Phạm trù nghĩa của từ 雨 trong thành ngữ tiếng Hán nhìn từ lí thuyết nguyên mẫu

S6l0(240)-2O1fi<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG<br /> <br /> 101<br /> <br /> PIMLM T R U NGf NGHIA CtfA M TRONG T H A N H NGf<br /> <br /> TEENG H A N NHiN T f LI THUYET NGUYEN MAU<br /> AN ANALYSIS OF THE SEMANTIC CATEGORY OF "M"(RAIN) IN CHINESE IDIOMS<br /> FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PROTOTYPE THEORY<br /> NGUYfeN THJ HirONG GIANG<br /> (ThS; D^i hpc Ngo^i ngfr, DHQG Hd N$i)<br /> Abtract: Po^'serny is a common phenomencm in human languages. The extcnsicm of word meaning is not<br /> irregular or aibitraty, instead there are innate laws to follow. In Chinese, M(rain) is a ctnnmon natural<br /> [rfiKiomaioa For tius natural phenomenon people have vay ridi experience. M(rMi) is defined astiiedrops<br /> of water which fell fiom the clouds. M (rain) as tiie source domain is mapped into differeiit target domains<br /> which creating the otiier senses of it From the perspective of cognitive linguistics, proto^pe theory is used to<br /> analyze tiie semantic structure of M (rain) in Chinese idioms with a purpose to give a more objective and<br /> systematic interpretation to the origin and development of its prototypical sense and other d^ved senses.<br /> Key words; M (rain); proto^pe theory, semantic category.<br /> 1. Li thuylt nguySn mSu (diln mSu/diln<br /> dang) vdi tfnh da nghb ciia tir<br /> /./. Cfic nhfi ngdn ngQ hpc tri n h ^ chi ra i^g,<br /> ph^m trCi khdng phfii Ifi mdt t$p hpp lihOng nhfin t6<br /> hlnh dfing, cd vai trd ngang nhau, cd chung mOt hay<br /> mOt s6 nhftng d$c trung, t&ih chit nfio dd mfi Ifi mOt<br /> t$p hpp nhftng nhfin to bit d^ng dfing, dupc p h ^<br /> diia thfiiih nhQng nhfin t6 diln hlnh vfi khdng diln<br /> hinh (dyatfieomuc dd tuong dong vdi nguydn mSu).<br /> Cfic thfinh vien trong mOt phfun trii lign kit vdi nhau<br /> tiieo nhilu cfich nhu trong mdt gia dlnh, Ihfinh vi&i<br /> nfiy kltiiQa6^ tnmg ciia thfinh vi6n Ida, thfinh vien<br /> kia I^i kl thda d ^ tnmg cda thfinh vi&i khfic,...mli<br /> li&i h§ dd dupc gpi Ifi "gi6ng nhau hp hfingj" (femily<br /> resemblance). Vf dy, phpm tiii RAU vdi nhQng d$c<br /> tnmg nhin "cfiytiifinnhd, nhilu Ifi, cd till ddng dl nlu<br /> canh, xfio, ludc lfim tiidc fin. Tuy nhiai, cfic tiifinh<br /> vitatiiudcph?m trii RAU l?i vd cdng phong phd: rau<br /> mulng.raucfii, rau ngdt, rau rfim,rauhdng, su bfio,<br /> bip cfii, blu, bl v.v. Khdng phfii tkckCic tiifinh vi&i<br /> trong p h ^ trd RAU deu cd cd chung nhQng djc<br /> tnmg nhu nhau: rau rfim vfi rau hung Ifi lo^i cfiy tiifin<br /> nhd, nhilu Ifi nhung l^i khdng ddng dk xio, ludc ha:^<br /> n i l canh; blu vfi bl Ifi qufi nhung 1^ dupc ddng dl<br /> nlu canl{ xfio, ludc lfimtiiQcfin,dd diu Ifi nhftng<br /> nhfin t6 khdng di&i hinh trong ph^m trii RAU. Rau<br /> mu6ng.raucfii cd dly dd nhQng d^c trung cua p h ^<br /> tid RAU, Ifi nhfin t l diln hlnh hay c&i dupc coi Ifi<br /> <br /> i^uy&i mlu cda p h ^ IrQ. NguySn mlu (proiotype)<br /> Ifi tiiu^ ngft dupc Rosch dl xult diu tiSn vfi ^<br /> r\^s^\k"thdnhvi&n trung tdm cua phgm trii, thihi^n<br /> mdt cdch cd h$ thong nhftng ddc diim ndi bdt nhdt<br /> hay tinh chdt tiiu biiu nhdt so vdi cdc thdnh vien<br /> kh^' [2]. TrSn till gidi nfiy, mpi sy v§t h i ^ tupng<br /> diu cd fiJiQng d$c tnmg rilng, con ngudi nh|n Ihdc<br /> sy v§t hi§n tupng thdng qua nhDng d$c tnmg dd. Thl<br /> gidi trmg iih$ntiidocua con ng^di Ifi kit qufi cua sy<br /> tuong tfie gjQa s^ v§t h i ^ tupng tin tfd khfich quan<br /> vfi ^ thdc chd quan cua con ngudi. Qufi tiinh {difin<br /> lo^ sy v§t hi$n tupng thdng qua nh|n thdc cda con<br /> ngudi chinh Ifi ph^m tii!i hofi, \^ kit qufi cua qufi trinh<br /> dd dupc ^ i Ifi phfim bd tri i^i$n.<br /> 1.Z Ung dyng If thuylt nguy^ mlu vfio ngdn<br /> ngQ hpc theo Lakoff, td da nghia Ifi mdt tnrdng hpp<br /> d$c bi^ cua qufi trinh ph^m trii hda tr6n ca sd nguy^<br /> mlu, nhQng ngbla khfic nhau cua mdt tQ chfnh Ifi<br /> nhttng thfinh viln trtmg mdt pb^m trii. Cfic nghia<br /> thfinh vi£n trong pb^m tid ngtt n^iiaklt nli vdi nhau<br /> bfing mli quan h$ "giong nhau hp bfing", tQ tnmg<br /> tfim Ifi i ^ ^ n g i o ^ mau hlnh thfinh nSn mdt m^ng<br /> ludi ng^a vdi mSi nglua thfinh vioi Ifi mdt dion nut;<br /> nhftng Ihfinh virai cfing d sfit tmng tfim thl ngjila cfing<br /> gin vdi n^ua nguy^ mlu vfi ngupc l^i.<br /> M^ng ludi p h ^ tid ngQ nghm hlrihtiifinhbdi hai<br /> phuong tilde: phdng tda (radiatioi) vfi nli ti^<br /> (cfxicatenaticHi). Phdng tda tfi hlnh thuc nhilu n^iia<br /> <br /> NG6N NGtr & P 6 I S6NG<br /> thfinh viol cdng cd mli l i ^ h^ vdi mQt t^;hia trung<br /> tam; nli tiep Ifi hinh Ihdc ng^a thd nhlt cd mli liln<br /> h$ vdi n^ua thu hai, n g ^ thd hai l^i cd mli l i ^ h^<br /> vdi n^fiatiiiJrba,... Trong mgng ludi ph^m trd ngQ<br /> n^ua cd thl cd nhioi nguydn mau: d v} trf tiung tfim<br /> Ifi nghia nguyen mau cuatofinbp phgm liii, d cfic v)<br /> tri it trung tam hon Ifi cfic ngjila nguyen mau thd c ^<br /> cua cfic tioj i^igm trd (hlnh 1); ho$c cfic tilu phgm trii<br /> cung cd thl Ifi tip hpp cua cfic ng^a cd chung mOt<br /> moi liSn h$ nfio dd, khdng cd nghTa nli trdi dfim<br /> n h i ^ vai trd ngi^oi mlu thd d p .<br /> Hhihl<br /> <br /> S6 10 (240)-2QlS<br /> <br /> ngQ cda hp. H i ^ tupng ty nhien M (mua) trraig<br /> tilng Hfin dfi tidtiifinhco sd, v|t tham diilu dl hlnh<br /> tiifinh nln rlt n h i ^ khfii ni$m khfic, tgo tiifinh m^<br /> phgm trd ngQ nghia [JHHig phd dio tfr M (mua).<br /> Zl V£vans [5] dl xult 4 tidu chuin xfic dinh<br /> mOt n ^ nguy^ m&i cho danh tQ da n^ila: 1/<br /> N^ila du^c tiiQa nhfin sdm nhlt; 2/N^iia cd tiifinh<br /> I^ian xult h i ^ n h i ^ nhlt trong phgm trii ngft n ^<br /> cda tQ da n g ^ 3/ Nghia td dd cd till rut ra nhOng<br /> n ^ l a khfic mdt cfich ty nhiln, tdc Ifi, dya vfio n ^<br /> nguyin mlu cd thl d\r dofin nhQng nghia khfic troig<br /> phgm trii ngtt n^iia; 4/ Nghia gin gia nhlt vdi tr&i<br /> n g h i ^ cua con ngudi.<br /> Cfin cd vfio nhttng tilu chuin nlu trln didng tadS<br /> dfing xfic dinh dugc n^iia nguyin mlu cik W (nua)<br /> trong tilng Hfin Ifi dil *iihQng gipt nude roi xuing bl<br /> m ^ trfii dit tii nhQng dfim mSy"[6]. M (mua) don<br /> tiiuln tfi mOt hi§n tupng ty nhiln, vi dy: 4 - ^ M<br /> <br /> Nguybimiu<br /> <br /> .-20lJi<br /> <br /> NG6N NG(r&P0ls6NG<br /> <br /> tupng ty nhi&i M (mua) trong ti^ Hfinfinhxg l&i<br /> nhQng m i ^ nguin khfic nhau, Wnh thfinh nen cfic<br /> nghia khfic nhau, nhin<br /> a) Dfiy d$c, tin suit ldn. Vf dy: t6**5¥M<br /> (thuong lam dgn vii; riing sdng, mua dgn). Bon roi,<br /> dgn bin cd hlnhtiifiigin gilng nhu mua, 4 ^ ^ ^ M<br /> milu tfi sdng nhilu nhu cfiy riing, bom dgn dfiy d^c<br /> nhu muatiU,hfim ^ chi^ tranh vd cdng Idilc li§t<br /> b) Nhilu, ddng ddc. Vi dy: JTSflMT (hfin nhu<br /> vu tig: m l hdi nhu mua). M l hdi cua C