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Effect of atmospheric plasma treatment on mechanical properties of jute fiber and interface adhesion between fiber and resin

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The surface treatment by physical method of jute fiber using air plasma was investigated. Fiber was treated by the atmospheric plasma with various conditions of power 50W and different treatment times (from 1 min to 7 min). After treatment, the characteristics of fiber changed remarkably and fiber surface observed by SEM analyze showed a better morphology for adhesion. The result showed that tensile strength and Young’s modulus of jute fiber were slightly improved, however there was a remarkable improvement interface adhesion between fibers and polypropylene (PP) resin. Especially, when combine physical method and chemical method, the interfacial adhesion and mechanical properties of jute fibers were significantly improved

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Nội dung Text: Effect of atmospheric plasma treatment on mechanical properties of jute fiber and interface adhesion between fiber and resin

Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 45 (5A), P. 201 - 206, 2007<br /> <br /> <br /> EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC PLASMA TREATMENT ON<br /> MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF JUTE FIBER AND INTERFACE<br /> ADHESION BETWEEN FIBER AND RESIN<br /> Received 16 August 2007<br /> Ta Thi Phuong Hoa, Nguyen Thi Thanh Binh, Nguyen Chau Giang<br /> Polymer Center, Hanoi University of Technology<br /> <br /> <br /> Summary<br /> The surface treatment by physical method of jute fiber using air plasma was investigated.<br /> Fiber was treated by the atmospheric plasma with various conditions of power 50W and different<br /> treatment times (from 1 min to 7 min). After treatment, the characteristics of fiber changed<br /> remarkably and fiber surface observed by SEM analyze showed a better morphology for<br /> adhesion. The result showed that tensile strength and Young’s modulus of jute fiber were slightly<br /> improved, however there was a remarkable improvement interface adhesion between fibers and<br /> polypropylene (PP) resin. Especially, when combine physical method and chemical method, the<br /> interfacial adhesion and mechanical properties of jute fibers were significantly improved.<br /> <br /> <br /> I - Introduction II - Experimental<br /> <br /> Natural fiber reinforced composites have 1. Material<br /> recently increased concerns of scientists and<br /> - Jute fiber: silk jute and roll of jute supplied<br /> technologists because of many advantages. from Hanoi Jute Company.<br /> Natural fibers are abundant with various species,<br /> can be recyclable and biodegradable and - MAPP - Compatibilizer polypropylene -g-<br /> therefore are very potential in manufacturing maleic anhydride with 0.8% of maleic<br /> environmental friendly polymer composite. It is anhydride was synthesised at Polymer Center,<br /> Hanoi University of Technology, Vietnam.<br /> however important to improve interface<br /> adhesion properties between natural fiber and - Technical potassium hydroxide was used<br /> resin. Among several fiber treatment methods, for alkali treatment.<br /> plasma treatment is a new physical method - Acetic acid from China with density and<br /> which is regarded as a dry surface processing concentration of 1.05 g/ml and 99.3%<br /> method for adhesion improvement without respectively.<br /> waste liquid. Moreover, plasma treatment can 2. Fiber preparation<br /> modify surface without obstructing basic<br /> properties of fiber. In this research, atmospheric Raw jute fiber obtained locally was scoured<br /> plasma treatment has been applied to improve by treating with a 1% solution of a detergent at<br /> 70oC for 1 h to remove weaving size (potato<br /> adhesion properties between jute fiber and<br /> starch and waxes), then by washing in distilled<br /> polypropylen (PP) resin.<br /> water and drying.<br /> <br /> <br /> 201<br /> 3. Alkali treatment excess of sodium hydroxide and thoroughly<br /> rinsed with distilled water and dried.<br /> Jute fibers were soaked in beakers<br /> containing potassium hydroxide concentration 4. Plasma treatment<br /> in 0.5N for 2h, 4h, 6h and 8h. The fibers were The plasma experiment system used for this<br /> then washed with dilute acetic acid to neutralize study is shown in figure 1.<br /> <br /> <br /> Dielectric Electrode<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Power supply<br /> 12-20 KHz<br /> 0-200 W<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Gas exhaust Enclosure<br /> <br /> <br /> Vacuum pump<br /> <br /> Figure 1: Experimental system creates plasma<br /> Two Plane-parallel metal electrodes are separated by an atmospheric environment in which<br /> silent discharge environment at the gap. The electrodes are connected to a power supply with high<br /> frequency and power of 12 KHz and 50W. Fiber was treated under conditions as showed in table 1.<br /> <br /> Table 1: Plasma treatment condition<br /> Gas Air<br /> Pressure and temperature Atmospheric pressure, room temperature<br /> Intensity and frequency of power 50W and 12 KHz<br /> Treatment time 1 to 7 min<br /> <br /> 5. Morphology study jute fibers was glued on the sheet of paper<br /> working as an attachment for the specimen.<br /> The morphology was observed by using<br /> Then, the gage positions of the paper were cut<br /> SEM.<br /> after checking it on LLOYD (5000 N)<br /> 6. Tensile test of jute fiber equipment at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min.<br /> The average diameters of fiber were 7. Microdroplet test<br /> measured in microscope which magnifying<br /> Single fiber composite (SFC) of jute fiber<br /> index comes to 40 times. Figure 2 shows the<br /> and PP was prepared, then the interfacial shear<br /> dimensions of the fiber specimen. One of the<br /> strength (IFSS) was measured by microdroplet<br /> <br /> 202<br /> test on LLOYD (5000 N) at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min.<br /> <br /> Adhesive agent<br /> Jute fiber<br /> 2 cm<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 2 cm<br /> 0.7 cm<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 5 cm<br /> Paper tab will be cut<br /> <br /> <br /> Figure 2: Tensile test of fiber<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Jute fiber PP<br /> Blade<br /> <br /> Adhesive agent<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Paper tab will be cut<br /> <br /> Figure 3: Microdroplet test<br /> <br /> III - Results and Discussion<br /> <br /> 1. Effect of alkali treatment on the tensile properties of Jute fiber<br /> Table 2 presents tensile properties of jute fiber after alkali treatment with various conditions.<br /> <br /> Table 2: Tensile properties of untreated and alkali treated Jute fiber<br /> Alkali treatment Tensile strength, Young’s Modulus,<br /> conditions MPa GPa<br /> Untreated 198 21.920<br /> Jute fiber KOH 0.5 N, 2h 239.15 23.290<br /> KOH 0.5 N, 4h 274.95 24.471<br /> KOH 0.5 N, 6h 287.6 28.432<br /> KOH 0.5 N, 8h 241.95 22.292<br /> <br /> The results show the change of tensile alkali - sensitive bonds existing between the<br /> properties when changing the treatment different components of the fiber as a result<br /> condition. An explanation is that rupture of partial removal of the hemicelluloses, lignin and<br /> <br /> 203<br /> other substances. They have amorphous average value of tensile strength and Young’s<br /> structure, inhomogeneous property and can modulus increased 45.25% and 29.71%.<br /> respond to low stress. Treated fiber becomes<br /> 2. Effect of atmospheric plasma treatment on<br /> more homogeneous and capable of rearranging<br /> themselves along the direction of tensile the tensile properties of jute fiber<br /> deformation. Consequently, tensile properties of Changes of tensile properties of jute fiber<br /> treated fiber increase. Especially, in case the after atmospheric plasma treatment are shown in<br /> alkali treatment of 0.5 N in potassium table 3.<br /> concentration and 6 hours in treatment time, the<br /> <br /> Table 3: Tensile properties of untreated and atmospheric plasma treated jute fiber<br /> Kind of fiber Atmospheric plasma Tensile strength, Young’s Modulus,<br /> treatment condition MPa GPa<br /> Untreated 1 min 227.92 22.436<br /> 3 min 254.60 23.527<br /> 5 min 265.39 25.145<br /> Alkali treated 1 min 308.90 29.774<br /> KOH 0.5N,6h 5 min 335.26 33.720<br /> 7 min 313.30 27.315<br /> <br /> In case the atmospheric plasma treatment, Plasma treatment showed higher effect than<br /> highest tensile properties achieved at treatment alkali treatment. In the case of combination of<br /> time of 5 min. That is suitable treatment atmospheric plasma treatment of 5 min and<br /> condition. Especially, the combination of alkali alkali treatment of 0.5 N KOH in 6 hours, the<br /> treatment and atmospheric plasma treatment interfacial adhesion is 30.96% higher than that<br /> leads to increases of 69.32 % and 53.83 % in the between untreated fiber and MAPP.<br /> average value of tensile strength and Young’s<br /> 3<br /> modulus.<br /> Untreated<br /> Effect of atmospheric plasma treatment on 2.669<br /> Alkali treated,<br /> the tensile properties of fiber is however slight. KOH 0.5N, 6h 2.562<br /> It may be that atmospheric plasma treatment 2.5<br /> strafed on fiber surface caused a partial removal 2.323<br /> IFSS, MPa<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> of lignin and hemicelluloses. As known that<br /> plasma treatment can modify only fiber surface 2.061<br /> without obstructing basic properties of fiber.<br /> 2<br /> 3. Effect of atmospheric plasma treatment on<br /> interfacial adhesion between Jute fiber<br /> and MAPP<br /> 1.5<br /> The effect of atmospheric plasma treatment Untreated Plasma treated, 5 min<br /> on interfacial adhesion between jute fiber and Plasm a treatm ent condition<br /> MAPP is indicated in figure 4.<br /> As shows in this figure, the interfacial Figure 4: Effect of atmospheric plasma<br /> adhesion between two phases improved treatment on interfacial adhesion<br /> significantly by atmospheric plasma treatment. between Jute fiber and PP resin<br /> <br /> 204<br /> 4. Effect of plasma treatment and alkali The SEM images of untreated and treated<br /> treatment on the surface morphology fiber surface are shown in figure 5.<br /> <br /> <br /> untreated Plasma, 5min<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> KOH 0.5N, 6h + Plasma, 5min<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> KOH 0.5N, 6h<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Figure 5: SEM images of Jute fiber surface<br /> <br /> It showed that jute fiber consists of many Third International Workshop on Green<br /> individual fibers which are bonds together Composites. March 16-17, Kyoto, Japan<br /> closely by adhesive substances. After alkali (2005).<br /> treatment, individual fiber becomes more 2. Ta Thi Phuong Hoa, Nguyen Thi Thanh<br /> oriented and has cleaner surface. After Mai, Nguyen Hoang An, Nguyen Anh Tuan,<br /> atmospheric plasma treatment of 5 min, fiber Le Thanh Hung, Young Sik Song.<br /> surface became rougher comparing to the Proceeding of the International Conference<br /> surface of untreated fiber. on Engineering Physics, Ha noi, October 9-<br /> 12, P. 397 - 401 (2006).<br /> IV - Conclusion<br /> 3. Dr X. J. Dai, Mr L. Kvi. Study of<br /> atmospheric and low pressure plasma<br /> The atmospheric plasma treatment can be<br /> Modification on the Surface properties of<br /> used as an effective surface treatment method<br /> Synthetic and Nature Fibers. CSIRO textile<br /> for jute fiber in PP composite application which<br /> and fiber technology, p. 1-10.<br /> can not only improve the adhesion between fiber<br /> www.tft.csiro.au (2001).<br /> and PP resin but also the mechanical properties<br /> of the fiber without waste liquid and has higher 4. D. Sun, G. K. Stylios. Investigating the<br /> effect in combination with alkali treatment. Plasma Modification of Nature Fiber<br /> Fabrics-The Effect on Fabric Surface and<br /> References Mechanical Properties. SAGE publication,<br /> P. 639 - 644. www.sagepublication .com.<br /> 1. Kazuhiro Mizuta, Takashi Masouka, (2005).<br /> Kazuhiko Sakaguchi, Hiroyuki Hurita. 5. L. Y. Mwaikampo, M. P. Ansell. The effect<br /> 205<br /> of chemical treatment on the properties of Polym. Sci., Vol. 71, P. 623 - 629 (2000).<br /> hemp, sisal, jute and kapok for composite 7. Roger M. Rowell, James S. Han, Jeffrey S.<br /> reinforcement. Die Angewandte Rowell. Characterization and Factors<br /> Makromolekulare Chemie, Vol. 272, P. 108 Effecting Fiber Properties. Natural<br /> - 116 (1999). Polymers and Agrofibers Composites, P.<br /> 6. Jochen Gassan, Andrzej K. Bledzki. J. Appl. 115 - 133 (2002).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 206<br />
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