a comment, reminding us (me!) of the format, while the last
line represents the data itself.
In addition to a file for every identical weekday, you can also create one for Saturday (called Sat) and
Sunday (called Sun). Furthermore, if there’s something specific on a particular date, you can override
this by creating a file called Dec25, for example, that indicates you don’t want to be disturbed at all! The
MTS code will look for the most restrictive date first and work through to lower priorities finishing on the
default. The order in full is as follows:
• Festival (Christmas, Eid, and so on)
• Specific dates (Jul30, Feb14)
• Days of the week (Mon, Tue, ...)
• Type of day (weekend or weekday)
• Default (called daily; this should always exist)
Each two-letter code corresponds exactly to one of the hours in the day and indicates where you are
expected to be at that time. These codes are arbitrary to each user, so let’s consider a fairly typical set,
along with the potential protocols you’d use:
hp = Home, public. Use the speech synthesizer.
tr = Traveling. SMS only.
wk = Working. E-mail or work e-mail if it’s important.
hq = Home, but be quiet about it! Use e-mail and SMS.
The location can be determined with the mtspick program, issued as follows, where a two-character
code is returned:
mtspick steev error
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You can then look up this value in a key to determine how (and to whom) the message should be
sent. To allow multiple receivers and protocols, you create a script for each two-letter code that takes a
username as input and outputs a conduit protocol and username. This also allows you to consider the
importance of the message and vary the e-mail address, as I discussed earlier.
This is then combined with the original message and passed onto the msgxmit code that I’ve already
covered.
Other Uses for MTS
The mtspick part of the procedure accepts two parameters, a user and a priority. This is normally hidden
from the user by mtsxmit. However, it can be reappropriated to create some additional home-spun
functionality.
You could create a user called mixer and prepare a crontab so that the master volume of the house
changes over time, automatically lowering over the last few hours of the night so you’re naturally lulled
to sleep. The same effect can be used to dim the bedroom lights gradually.
It can also be used to trigger preprepared e-mails asking whether you got into work OK and, if it
receives no reply, issues an alert.
You can also create your own radio station by using the codes as program schedule slots. These can
govern which particular MP3 folder is used to randomly select music for a given time of day or night.
Some codes might initiate Festival into reading news items and reporting the weather.
Location-Based Messaging
Being able to deduce your location can have its uses too, as a way of directing output more accurately. As
we’ve just seen, MTS can provide a very large part of that functionality. But there’s always room for
improvement.
We can enlist the support of hardware, such as PIRs, or doormat pressure sensors to get an
approximate idea of which room you’re in. If you use two pressure sensors on the stairs (one at the top
and one at the bottom), then you could work out the direction of travel to enable the current audio loom,
flooding your music to only where you’d hear it.
If you’ve adopted a voice recognition system and you’re using a separate machine for each room,
then you can create a simple voice command like here to inform the server of your location.
By using the Bluetooth monitor software, you can determine the strength of the signal that, with
experimentation, you can sometimes use to deduce your position within the house. It works better when
you have a large house and/or lots of obstructions in the signal, both of which create an obvious
distinction between near and far.
For fine-grained location-based determination, an RFID tag can be used to give more accurate
details, although you will need a fairly powerful tag for it to be detected naturally as you move around
the house. One possible solution here is to mount them in the soles of shoes or slippers, for example, so
they can be detected when you walk over the threshold of any particular room.
And finally, the best method for determining the location is to employ your local knowledge of the
problem. If the request came from a web page at 192.168.1.132, then you can determine its MAC address
(from the DHCPD log) and therefore which machine it is and where it’s located. Furthermore, if you
always send personal e-mails from your laptop in the lounge, then build that information into the
system so that any messages sent from that e-mail account controls the devices in the lounge.
Sometimes you can look at the e-mail headers for the last “Received: from” line that appears to
determine the IP address of the sender, but this is not foolproof.
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Cosmic
Cosmic is an RF-to-PC gateway that uses Heyu to intercept the X10 signals that have been placed on the
power line by an X10 RF transmitter (such as an HR10 or SS13E) and triggers an arbitrary piece of code.
This could be to control the volume of the currently playing music, skip tracks, or start timers to aid with
the cooking. This is probably the cheapest method of introducing stand-alone wireless control panels to
your home.
There are two main issues with this approach. The first is that these devices have no feedback
mechanism. Consequently, you will need to design your interface such that every button causes a noise,
speech output, or visual cue upon each key press. It is your responsibility to ensure that the server
processing these commands understands where the switch is located so that it can make these noises in
a location where they will be heard.
The second problem concerns X10. Because the controlling messages are X10 signals, they will also
control any lights on the same addresses. Depending on the size of home, you may either have to split
your X10 address into two or utilize two house codes. In the case of the former, you can split the
addresses into two sets, with 1–8 to control the lights, teakettle, and standard appliances as normal, and
with 9–16 working as the second set that is not found on any devices and used solely by Cosmic. There is
a switch on most remotes to toggle between these particular address sets and so is no coincidence that
they’ve been chosen here. Consequently, the button is reappropriated as a home control/Cosmic
control task switcher.
Configuration
Assuming you have eight available addresses, this gives you 16 workable buttons—on and off for each of
the eight. In case these later change, you can alias them within the /etc/heyu/x10.conf file like this:
ALIAS cosmic1 E9
ALIAS cosmic2 E10
ALIAS cosmic3 E11
ALIAS cosmic4 E12
ALIAS cosmic5 E13
ALIAS cosmic6 E14
ALIAS cosmic7 E15
ALIAS cosmic8 E16
You can configure the heyu daemon, which is always watching the power line, to invoke specific
commands whenever a message for these addresses appears. In its default configuration, Cosmic splits
the commands into three groups:
• Media control
• State-based operations
• State control
The media control ones are global and functional all the time. This is because of their relative
importance. They allow you to increase and decrease the volume, as well as mute/unmute the music,
and they provide a way to pause all the currently playing media. They occupy the top four buttons (two
rows) of a standard HR10. The commands they run all use the abstracted Bearskin commands and are
added to x10.conf like this: