Ổ Ủ
Ẩ
Chapter 01 Ứ CÁC T CH C VÀ TIÊU Ạ CHU N C A M NG KHÔNG DÂY
ụ
M c tiêu
ủ
Vai trò c a các t
ổ ứ ch c
• FCC
•
IEEE
• WIFI – Alliance
ạ
M ng LAN không dây, PANs, MAN, WAN và
ệ
ị
Xác đ nh vai trò công ngh cho các công ngh WLAN ệ
Ư ể
ượ
ủ
ể
ạ
u đi m và nh
c đi m c a m ng WLAN
2
Các t
ổ ứ ch c
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
ủ ủ ỹ ượ ứ Là m t t ch c phi chính ph c a M đ c
ộ ổ ậ thành l p vào năm 1934.
ạ ậ ế ị t b
FCC t o ra các văn b n pháp lu t mà các thi ả ủ ả WLAN ph i tuân th theo.
ế
3
ị ạ ộ ể ấ FCC qui đ nh các ph t n s vô tuy n mà WLAN ổ ầ ố ứ có th ho t đ ng, m c công su t cho phép,…
Các t
ổ ứ ch c
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
The WiFi Alliance.
4
(IEEE)
FCC
ủ ủ ỹ ượ ứ ch c phi chính ph c a M đ c
Là m t t ộ ổ ậ
thành l p vào năm 1934.
ạ ậ ế ị t b
FCC t o ra các văn b n pháp lu t mà các thi ả ư ủ WLAN ph i tuân th theo ch ng h n nh :
ầ ố
ế
Các t n s sóng vô tuy n (Radio).
ấ ầ
ứ
M c công su t đ u ra.
ế ị ử ụ
ờ
Thi
t b s d ng trong nhà (indoor) và ngoài tr i
(outdoor).
5
ạ ẳ ả
FCC
ầ ố
ế ) Radio Frequencies Available (Các t n s sóng vô tuy n
ễ
ể
ế
ầ
ế
ấ FCC cung c p 2 dãy băng t n mi n phí sau đây đ giao ti p trên sóng vô tuy n (radio):
Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) – dành cho công
ệ
ọ
nghi p, khoa h c, y t
ế .
Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U ạ ầ
ấ
ố
NII) – h t ng thông tin qu c gia không c p phép.
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FCC Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM)
900 MHz ISM Band
– Từ 902 MHz đến 928 MHz or 915 MHz ± 13 MHz
2.4 GHz ISM Band
– Được sử dụng cho các chuẩn 802.11, 802.11b và 802.11g. Hoạt động ở băng tần 2.4000 GHz and 2.5000 GHz (2.4500 GHz ± 50 MHz)
– Trong mạng WLAN, thường chỉ sử dụng ở các
tần số 2.4000 - 2.4835 GHz .
5.8 GHz ISM Band
– Băng tần này cũng được gọi là băng tần 5 GHz
ISM. Các thiết bị wireless hoạt động trong khoảng 5.725 GHz and 5.875 GHz
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FCC Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII)
UNII bands are made up of three separate 100 MHz-wide
bands.
The three bands are known as the lower, middle, and
upper bands. Within each of these three bands, there are four non-overlapping DSSS channels, each separated by 5 MHz.
The FCC mandates that the lower band be used indoors, the middle band be used indoors or outdoors, and the upper band be allocated for outdoor use.
The 5 GHz UNII bands would allow for 8 non-overlapping access points indoors using both the lower and middle UNII bands.
8
FCC Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII)
Lower Band
– Bound by 5.15 GHz and 5.25 GHz and is specified by the FCC to have a maximum output power of 50 mW by FCC and 40 mW by IEEE .
Middle Band
– Bound by 5.25 GHz and 5.35 GHz and is specified at:
250 mW by FCC. 200 mW by IEEE.
Upper Band
– Bound by between 5.725 GHz and 5.825 GHz – Reserved for outdoor links and is limited by the FCC to
1 Watt (1000 mW ) of output power.
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FCC ISM & UNII
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FCC
11
Output Power Levels The 2.4 GHz ISM band may be used indoors or outdoors, and the output power at the intentional radiator cannot exceed 1 watt and depending on whether the implementation is a pointtomultipoint or a pointtopoint implementation.
FCC
Indoor and outdoor usage
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The FCC limits the 5.15–5.25 UNII band to indooronly usage. The other UNII bands can be used indoors or outdoors; however, the 5.725–5.825 band is especially well suited for outdoor operations
IEEE
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
The IEEE developed standards that impact and benefit wireless networking.
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These standards include wireless specific standards as well as standards that have been implemented in the wired networking domain, which are now being utilized in the wireless networking domain.
IEEE 802.11 standards
The 802.11 standard was the first standard describing the operation of wireless LANs
Contained all of the available transmission technologies including Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS), Frequenc y Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS), and infrared .
IEEE 802.11 standard describes DSSS systems that operate at 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps only
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IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11 standards
IEEE 802.11b1999 (amended slightly in 2001)
ớ ầ ự ổ ổ
ả directsequence ố spectrum ế spread
ử ụ S d ng tr i ph chu i tr c ti p v i t n s cao (highrate HR/DSSS) thay vì DSSS.
ấ ố ộ ề ữ ệ Cung c p t c đ truy n d li u (data rates) 11 Mbps.
Uses the 2.4 GHz ISM band (2400 GHz – 24835 GHz).
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ươ ượ ớ ả Có kh năng t ng thích ng c v i DSSS.
IEEE 802.11 standards
IEEE 802.11a 1999
ở ầ ạ ộ Ho t đ ng băng t n 5 GHz UNII.
H tr các t c đ (data rates) 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps.
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ổ ợ ố ộ
IEEE 802.11 standards
IEEE 802.11g2003
ổ ổ ợ ả ổ ự ế
ề ồ
H tr tr i ph chu i tr c ti p (DSSS) và ế ớ ờ ươ ng thích v i đi u ch HR/DSSS đ ng th i t ầ i băng t n 2.4 GHz ISM. OFDM t
ạ
ố ộ ổ ữ ệ T c đ trao đ i d li u: 54 Mbps.
ượ
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ng thích ng ế ị ươ ớ ẩ ả Có kh năng t compatibility) v i các thi c (backwards t b chu n 802.11b.
IEEE 802.11 standards
IEEE 802.11n (2009)
S a đ i theo IEEE 802.11 t
ử ổ ạ ầ i t ng PHY và MAC.
ế ị ạ t b m ng WLAN có ượ ng (throughput) cao
ớ ể ạ ố ặ ơ ề Đi u này cho phép các thi ề ể th truy n thông v i thông l ơ h n và có th đ t t i đa 100Mbps ho c cao h n.
ề ượ ự ệ ệ c th c hi n nh công ngh MIMO
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ờ Đi u này đ (multipleinputmultipleoutput)
IEEE 802.11 standards
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IEEE 802.11n (2009) Công nghệ MIMO: Thiết bị phát WLAN chia gói dữ liệu ra thành nhiều phần, mỗi phần được gọi là chuỗi dữ liệu (Spatial Stream) và phát từng chuỗi dữ liệu qua các anten riêng rẽ đến các anten thu. 15/9/2009 Data rate: 54-600Mbps
Nhiệm vụ WECA là xác nhận khả năng tương tác của
) và thúc đẩy
các sản phẩm Wi-Fi ™ (IEEE 802. 11 Wi-Fi như các tiêu chuẩn mạng WLAN trên tất cả các phân khúc thị trường của toàn cầu.
Có 6 công ty bao gồm Intersil, 3Com, Nokia, Aironet (về sau được Cisco sáp nhập), Symbol và Lucent liên kết với nhau để tạo ra Liên minh tương thích Ethernet không dây WECA
The website for WECA is : www.wirelessethernet.org
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WECA Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance
WiFi Alliance
ẩ ứ ề ầ c yêu c u v
ộ ả ươ
Khi m t s n ph m đáp ng đ ượ ẽ ể ng thích do WECA ki m tra tì WECA s ứ ả ả
ề ẩ
ầ ấ ử ụ
ệ ả
tính t ộ gán cho s n ph m đó m t ch ng nh n v tính ươ t ng thích và cho phép nhà s n xu t s d ng ả logo wifi trong vi c qu ng cáo và đóng gói s n ph m.ẩ
ế ị ế ể t b đó có th giao ti p
Logo này nói lên r ng thi c v i các thi
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ượ ớ ằ ế ị t b khác có logo WiFi. đ
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread spectrum technology is used in multiple ways that can be organized within four primary categories: wireless LANs, wireless PANs (WPANs), wireless MANs (WMANs) and wireless WANs.
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Wireless LANs
There are three primary roles that wireless LANs play in today’s enterprise organizations:
■ Access role
■ Distribution role
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■ Core role
Access role
In the access role, the wireless network is used to provide wireless clients with access to wired resources. The access point remains fixed while the clients may move.
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The access point is usually connected to an Ethernet network where other resources, such as file servers, printers,…, reside.
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Distribution role
connection
In the distribution role, wireless bridges provide a backhaul disconnected wired between networks.
In this case, each network is connected to the Ethernet port of a wireless bridge and the wireless bridges communicate with each other using the IEEE 802.11 standard.
Once these connections are made, network traffic can be passed across the bridge link so that the two previously disconnected networks may act as one.
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Distribution role
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Core role
In the core role, the wireless LAN is the network. This
may be suitable for small networks built onthefly, such
as those built at construction sites or in disaster areas.
However, the limited data throughput will prohibit the
wireless LAN from being the core of the network in a
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large enterprise installation.
Core role
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Wireless PANs
A wireless PAN (personal area network) provides handsfree connectivity and communications within a confined range and limited throughput capacity.
Bluetooth is a perfect example of a wireless PAN technology that is both beneficial and in widespread use.
Operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, Bluetooth technologies can cause interference with wireless LAN technologies like DSSS, HR/DSSS, and ERP. However, the newer adaptive frequency hopping technology helps to reduce this interference if not completely remove it. Adaptive frequency hopping is a new feature found in Bluetooth 1.2 devices and higher.
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Wireless PAN Network
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WPAN
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Wireless MANs
WiMAX is the most commonly referenced wireless MAN technology.
WiMAX is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard and provides expected throughput of approximately 40 Mbps for fixed, line of sight connections and approximately 15 Mbps for mobile, non–line of sight connections.
to
the
throughput
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speeds, WiMAX In addition incorporates QoS mechanisms that help to provide greater throughput for all users and important applications using the network.
Wireless WANs
to connect
Wide area networks (WANs) are usually used to connect LANs together. If the LANs are separated by a large distance, WAN them. These technologies may be employed technologies include Frame Relay, analog dialup lines, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), ISDN, and others.
Free Space Optics is an example of wireless WAN technologies.
channels
The key differentiator of wireless WAN technologies from WLAN, WPAN, and WMAN is that the wireless WAN link aggregates multiple together communications (multiplexing) and passes them across the single WAN link.
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Wireless LAN Technology Roles
Corporate Data Access and EndUser Mobility
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Wireless LAN Technology Roles
Network Extension to Remote Areas
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Wireless LAN Technology Roles
BuildingtoBuilding Connectivity: Bridging
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Wireless LAN Technology Roles
LastMile Data Delivery: Wireless ISP
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Wireless LAN Technology Roles
Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) Use
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Wireless LAN Technology Roles
Mobile Office Networking
Industrial: Warehousing and Manufacturing
Educational/Classroom Use
Health Care: Hospitals and Offices
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Advantages of WLAN
Mobility is primary advantage of wireless technology
Easier and Less Expensive Installation: Installing
Increased Reliability
network cabling in older buildings difficult and costly
– Eliminates certain types of cable failures and
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increases overall network reliability
Disadvantages of WLAN
Security: Wireless signals broadcast in open air – Security for wireless LANs is the prime concern
Unauthorized users might access network
Attackers might view transmitted data
Employees could install rogue access points
Attackers could easily crack existing wireless security Radio Signal Interference: Signals from other devices can
disrupt wireless transmissions
Health Risks: Wireless devices emit RF energy
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Glossary
is FCC The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) responsible for defining limitations and allowances for radio frequency communications—among other things—in the United States and its territories. They define the regulations that are then implemented in IEEE and other standards.
IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers specifies standards based on regulations defined by regulatory bodies.
WiFi Alliance An organization that certifies equipment to be interoperable with other equipment in the WLAN industry based on their certification standards.
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Summarise
direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) One of the original Physical layer technologies specified in the IEEE 802.11 standard that provides instantaneous data rates of 1 or 2 Mbps and operates in the 2.4GHz frequency band.
the
in
IEEE 802.11b HR/DSSS Originally specified amendment, the highrate/directsequence spread spectrum Physical layer specifies data rates up to 11 Mbps.
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Review Questions
1. Which of the following organizations is responsible for compatibility testing of 802.11 hardware? A. IEEE B. ETSI C. Wi-Fi Alliance D. FCC
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Review Questions
2. You want to read the 802.11 standard so
A. IEEE B. ETSI C. Wi-Fi Alliance D. FCC
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that you can better understand the details of the MAC and PHY layer functionality in wireless LANs. Which organization’s web site should you visit?
Review Questions
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3. Which of the following technologies are not wireless WAN solutions? (Choose all that apply.) A. Zigbee B. Free Space Optics C. Wi-Fi Access Points D. Bluetooth
Review Questions
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4. What are the two types of wireless bridge links that can be created? (Choose two.) A. Point-to-point B. Building-to-building C. Point-to-multipoint D. Remote-to-local
Review Questions
5. Which one of the following does a
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wireless LAN provide that a wired network does not? A. Mobility B. Centralized security C. Reliability D. VPN security
Review Questions
6. Which one of the following would not be an
appropriate use of a wireless LAN? A. Connecting two buildings together that are on
opposite sides of the street
B. Connecting two computers together in a small
office so they can share a printer
C. Connecting a remote home to a WISP for
Internet access
D. Connecting two rack-mounted computers
together
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Review Questions
7. Wireless ISPs provide which one of the
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following services? A. Small office/home office services B. Connectivity for large enterprises C. Last mile data delivery D. Building-to-building connectivity