Oxygen Oxygen
OO
GROUP VIA GROUP VIA Oxygen Family - Calcogens Oxygen Family - Calcogens
Sulfur Sulfur
S S
Selenium Se Se Selenium
Tellurium Tellurium
TeTe
Polonium PoPo Polonium
11
Đặc điểm chung 1.1. Đặc điểm chung Oxygen 2.2. Oxygen Tính chất lý học Tính chất hóa học Vai trò sinh học Trạng thái tự nhiên, điều chế và ứng dụng Ozon Oxide Hydroxide Hydro peoxide Lưu huỳnh 1.1. Lưu huỳnh Đơn chất Hợp chất S(-II) Hợp chất S(IV) Hợp chất S(VI) Một số hợp chất khác của lưu huỳnh
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
22
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
Sulfur – S Sulfur – S [Ne]3s3s223p3p44 [Ne]
Sulfur is a nonmetallic solid. Sulfur is a nonmetallic solid.
Occurs free in nature as S88. . Occurs free in nature as S
and in making tires. S used in sulfuric acid, H22SOSO4 4 and in making tires. S used in sulfuric acid, H
Sulfur compounds are used in bleaching fruit and Sulfur compounds are used in bleaching fruit and
33
grain. grain.
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
0
0
0
l
m
)
C 119 ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈﾈ
C 444.7 ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈﾈ S gas ( ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈﾈ 1 2 3
,
S S S , 8 2
0 C 95.3 ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ S S ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ b a 1 4 4 2 4 43 Solid
C 200 ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈﾈ S S ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈﾈ 1 4 4 2 4 43 Liquid
(cid:0)
monoclinic monoclinic
monoclinic monoclinic
ệ ộ ệ ộ
ệ ộ ệ ộ
h m t nghiêng h m t nghiêng
h m t nghiêng h m t nghiêng
rhombic rhombic ệ ự ệ ự h tr c thoi h tr c thoi 1 4 4 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 4 4 43 14 2 43
S
n
S 8
t t
ớ ớ h h n n
i i
, ,
g g n n ộ ộ đ đ h h n n
h h n n á á u u q q c c ặ ặ đ đ
ơ ơ H H
RR
RR
i i l l , ,
, ,
C C oo 0 0 6 6 1 1
C C oo 0 0 4 4 4 4
C C oo 0 0 0 0 2 2
44
Màu vàng Màu vàng d=2.06 g/cm33 d=2.06 g/cm Mp=112.8 ooCC Mp=112.8
Vàng nh tạ Vàng nh tạ d=1.96 g/cm33 d=1.96 g/cm Mp=119.2 ooCC Mp=119.2
C
S a
S b
= 0
H
0 95.3 ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ kJ mol 0.401 /
55
D
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
Sa
Sb
Sa
Sb
66
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
Tính chất hóa học: Tính chất hóa học:
-Là nguyên tố tương đối hoạt động: ở nhiệt độ Là nguyên tố tương đối hoạt động: ở nhiệt độ
thường hơi kém hoạt động, khi đun nóng có phản thường hơi kém hoạt động, khi đun nóng có phản
ứng với hầu hết nguyên tố trừ khí trơ, N, I, Au, Pt. ứng với hầu hết nguyên tố trừ khí trơ, N, I, Au, Pt.
-Tính oxi hóa: tác dụng với hydro; kim loại kiềm, Tính oxi hóa: tác dụng với hydro; kim loại kiềm,
kiềm thổ, Ag, Hg ở nhiệt độ thấp; Ni, Co, Cr ở nhiệt kiềm thổ, Ag, Hg ở nhiệt độ thấp; Ni, Co, Cr ở nhiệt
o
300
C H ,
20.08
D
độ cao. độ cao. +
S a
H
=- o kJ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈﾈ
2
H S 2
77
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
Tính chất hóa học: Tính chất hóa học:
-Tính khử: cháy trong oxy; tác dụng F ở nhiệt độ Tính khử: cháy trong oxy; tác dụng F ở nhiệt độ
thường; Cl, Br khi đun nóng; P ở 100 ooC; KNO thường; Cl, Br khi đun nóng; P ở 100
C; KNO33, ,
kJ
D
đặc. , HNO33, H, H22SOSO44 đặc. =- o burn H ,
297
+
=
KCl
2
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
KClOKClO33, K, K22CrCr22OO77, HNO + S O 2 + KClO 2 3
S 3 +
=
88
S
2
3
2
H SO 2 4
SO 2 SO 3 2 + H O SO 2
2
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
Tính chất hóa học: Tính chất hóa học:
-Tính vừa oxi hóa vừa khử: tan trong kiềm đặc, kiềm Tính vừa oxi hóa vừa khử: tan trong kiềm đặc, kiềm
nóng chảy, sunfua, sunfit. nóng chảy, sunfua, sunfit.
+
=
+
NaOH
S 3
6
2
3
+ Na S Na SO 3
2
2
H O 2
2
+
=
S
S
2 + n 1
- -
nS + = S
99
2 SO 3
2 S O 2 3
- -
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
APPLICATIONS APPLICATIONS
Sulfur has many industrial uses. Through its major derivative, sulfuric acid , sulfur ranks as one of the more important elements used as an industrial raw material. It is of
prime importance to every sector of the world's economies.
Sulfuric acid production is the major end use for sulfur, and consumption of sulfuric acid
has been regarded as one of the best indices of a nation's industrial development. More
sulfuric acid is produced in the US every year than any other industrial chemical.
Sulfur is also used in batteries, detergents, the vulcanization of rubber,
fungicides, and in the manufacture of phosphate fertilizers. Sulfites are used to bleach paper and as a preservative in wine and dried fruit. Because of its
flammable nature, sulfur also finds use in matches, gunpowder, and fireworks.
Sodium or ammonium thiosulfate is used as photographic fixing agents. Magnesium
sulfate, better known as Epsom salts, can be used as a laxative, a bath additive, an
exfoliant, or a magnesium supplement for plants. Sulfur is used as the lightgenerating
medium in the rare lighting fixtures known as sulfur lamps.
In the late 1700s, furniture makers used molten sulfur to produce decorative inlays in
their craft. Because of the sulfur dioxide produced during the process of melting sulfur,
1010
the craft of sulfur inlays was soon abandoned.
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
1111
HISTORY HISTORY Sulfur (Sanskrit, sulvere; Latin sulpur) was known in ancient times, and is referred to in the Biblical Pentateuch (Genesis). The word itself is almost certainly from the Arabic sufra meaning yellow, from the bright color of the naturally occurring form. English translations of the Bible commonly refer to sulfur as "brimstone", giving rise to the name of 'Fire and brimstone' sermons, in which listeners are reminded of the fate of eternal damnation that awaits the nonbelieving and unrepented. It is from this part of the Bible that Hell is implied to "smell of sulfur", although as mentioned above sulfur is in fact odorless. The "smell of sulfur" usually refers to the odor of hydrogen sulfide, e.g. from rotten eggs. Burning sulfur produces sulfur dioxide, the smell associated with burnt matches. Homer mentioned "pestaverting sulfur" in the 8th century BC and in 424 BC, the tribe of Boeotia destroyed the walls of a city by burning a mixture of coal, sulfur, and tar under them. Sometime in the 12th century, the Chinese invented gun powder which is a mixture of potassium nitrate (KNO3), carbon, and sulfur. Early alchemists gave sulfur its own alchemical symbol which was a triangle at the top of a cross. In the late 1770s, Antoine Lavoisier helped convince the scientific community that sulfur was an element and not a compound. In 1867, sulfur was discovered in underground deposits in Louisiana and Texas. The overlying layer of earth was quicksand, prohibiting ordinary mining operations. Therefore the Frasch process was utilized
OCCURRENCE OCCURRENCE
Sulfur
Sulfur crystalites at Waiotapu hot springs, New Zealand
Elemental sulfur can be found near hot springs and volcanic regions in many parts of the world, especially along
the Pacific Ring of Fire. Such volcanic deposits are currently exploited in Indonesia, Chile, and Japan.
Significant desposits of elemental sulfur also exist in salt domes along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and in
evaporites in eastern Europe and western Asia. The sulfur in these deposits is believed to come from the action
of anaerobic bacteria on sulfate minerals, especially gypsum. Such deposits are the basis for commercial
production in the United States, Poland, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine.
Sulfur extracted from oil, gas and the Athabasca Oil Sands has become a glut on the market, with huge
stockpiles of sulfur in existence throughout Alberta.
Sulfur mined in Alberta, prepared for shipment at Vancouver, B. C.
Common naturally occurring sulfur compounds include the metal sulfides, such as pyrite (iron sulfide), cinnabar
(mercury sulfide), galena (lead sulfide), sphalerite (zinc sulfide) and stibnite (antimony sulfide); and the metal
sulfates, such as gypsum (calcium sulfate), alunite (potassium aluminium sulfate), and barite (barium sulfate).
Hydrogen sulfide is the gas responsible for the odor of rotten eggs. It occurs naturally in volcanic emissions,
such as from hydrothermal vents, and from bacterial action on decaying sulfurcontaining organic matter.
The distinctive colors of Jupiter's volcanic moon, Io, are from various forms of molten, solid and gaseous sulfur.
1212
many types of meteorites.
There is also a dark area near the Lunar crater Aristarchus that may be a sulfur deposit. Sulfur is also present in
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
Axit yếu Axit yếu
Hợp chất S(-II) Hợp chất S(-II)
Dihidro sunfua Dihidro sunfua HH22SS
Khử mạnh Khử mạnh Sunfua kim loại Sunfua kim loại
1313
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
HH22SSnn
HH22SS
n=16 n=16 sunfan sunfan
1414
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
MpMp ==
- 85.6 ooCC - 85.6
BpBp
==
- 60.7 ooCC - 60.7
Kém bền nhiệt so với H22OO Kém bền nhiệt so với H
Bắt đầu phân hủy ở 400 ooCC Bắt đầu phân hủy ở 400
1515
Phân hủy hoàn toàn ở 1700 ooCC Phân hủy hoàn toàn ở 1700
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
SS22
HH22SS
>
Tính khử Tính khử +
2
2
2
+ H S O 2
2
H O 2
3 +
SO 2 (cid:0) +
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) -
S
2
2
2
H S O 2
2
H O 2
oxy burn lamnhat Al O 2 3 < oxy
OXHcham
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Cháy trong oxi Oxi hóa chậm trong KK Oxi hóa chậm trong KK Cháy trong oxi +
(cid:0) +
S
2
2
2
1616
H S O 2
2
H O 2
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
e
e
=
- =
V
V
0.45
I
2
o I 2 /
=
o H SO S 3 / V
0.14
0.54 e o S H S
/
2
+
+
I
S
HI
2
H S 2
2
+
+
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
2
S 3
3
H SO 2 3
H S 2
H O 2
+
+
+
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
HCl
Cl 4
4
8
H S 2
2
H O 2
H SO 2 4
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
t phong
+
+
+
+
+
5
2
3
2
5
8
H S 2
KMnO 4
H SO 2 4
MnSO 4
S K SO 2 4
H O 2
1717
- (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
Tính tan – axit yếu
HSHS
HH22SS Tính tan – axit yếu
7
-
K 1
+
+ H S H O
+ H O HS
= (cid:0) 110 ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ
2
2
3
-
14
-
K
2
2
+
+
HS
+ H O S
= (cid:0) 110 ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈﾈ
H O 2
3
- -
33
+
-
K
+
+ H S H S
HS
= (cid:0) 3 10 ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ
2
2
H S 3
1818
-
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
SS22
1919
Biological role Biological role The amino acids cysteine and methionine contain sulfur, as do all polypeptides, proteins, and enzymes which contain these amino acids. This makes sulfur a necessary component of all living cells. Disulfide bonds between polypeptides are very important in protein assembly and structure. Homocysteine and taurine are also sulfur containing amino acids but are not coded for by DNA nor are they part of the primary structure of proteins. Some forms of bacteria use hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the place of water as the electron donor in a primitive photosynthesislike process. Sulfur is absorbed by plants via the roots from soil as the sulfate ion and reduced to sulfide before it is incorporated into cysteine and other organic sulfur compounds (sulfur assimilation). Inorganic sulfur forms a part of ironsulfur clusters, and sulfur is the bridging ligand in the CuA site of cytochrome c oxidase. Sulfur is an important component of coenzyme.
+
=
Z
FeS
HCl FeCl H S
(cid:0) + 2
2
2
>
o C
700
+
+
+Z
S
parafin
amiang
3
5
2
......
w
w
w
H S 2
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
o C
10
+
+
+
-
)
(
2 5
H S H S H S 2 5
2 3
2
2
H
H
Na S HCl dac ¨ S ¨
¨ S ¨
¨ S ¨
¨ S ¨
¨ S ¨ ot C
2020
+
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Hidro polisunfua Hidro polisunfua
H S S
H S 2
2
2
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
2
+
HOH
S
+ HS OH
(cid:0) - - -
Sunfua kim loại Sunfua kim loại K 1 ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈﾈ 1 ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈﾈ
7
K
2
+
HS
HOH
+ H S OH
10 ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈﾈ
2
- (cid:0) - -
ố ủ ố ủ
Mu i c a axit sunfuhidric H Mu i c a axit sunfuhidric H
22S là:S là:
hidro sunfua hidro sunfua
HSHS
2121
sunfua sunfua
SS22
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
Tan trong n Tan trong n
(
)NH S Na S K S BaS 2
4
2
cướ cướ Al S Cr S 2 3
2 3
cướ cướ
Sunfua Sunfua
Không tan trong n Không tan trong n Tan trong axit loãng Tan trong axit loãng FeS ZnS white
cướ cướ
MnS
light
pink
CoS NiS
-
Không tan trong n Không tan trong n Không tan trong axit loãng Không tan trong axit loãng CuS black
PbS
black
Ag S black
2
ệ ệ
ể ể
Dùng T đ phát hi n ion kim Dùng T đ phát hi n ion kim
HgS black red
2222
ạlo i trong Hóa phân tích lo i trong Hóa phân tích
CdS
SnS
/ SnS
ạ Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
2
As S 2 3
As S 2 5
Điều chế Điều chế + = Fe S FeS
o C
600 800
+
+
-
BaS
C 4
CO 4
BaSO 4 +
+
= NaOH Na S
2
2
H S 2
H O 2
2
+
=
+
NH S Pb CH COO
PbS
(
(
)
CH COONH 2
2323
) 4 2
3
2
3
4
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
ợ
H p ch t S(+IV) ấ
2sp
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
(cid:0) (cid:0)
Mp= 72.7 ooCC Mp= 72.7
Bp = 10 ooCC Bp = 10
2424
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
(cid:0) (cid:0) Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
Tính tan Tính tan
7
2
+
K
2
K 1
+
+
+
aq
H
+ H
2
ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ
ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ
= � 1.23 10 ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ
SO k ( ) 2
SO aq . 2
H SO 2 3
HSO 3
2 SO 3
+
- - - -
= � 1.3 10 ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈﾈ + H
=
=
- -
K 1
2
[
SO aq . 2
bd
� �� � HSO � �� � 3 K ] � � � � HSO � � � � 3
+
2 SO 3 =
2 � �� � SO H � �� � 3 � �� � HSO 3 +
+
2
2
2
2
2
NaHSO CO 3 2 +
SO H O Na CO 3 +
=
NaHSO NaOH Na SO H O
2
2
+
+
=
3 +
3 +
2525
Z
H
+ H O Na
2
Na SO 2 3
2
SO 2
- - - - -
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
SS4+4+
SOSO22
ử ạ ử ạ
Tính kh m nh Tính kh m nh
Tính oxi hóa y uế Tính oxi hóa y uế
o
+
+
+
=
e
+ H
V
e 2
4
2
0.17
ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ
2 SO 4
SO aq . 2
H O 2
-
o
+
+
+
e
= -
e H O 2
OH 2
V 0.93
ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ
2 SO 4
2
2 SO 3
- - -
ể ị ể ị
ả ả
2626
SS4+4+ có th b oxi hóa trong c môi có th b oxi hóa trong c môi ườ ườtr ng axit, trung tính và bazo ng axit, trung tính và bazo tr
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
ử ạ ử ạ
Tính kh m nh Tính kh m nh
+
+
HCl
2
2
+ SO Cl 2
2
= H O H SO 4
2
2
+
+
=
+
+
2
OH 2
2
2 SO 3
MnO 4
2 SO 4
2 MnO 4
H O 2
2727
- - - - -
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
Tính oxi hóa y uế Tính oxi hóa y uế
2
+
+
- -
S
+ H
6
+ H O S 3
3
2 SO 3
2
+
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Na SO O
2
2
2
3
2
Na SO 2 4
Time Air
2828
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
SS6+6+
SOSO33
SO
(
ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ
SO 3 3
) 3 3
Mp = 10.37 ooCC Mp = 10.37
ợ
H p ch t S(+VI) ấ
Bp = 280 ooCC Bp = 280
2929
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
Axít m nhạ Axít m nhạ
Oxi hóa Oxi hóa
H SO 2 4
Sunfo hóa Sunfo hóa
Hidrat hóa Hidrat hóa
3030
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
Axít m nhạ Axít m nhạ
+
+
-
H
H SO 2 4
HSO 4
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
2
+
+ H
K 10 ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈﾈ
HSO 4
2 SO 4
3131
- (cid:0) - -
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
Oxi hóa Oxi hóa
o
dac t C ,
+
+
Z
Cu
2
2
H SO 2 4
CuSO 4
+ H O SO 2
2
o
dac t C ,
+
+
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Z
Mg
2
2
H SO 2 4
MgSO 4
2
o
dac t C ,
+
+
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
+ H O SO 2 + (cid:0) H O S
Mg 3
4
4
H SO 2 4
2
MgSO 3 4
o
dac t C ,
+
+
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Z
Mg
+ H O H S
4
5
4
4
H SO 2 4
MgSO 4
2
2
o
dac t C ,
+
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Z
S
2
2
3
H SO 2 4
+ H O SO 2
2
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Một số phi kim như P, S, C bị oxi hóa đến Một số phi kim như P, S, C bị oxi hóa đến
3232
oxit hoặc axit tương ứng oxit hoặc axit tương ứng
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
Sunfo hóa Sunfo hóa
o
dac t C ,
+
+
nC H SO nH O
6
.5
C H O n H SO ( ) 4
10
2
5
6
2
4
2
o
+
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
dac t C ,
+
+
+
-
ArH
2
H SO 2 4
ArSO H H O HSO 4
3
3
3333
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
+
+
Z
Zn H SO 4
2
ZnSO H 4
2
3434
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
ươ
ế
Ph
ng pháp ti p xúc
400 600
) /
(
,
o C V O VOSO K SO SiO 4 2
2 5
4
2
+
, ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ
SO k ( ) 2
O k ( ) 2
SO k ( ) 3
-
H
kJ
kJ
1 2 98.9
70.9
= - o 298
= - o G 298
F + = - + = =
D D
= C K
n
f
2 1 2 3
,
3535
SO 2 O 2
- S
� o t P , � �
� � �
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
Environmental impact Environmental impact
The burning of coal The burning of
coal and
and petroleum
by industry and power petroleum by industry and power
plants liberates huge amounts of sulfur dioxide plants liberates huge amounts of
) which sulfur dioxide (S (SOO22) which
reacts with atmospheric water and oxygen to produce reacts with atmospheric water and oxygen to produce
sulfuric acid. This sulfuric acid is a component of sulfuric acid
. This sulfuric acid is a component of acid rain
acid rain, ,
which lowers the pHpH of which lowers the
and freshwater bodies, resulting of soilsoil and freshwater bodies, resulting
natural environment in substantial damage to the natural environment in substantial damage to the
and and
of statues and architecture. Fuel chemical weathering of statues and architecture. Fuel chemical weathering
standards increasingly require sulfur to be extracted from standards increasingly require sulfur to be extracted from
to prevent the formation of acid rain. This fossil fuels to prevent the formation of acid rain. This fossil fuels
extracted sulfur is then refined and represents a large portion extracted sulfur is then refined and represents a large portion
3636
of sulfur production. of sulfur production.
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
3737
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
3838
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
3939
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
ộ ố ợ ộ ố ợ
ủ ư ủ ư
ấ ấ
ỳ ỳ
M t s h p ch t khác c a l u hu nh M t s h p ch t khác c a l u hu nh
axit peoxidisunfuric
H S O 2 2 8
axit peoxisunfuric
H SO 2 5
axit thiosunfuric
H S O 2 2 3
4040
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
ấ ấ
ạ ạ
Có tính oxi hóa r t m nh Có tính oxi hóa r t m nh
2.01
+
e 2
2
e = o V ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ ﾈ
2 S O 2 8
2 SO 4
axit peoxidisunfuric
H S O 2 2 8
- -
+ 2
+
+
+
+
Mn
5
2
8
10
2
+ H 16
2 S O 2 8
H O 2
2 SO 4
MnO 4
+
- - - (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
2
2
2
4
2
2
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
H S O H O 8 + H SO H O 5
2
2
+ H SO H SO 5 + H SO H O 4 2
2
2
4141
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
axit thiosunfuric
H S O 2 2 3
:
o C
100
- -
2 S O 2 3
2 SO 3
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
+ (cid:0) S +
+
- - -
HS
2
3
HSO 3
2 S O 3 2 3
H O 2
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
+
(cid:0) +
-
+Z
+ H
S
2
2 SO 3
H S O 2 2 3
SO 2
H O 2
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(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
Na S O 2 3
2
.5
Na S O H O 3
2
2
2
Tính khử Tính khử Tạo phức Tạo phức
4343
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
Iodometry Iodometry
e = o
V pH
0.08 (
= 14)
+
+
- - -
I
I
2
2
2 S O 2 3
2
2 S O 4 6
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
+
+
+
+
- - -
2
Cl 4
5
2
Cl 8
+ H 10
2 S O 2 3
2
H O 2
2 SO 4
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
ạ ế ạ ế
ạ ạ
ợ ợ
ẩ ẩ
ấ ấ
Lo i v t Cl còn l Lo i v t Cl còn l
ắ ắ i sau khi t y tr ng s i và gi y i sau khi t y tr ng s i và gi y
4444
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
Photography: làm thu c ố Photography: làm thu c ố
ị
ịđ nh hình do hòa tan đ nh hình do hòa tan
ứ ứ
ạ ạ
AgBr, AgCl t o ph c AgBr, AgCl t o ph c
ch tấch tấ
Sir John Frederick William Herschel 7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871
+
+
- - -
AgBr
Br
2
Ag S O (
2 S O 2 3
4
) 3 2
� �
3 � �
4545
(cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0) (cid:0)
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
4646
Compounds Hydrogen sulfide has the characteristic smell of rotten eggs. Dissolved in water, hydrogen sulfide is acidic and will react with metals to form a series of metal sulfides. Natural metal sulfides are common, especially those of iron. Iron sulfide is called pyrite, the so called fool's gold. Interestingly, pyrite can show semiconductor properties.[1] Galena, a naturally occurring lead sulfide, was the first semiconductor discovered, and found a use as a signal rectifier in the "cat's whiskers" of early crystal radios. Many of the unpleasant odors of organic matter are based on sulfurcontaining compounds such as methyl and ethyl mercaptan used to scent natural gas so that leaks are easily detectable. The odor of garlic and "skunk stink" are also caused by sulfur containing organic compounds. However, not all organic sulfur compounds smell unpleasant; for example, grapefruit mercaptan, a sulfurcontaining monoterpenoid is responsible for the characteristic scent of grapefruit. Polymeric sulfur nitride has metallic properties even though it does not contain any metal atoms. This compound also has unusual electrical and optical properties. This polymer can be made from tetrasulfur tetranitride S4N4. Phosphorus sulfides are important in synthesis. For example, P4S10 and its derivatives Lawesson's reagent and naphthalen1,8diyl 1,3,2,4dithiadiphosphetane 2,4disulfide are used to replace oxygen from some organic molecules with sulfur.
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
Inorganic sulfur compounds:
Sulfides (S2−), a complex family of compounds usually derived from S2−. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) is an
example.
Sulfites (SO32−), the salts of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) which is generated by dissolving SO2 in water.
Sulfurous acid and the corresponding sulfites are fairly strong reducing agents. Other compounds
derived from SO2 include the pyrosulfite or metabisulfite ion (S2O52−).
Sulfates (SO42−), the salts of sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid also reacts with SO3 in equimolar ratios to
form pyrosulfuric acid (H2S2O7).
Thiosulfates (sometimes referred to as thiosulfites or "hyposulfites") (S2O32−). Thiosulfates are used
in photographic fixing (HYPO) as reducing agents. Ammonium thiosulfate is being investigated as a
cyanide replacement in leaching gold.[2]
Sodium dithionite, Na2S2O4, is the highly reducing dianion derived from hyposulfurous/dithionous
acid.
Sodium dithionate (Na2S2O6).
Polythionic acids (H2SnO6), where n can range from 3 to 80.
Peroxymonosulfuric acid (H2SO5) and peroxydisulfuric acids (H2S2O8), made from the action of SO3
on concentrated H2O2, and H2SO4 on concentrated H2O2 respectively.
Sodium polysulfides (Na2Sx)
Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6, a dense gas at ambient conditions, is used as nonreactive and nontoxic
propellant
Sulfur nitrides are chain and cyclic compounds containing only S and N. Tetrasulfur tetranitride S4N4
4747
is an example.
Thiocyanates contain the SCN− group. Oxidation of thiocyanoate gives thiocyanogen, (SCN)2 with the Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT connectivity NCSSCN.
Selenium, Tellurium, and Selenium, Tellurium, and Polonium Polonium Selenium increases conductivity in the Selenium increases conductivity in the presence of light. presence of light.
Used in light meters, cameras,photocopiers. Used in light meters, cameras,photocopiers. Used in rectifiers to converts AC current to Used in rectifiers to converts AC current to DC.DC. Used to give red color to glass. Used to give red color to glass.
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Tellurium is a metalloid used in Tellurium is a metalloid used in semiconductors. semiconductors. Polonium is radioactive. Polonium is radioactive.
Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT
