Giáo trình Grammar 2

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Giáo trình Grammar 2 tập trung vào việc phân tích và thực hành các loại mệnh đề trong tiếng Anh. Nội dung bao gồm ba chương chính: Chapter 1: Finite clauses, Chapter 2: Non-finite clauses, Chapter 3: Verbless clauses. Giáo trình được thiết kế với nhiều bài tập thực hành giúp học viên củng cố kiến thức. Đây là tài liệu bổ ích cho những ai muốn nâng cao khả năng ngữ pháp tiếng Anh.

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Nội dung Text: Giáo trình Grammar 2

DALAT UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES GRAMMAR 2 Áp dụng cho sinh viên từ K45 Selected and compiled by Đặng Thị Ngọc Trâm Nguyễn Thị Thảo Hiền FOR DLU STUDENTS ONLY, NOT FOR SALE Lam Dong - 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1: FINITE CLAUSES Part one: General introduction 3 Part two: Relative clauses 4 1. Introduction 2. Defining and non-defining relative clauses 6 3. Reduced relative clauses 13 4. Possessives and pronouns with relative clauses 17 5. Prepositions in relative clauses 19 6. Relative clauses with WHERE, WHEN, etc. 21 Further practice 23 Part three: Nominal (Noun) clauses 30 Introduction 1. Noun clauses as subjects and objects 31 2. Noun clauses after nouns 34 3. Noun clauses as subject complements 38 4. Noun clauses as adjectival complements 38 5. The subjunctive or SHOULD in noun clauses 40 Further Practice 41 Part four: Adverb clauses 51 Introduction 1. Time clauses 55 2. Manner clauses 60 3. Comparison clauses 60 4. Reason clauses 62 5. Purpose clauses 64 6. Result clauses 64 7. Contrast clauses 66 8. Conditional clauses 68 9. Reduced adverb clauses 75 Further Practice 78 Production 86 1
Chapter 2: NON-FINITE CLAUSES Part one: General Introduction 89 Part two: Infinitive clauses 1. Use 91 2. Function 95 3. Practice 98 Part three: Gerund clauses 1. Use 102 2. Function 103 3. Practice 104 Part four: Participle clauses 1. Use 107 2. Function 111 3. Practice 114 Further practice 119 Chapter 3: VERBLESS CLAUSES 130 Production 133 SUPLEMENTARY PART: SENTENCE ANALYSIS 136 2
CHAPTER ONE: FINITE CLAUSES PART ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION Look at the table and compare how finite, non-finite and verbless clauses are different. KIND OF Finite clauses Non-finite clauses Verbless clauses CLAUSE Adverb - When I was walking - Walking down the street, - Too nervous, clauses down the street, I saw a I saw a motor accident. the candidate motor accident. didn’t perform - Because they didn’t - Having no money, they well. have any money, they were pushed out. were pushed out. - A man of work, he rarely helps with the housework. Noun - Charlie hopes that he - Charlie hopes to have a clauses will have a job soon. job soon. - Where you are from is - Living abroad is a great not important. experience. Adjectival/ - Do you recognise the - Do you recognise the There was one Relative man who is smoking? man smoking? seat available on clauses the flight. - Charlie, who is admired - Charlie, admired by his by his classmates, raised classmates, raised his his hand. hand. General definitions: Finite, Non-finite, and Verbless Clauses are different kinds of clauses in which the last 2 are always subordinate clauses. Finite clauses always contain a tense or mood; non-finite clauses are in the forms of bare infinitive, TO- infinitive, -ING verb, or past participle; Verbless clauses do not contain a verb though it is still implied (most Verbless clauses are adverb clauses). 3
PART TWO: RELATIVE CLAUSES Getting started 1. You are going to read three stories about a cat, a dog, and some monkeys. Which animal(s) do you think, could go in each deadline? a.… go to prison b/…… eats money c/ …. is hurt by automatic feeder A Southampton dog lover who rescued a lost dog returned home to find it had eaten £800 he had saved for a new car. MOKEYS which annoy people in the northern Indian state of Punjab are being locked up in a special jail and held until they are ready for release back into society. A cat feeder, probably for people who secretly hate their cats, was introduced in 1979. It was a plastic machine that made feeding the cat a simple job. You put food into the feeder and it would automatically give it to the cat. Great idea for a pet owner- but not so great for the cat. The lid of the feeder would often fall down while the cat was eating and hit it on the nose. 2. Find these words in the texts: who, which and that. Which of these words: a/ is used for people? ………………… b/ are used for things and animals? ………………… 3. Read the spoken version of the dog story and answer the question. ‘There was this man that loved animals, and one day he found a dog wandering around in the street and he took him home with him. He left the dog in his house while he went out shopping and when he came home he had a bit of a shock. The stupid dog had eaten £800 that he had been saving to buy a new car!’ Can that be used for things and people? ………….. 4. Using the answers to 2 and 3 above, complete this sentence: a/ …………….. and b/ ………….. can be used to describe people, and c/ ……….. and d/ …………….. can be used to refer to things and animals. Relative clauses are also named adjectival clauses because their function is to qualify a noun/ noun phrase. 1. Introduction 4
Relative clauses are usually introduced by relative pronouns such as THAT, WHO or WHICH … and are used to provide information about someone or something just mentioned. We can use relative clauses to identify people (I’ve just seen the woman who lives upstairs), describe things (She’s climbing up a ladder that wobbles with every gust of wind) and add comments (I think she’s going to clean her windows, which seems rather dangerous in the circumstances). We can sometimes use a relative clause with no relative pronoun (The town we visited on that rainy day was just formidable). 1.1 Relative clauses/ Adjectival clauses We use a relative clause to give more information about a noun phrase in a preceding clause. Instead of repeating the subject noun phrase, we can use a relative pronoun (who, which): 1. I have a friend. The friend OR He lives in London.  I have a friend who lives in London. 2. We found a shop. The shop OR It sold old records.  We found a shop which sold old records. When we use a relative pronoun instead of an object noun or pronoun, we put the relative pronoun at the beginning of the relative clause. We don’t repeat the noun or pronoun. 3. I loved the card. You sent it.  I loved the card that you sent. (NOT ... that you sent it.) 4. He’s one man. I admire him.  He’s one man whom I admire. (NOT ...whom I admire him.) We usually try to put relative clauses immediately after the noun phrases they describe (5), but we can include a preposition phrase between the noun phrase and the relative clause (6). 5. The food came in plastic bags. We had to eat the food.  The food that we had to eat came in plastic bags. (NOT: The food came in plastic bags that we had to eat.) 6. A pirate is a person on a ship who attacks and steals from other ships. 1.2 Relative pronouns: who, whom, which, that We use who and whom when we are talking about people. We can use who as the subject of a relative clause (7) and whom as the object (8). Whom is formal. In informal situations, we can use who as the object or, more usually, we leave out the relative pronoun (9). 7. Michael is a teacher. He works in Dublin.  Michael is a teacher who works in Dublin. 5
8. The person wasn’t Michael. You met him.  The person whom you met wasn’t Michael. 9. The person who you met wasn’t Michael./The person _ you met wasn’t Michael. We can use whom after prepositions at the beginning of a relative clause in formal situations. In informal situations, we can put the preposition after the verb and use who at the beginning or, more usually, we leave out the relative pronoun. 10. The man is Joe. You should talk to him.  The man to whom you should talk is Joe! The man who you should talk to is Joe Nash./The man _ you should talk to is Joe. We use which and that for things or animals (11) and after group nouns such as team for a group of people we are thinking of as a single unit (12). Which is more formal. In informal situations, we sometimes use that instead of who/whom for people (13). 11. They own a cat. The cat doesn’t have a tail.  They own a cat which/that doesn’t have a tail. 12. We were in the team. The team won the cup.  We were in the team which/that won the cup. 13. The woman is a nurse. She lives next door.  The woman that lives next door is a nurse. We can use which after prepositions at the beginning of a relative clause in formal situations. In informal situations, we put the preposition after the verb and use that at the beginning of the relative clause or, more usually, we leave out the relative pronoun. 14. I can’t remember the hotel. We stayed in the hotel.  I can’t remember the hotel in which we stayed. / I can’t remember the hotel (that) we stayed in. (NOT ... the hotel we stayed in it.) 2. Defining and non-defining relative clauses Defining relative clauses In a defining relative clause, we include information that identifies or classifies people (1) and things (2). The meaning of the sentence is not complete without the defining relative clause. 1. Do you remember the woman who used to work in the bookshop? 2. Do you have a thing that measures temperature?~ You mean a thermometer? Sorry, I don’t. We often use that at the beginning of a defining relative clause instead of the object (3) or the object of a preposition (4). We usually use (that) after noun phrases containing superlatives (5) or quantifiers (6). 6
3. I brought the dictionary. Maria wanted it.  I brought the dictionary (that) Mary wanted. 4. The film is ‘Twins’. He’s talking about it.  The film (that) he’s talking about is ‘Twins’. 5. It’s the best film (that) I’ve seen in years. He was the worst teacher (that) I had at school. 6. There’s a lot (that) I don’t know about computers. Every person (that) we met had a cold. We can also begin defining relative clauses with who, whom and which. 7. I don’t know anyone who/whom I can trust. There are two rules which you must always obey. Non- defining relative clauses When we want to include essential information, we use a defining relative clause (8). When we are simply adding extra information, we use a non-defining relative clause (9). We usually put a comma before a non-defining clause and a comma after it, unless it is the end of the sentence. 8. The first caller who can give the correct answer will win the prize. 9. The first caller, who was from the London area, didn’t give the correct answer. We can also use brackets or dashes: The second caller (who sounded Scoff ish) got it right. We usually use who, whom or which at the beginning of non-defining relative clause (10). We don’t usually begin non-defining relative clauses with that or without a relative pronoun. 10. Our new boss, who seems to be nice, has said nothing about Mr Bell, whom he replaced. 11. The Mini, which some people initially laughed at, soon became the most popular car. (NOT The Mini, (that) some people initially laughed at, soon became the most popular car.) We can use non-defining relative clauses with which to add comments about the preceding statement (12). We also use which in preposition phrases such as in which case at the beginning of non-defining relative clauses used to add comments (13). 12. They said Catherine had been in prison, which simply wasn’t true. 13. There may be a strike, in which case the office will remain closed. 7
In non-defining relative clauses we can use of which and of whom after quantifiers or superlatives such as the most famous (15). We do this when we want to add information about part of something or about an individual from a group already mentioned. 14. The last lecture, some of which I just didn’t understand, was about osmosis. 15. At the conference, there were several writers, the most famous of whom was Paul Theroux. We can also put superlatives after the relative pronoun: At the conference, there were several writers, of whom the most famous was Paul Theroux. PRACTICE 1 Read the text about Bill Gates, his company, Microsoft, and his house in Seattle. There are gaps in the text. Fill the gaps with a clause below. Write a number 1-16. 1. discussing the plots and swapping opinions 2. why Microsoft has been so successful 3. he fancied 4. of which he owns 39% of the shares 5. whose software is used 6. estimated at $18 billion 7. overlooking Lake Washington 8. he can’t afford 9. leaving his wife behind 10. what to do 11. that he’s packed with high-tech gadgetry 12. that can be run by clicking on icons 13. encoded with their personal preferences 14. who is now a very successful businesswoman 15. that allows him 16. which put him among the top ten students The man who could buy anything Bill Gates is the richest private citizen in the world. There is nothing (a)….. Every morning, when his alarm clock goes off, the software tycoon is $20 million richer than when he went to bed. His wealth is based on his company, Microsoft (b) …..He 8
has a personal fortune (c) ….., which is more than the annual economic output of over hundred countries. He is not shy about spending it. He has built a mansion (d) ….. (e) ….. and TV monitors, some taking up an entire wall. Visitors are given a smart card (f) ….., so that, as they wander from room to room, their favourite pictures will appear on the screens, and the music they like will play. The card is programmed so that only the most intimate friends can open all the doors. This cold-blooded approach to human relationships also seems to be true of his love life. When he went out with an ex- Gates went on to Harvard University, where girlfriend, Ann Winblad, (g) ….., the he managed to be in the same class as the couple conducted much of their girls (l) ….. by inserting a piece of software relationship by going on virtual dates. into the college computer. But he never Each would drive alone to the same finished college. When he left, he knew movie at the same time in different exactly (m) ….. He started up his own towns, and then talk about it afterwards computer company. on their mobiles, (h).… When finally he The reason (n)…. is because Gates saw that got married, he and his wife, Melinda, his fortune lay in software, not hardware. He signed a prenuptial agreement (i) …..to became a billionaire at 31, and since then go on an annual holiday with his ex- Microsoft has created Windows, which is a lover, Ann, (j) ….. system (o)…. with a mouse. Gates has been called ‘King of the Now the multi-billionaire, (p)….. in two- Nerds’ but this simply isn’t fair. In the thirds of the world’s computer, is developing ninth grade at school, he got A’s in all the HPC, or hand-held personal computer. It the subjects he took, (k) ….. in the is his intention that there should be a nation. computer in the pocket of everybody in the whole world. QUESTIONS: 1. When do we use the relative pronouns who, that, whose and which? 2. Find examples in the text of when English uses no relative pronoun. 9
1. In the article about Bill Gates, find the four relative clauses beginning with which, and decide whether they are defining or non-defining. 1. …………………………………………………………………………………… 2. …………………………………………………………………………………… 3. …………………………………………………………………………………… 4. …………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Underline the best word or words, then identufy the name and function of each relative/adjective clause. a. The historic castle, which/ what was rebuilt after the war, contains the city museum. b. What/ Whatever I would like to do next is go and visit the Modern Art Gallery. c. I didn’t know exactly whom/ who I was working with on the project. d. You may tick the “No Publicity” box, in that/ which case no details of your win will be given to the press. e. I’ve never seen anyone who/ which can kick a ball as hard as David can! f. I’m afraid this isn’t the meal whom I asked for/ I asked for. g. Can someone tell me that/ what I am supposed to be doing? h. Brussels, that/ which I’ve visited several times recently, is a good place to spend a weekend. i. After eating so much I felt sick, that/ which wasn’t so surprising! j. The police asked me if I had seen anyone who/ which fitted the description. 3. Complete the sentence with the correct word. a. Many Asians live in mega-cities, that is, cities whose population is greater than 10 million. b. Tony, …… brother Dave also played for Scotland, eventually became team captain. c. I’m a sort of person ………….. likes being busy all the time. d. We looked at three flats to let, one of …………… seemed suitable, though it was expensive. e. Elsa seemed like the kind of person to ………….. happiness came almost naturally. f. This e-mail is intended solely for the use of the person to ………….. it is addressed. g. It was a mistake ………… both generals were to regret before the day was over. h. The buildings ………….. were damaged in the earthquake were marked with a red cross. 10
i. Sophia lived alone in a house owned by her father, for ………….. she paid no rent. j. That’s building ………….. I used to work. 4. Add one set of relative pronouns to each description. Which one could be left out? that / which / who (x2) / whom that (x2) / which / who (x2) Laurel and Hardy were a pair of comedy actors (I) ………………………made over 100 films from 1926 to 1940. Stan Laurel, (2) ………………………was born in Britain, and Oliver Hardy, an American, were first successful in silent films and were famous for their slapstick style of comedy. In their films, Laurel often caused the many accidents (3) ………………………happened to them both, after (4) ………………………Hardy would get angry and say, ‘This is another fine mess (5) ……………………… you’ve gotten me into.’ A Jekyll and Hyde is a person (6) ………………………. has two personalities, one of (7) ………………………is bad and the other good. The expression comes from a novel about Dr Jekyll, (8) ………………………investigates the good and evil parts of human nature and invents a drug (9) ………………………can separate them. When he takes the drug, he becomes an evil version of himself, (1O) ……………………… he calls Mr Hyde. 5. Add one of these clauses to each of the sentences below. Use relative pronouns and make other appropriate changes. Add commas where necessary. he or she controls a sports game most people know him as Mark Twain some of them are poisonous it uses exaggerated actions, often involving accidents it consists of nine islands the largest part of it is below the surface of the water you rent a room or a flat from him he has never been married √ each competitor takes part in three different sports in it Example: A bachelor is a man who has never been married. 11
1. Slapstick is a type of comedy …………………………………………………… 2. A referee is an official ...………………………………………………………… 3. A triathlon is a sports event ………………………………………………………... 4. A landlord is a person ……………………………………………………………… 5. An iceberg ……………………………………………………………….. is a solid mass of ice floating in the ocean. 6. Snakes ………………………………………………..are long reptiles without legs. 7. Tuvalu …………………….….…………………… is a country in the south Pacific. 8. Samuel Clemens ………………………………………………..was a major American writer. 6. Write a new sentence with the same meaning, containing the word in capitals. a. This man jumped over the counter and took the money. WHO This is ………………………………………………………………………………. b. It wasn’t unusual for George to turn up late. WHICH George turned ……………………………………………………………………….. c. Some of the many people we questioned gave us good descriptions of the robbers. WHOM We questioned ………………………………………………………………………… d. My aunt and uncle live in that house. WHERE That’s …………………………………………………………………………………. e. Everyone likes Angela when they meet her. WHO Everyone ………………………………………………………………………………. f. Many people came to the meeting but some were half an hour late. WHOM Many people came to the meeting, some ……………………………………………… g. We sheltered from the rain in a shepherd’s hut that we found eventually. WHERE We eventually ………………………………………………………………………….. h. The train was extremely crowded and stopped at every station. WHICH The train, ……………………………………………………………………………….. 7. Complete the text with one in each gap, or leave blank where possible. JANE AUSTEN 12
Jane Austen, a whose novels of features many clergymen, had two brothers b………….. joined the church, and two others c ………….. careers in the navy are also reflected in her novels, in d …………… several navy officers appear. She also had a sister, Cassandra, with e……………. she had a close relationship. They exchanged frequent letters, from f …………. historians have learnt much about g ………….Jane was doing and thinking during a life h ……… was fairly uneventful. All i…………… we know of Jane Austen’s appearance is based on Cassandra’s coloured sketch j………… hanging in the National Portrait Gallery in London. We know Jane was encouraged to write by her brother Henry, k………….. also wrote himself, and that the family borrowed novels from the local, l………… influenced Jane’s writing. Although Jane Austen wrote during the period of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, m………….. she wrote about was largely confined to n………….. she knew: the manners of mainly well- off people o……….. living in a small-town society near London, and the problems p………….. have chosen the wrong partner, or those r………….. difficult financial situation influences their behavior. 8. Editing. Correct the mistakes in the use of relative clauses in this text. that A strange thing λ happened to me once was getting a letter said I had been ‘terminated.’ The letter, that came from the university, was an official notice of termination (means ‘the end’) of employment. It was like being fired from my job, which it felt really weird. I didn’t have a job at the university that I could be fired from it! I was just a student didn’t have a job. When I called the office, they said it was an error had been caused by a new computer. I wasn’t the only one had been terminated by that computer. A lot of other people didn’t have jobs at the university lost them that day. 3. Reduced relative clauses A relative clause formed with a participle and no relative pronoun is called a reduced relative clause. We use present participles (1) and past participles (2). These clauses are also called non-finite clauses. (See more in Chapter 2) 1. There are two students who are waiting outside. 13
 There are two students waiting outside. 2. The strawberries which had been dipped in chocolate were really delicious!  The strawberries dipped in chocolate were really delicious! We use a present participle in place of an active verb (3) and a past participle in place of a passive verb (4). 3. There were teachers who were shouting and children who were running out of the building.  There were teachers shouting and children running out of the building. 4. Debbie only drinks juice that is made from fresh fruit that is grown organically.  Debbie only drinks juice made from fresh fruit grown organically. We can use participles instead of verbs referring to the past, present or future. 5. The winner is the person who scored/scores/will score the most points in the game.  The winner is the person scoring the most points in the game. 6. First prize is for the most points which were scored/are scored/will be scored in the game.  First prize is for the most points scored in the game. We can use a participle from a simple passive to describe a general situation (7), a continuous passive to emphasize that a situation is continuing (8) or a perfect passive to emphasize that a situation has continued from an earlier time (9). 7. We are concerned about people held in prison without a trial. (= who are held) 8. We are concerned about people being held in prison without a trial. (= who are being held) 9. We are concerned about people having been held in prison for years. (= who have been held) Participles can also be used in non-defining relative clauses, usually in written descriptions and narratives. 10. The old car, trailing black smoke, drove off towards town. (= which was trailing smoke) Robert Ball, nicknamed ‘Big Bob’, was my favourite teacher. (= who was nicknamed) We put NOT before the participle in negative reduced relative clauses. 11. My parents, not having much money, never went on holiday. (= who didn’t have) 12. I’d prefer shirts not made with polyester if you have any. (= which aren’t made) We don’t use a participle instead of a verb that describes a single or sudden action (13) or a verb with a subject that is different from the relative pronoun (14). 13. There was a sudden bang that woke me up. (NOT There was a sudden bang 14
waking me up.) 14. There are several things that we need from the shop.(NOT There are several things needing..) This isn’t the information that I was given before. (NOT This isn’t the information given…..) We usually use an infinitive, not a participle, after a noun preceded by the adjectives next, last, the only, etc., after ordinal numbers first, second, etc. (15), or after superlatives (16). 15. Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon. (= who walked on the moon) (NOT Neil Armstrong was the first person walking on the moon.) 16. Nick is the most suitable person to be appointed as Monitor. (NOT … a person appointed as…) PRACTICE 2 1. Using a dictionary if necessary, complete these definitions with the nouns and of the verbs in reduced relative clauses. jigsaw mermaid cause have send work memo shadow cut print stand 1. A…………………. is a written note ………………….between people ………………….in the same organization. 2. A ………………….is an imaginary creature ………………….the body of a woman but a fish’s tail instead of legs. 3. A ………………….is a picture ………………….on cardboard or wood and ……………….into various shapes that have to be fitted together again. 4. A ………………….is a dark area on a surface ………………….by an object ……………….between direct light and that surface. 15
2. Change each of these clauses to a reduced relative clause and write it in one of the spaces below. it was standing on the bed they are sitting in it it is based on a true story they didn’t have children it is parked outside they went out to concerts and the theatre it was covered with feathers they were accused of crimes it starts at 8p.m. they were committed during the war 1. There’s a black car ………………………………………………………………with two policemen ……………………………………………………………… 2. I found the puppy ………………………………………………………………and ………………… ………………………………………from one of the pillows that it had ripped open. 3. The film ………………………………………………………………is a drama …………………… ………………………………………… 4. Many people ……………………………………………………………had to be set free because no witnesses could be found to testify against them. 5. We envied the Andersons. Paul and Marjorie Anderson, …………………………., were free to spend more of their time ……………………………………………… 3. Make this text shorter by creating reduced relative clauses where possible. For all you food-lovers who will be sitting at home and who will be looking for something that is interesting on TV this afternoon, there’s a fabulous new show which is called ‘The Asian Kitchen’, which has been created and which has been produced by Mary Sah, which begins at 4.30 this afternoon. Among the dishes which will be featured will be Saucy Tofu, which consists of tofu squares which have been dipped in a special batter, which have been deep-fried and which have been covered in a creamy peanut sauce, and Evil Shrimp, which is made with hot peppers which have been sautéed with other vegetables, and, which are served with shrimp which are sizzling in a shallow pool of red curry. It’s the most delicious thing on TV today! 16
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………...………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………...………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………...………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………...…………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………............................................. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4. Possessives and pronouns with relative clauses 4.1 Possessives with relative clauses Write the numbers of appropriate examples in the spaces We use whose instead of possessive determiners such as his before nouns. We usually use whose to refer to people………..., but it can also be used after nouns for organizations and places………… 1. Is he the boy? His bag was stolen.  Is he the boy whose bag was stolen? (NOT who his bag) 2. Napa is in a region whose wines are famous. Come to Jamaica, whose people welcome you. 3. Delco is a company whose products are everywhere. That’s the club whose coach was fired. We can also use whose to talk about things that are part of ………… or belong to other things. 4. Draw a circle. Its radius is one inch  Draw a circle whose radius is one inch. 5. They live in a small town whose name I’ve forgotten. (NOT …a small town which name) Instead of whose before a noun, we can use of which after a noun when we talk about things ………… In informal uses, we can put which or that at the beginning and the noun plus of at the end………… 17
6. They live in a small town which/that I’ve forgotten the name of. 7. It’s a small town, the name of which I’ve forgotten. Draw a circle, the radius of which is one inch. In formal uses, of which is sometimes before the noun: Draw a circle, of which the radius is…. 4.2 Pronouns with relative clauses We can use relative clauses after personal pronouns ………… and indefinite pronouns ………… 8. Do you know anyone who has a van? There must be something (that) we can do about the cold. 9. She insists that it’s you who must apologize. ~ But it wasn’t me who broke the window. The use of subject pronouns sounds very formal: It wasn’t I who broke the window. We can also use the pronoun those (not these) with who, which, that or reduced relative clauses. 10. Those who know him well say he will fight. Ask those (who are) waiting outside to come in. His ideas are similar to those (which/that) we’ve heard before. (NOT similar to which….) Organic vegetables are those (which/that have been) grown without the use of chemicals. We can use quantifiers as pronouns followed by who or that …………. We can also leave out the relative pronoun or use a reduced relative clause after quantifiers ………… 11. We saw some (that) we liked in Italy. I didn’t find a lot (that was) written about Jeffreys. 12. There aren’t many who like her. There isn’t much that he misses. (NOT much which) 18
PRACTICE 3 Add these clauses, with appropriate changes, to the sentences below. his or her parents are dead they have completed their questionnaires the wood of it is strong and durable large flags were hanging from its upper windows this person doesn’t care about money many of his paintings look like large comic strips 1. An orphan is a child ……………………………………………………………………….………………….. 2. Have you ever met anyone ………………………………………………………………………………………..? 3. The oak is a kind of tree ………………………………………………………………….………………………. 4. We passed an old palace …………………………………………………………………………………………. 5. Those.………………………………………………………….. should hand them in. 6. Roy Lichtenstein, …………………………………………., helped establish pop art. 5. Prepositions in relative clauses We can use prepositions at the beginning or the end of relative clauses. We usually put prepositions at the end in informal situations 1. This is the room. I work in it.  This is the room in which I work OR the room that I work in. When we put prepositions at the end, we usually use that (2) or no relative pronoun (3) at the beginning. In formal situations, we can include which, who and whom at the beginning (4). 2. Cook’s was the shop that everybody went to for shoes. There were bunk beds that we slept in. 3. Your opponent is the person _ you play against. The day _I’d been waiting for soon arrived. 4. Camden is the area (which) I grew up in. Is he the boy (who/whom) you were telling us about? 19