Gi¸otr×nhm«nKüthuËtVi§iÒuKhiÓnCh−¬ng1:TængquanvÒvi®iÒukhiÓn
Biªnso¹n:L©mt¨ng§øcLªTiÕnDòngBém«nT§HTrang
1
Ch−¬ngI
Ch−¬ngICh−¬ngI
Ch−¬ngI
TængquanvÒVi®iÒukhiÓn
TængquanvÒVi®iÒukhiÓnTængquanvÒVi®iÒukhiÓn
TængquanvÒVi®iÒukhiÓn
Biªnso¹n:L©mt¨ng§øc
LªTiÕnDòng
Bém«n
T§H
Gi¸otr×nhm«nKüthuËtVi§iÒuKhiÓnCh−¬ng1:TængquanvÒvi®iÒukhiÓn
Biªnso¹n:L©mt¨ng§øcLªTiÕnDòngBém«nT§HTrang
2
Ch−¬ngI
Ch−¬ngICh−¬ngI
Ch−¬ngI
TængquanvÒ
TængquanvÒTængquanvÒ
TængquanvÒVi®iÒukhiÓn
Vi®iÒukhiÓnVi®iÒukhiÓn
Vi®iÒukhiÓn
1.1GiíithiÖuvÒc¸chävixölÝvc¸chävi®iÒukhiÓnth«ngdông
1.1.1LÞchsöph¸ttriÓncñabévixölÝvbévi®iÒukhiÓn
Sùra®êivph¸ttriÓnnhanhchãngcñaküthuËtvi®iÖntöm®Æctr−nglkü
thuËtvixölÝ®!t¹oramétb−ícngoÆtquanträngtrongsùph¸ttriÓncñakhoahäc
tÝnhto¸n,®iÒukhiÓnvxölÝth«ngtin.KüthuËtvixölÝ®ãngmétvaitrßrÊtquan
trängtrongtÊtc¶c¸clÜnhvùccñacuécsèngvkhoahäcküthuËt,®ÆcbiÖtllÜnh
vùcTinhäcvTù®énghãa.
N¨m1971,h!ngIntel®!chora®êibévixölÝ(microprocessor)®Çutiªntrªn
thÕgiíitªngäilIntelA4004/4bit,nh»m®¸pøngnhucÇucÊpthiÕtcñamétc«ngty
kinhdoanhlh!ngtruyÒnth«ngBUSICOM.IntelA4004lkÕtqu¶cñamétýt−ëng
quanträngtrongküthuËtvixölÝsè.§ãlmétkÕtcÊulogicmcãthÓthay®æi®−îc
chøcn¨ngcñanãb»ngch−¬ngtr×nhngoichøkh«ngph¸ttriÓntheoh−íngt¹ora
métcÊutróccøngchØthùchiÖnmétsèchøcn¨ngnhÊt®Þnhnh−tr−íc®©y.
Sau®ã,c¸cbévixölÝmíiliªntôc®−îc®−arathÞtr−êngvngycng®−îc
ph¸ttriÓn,honthiÖnh¬ntrongc¸cthÕhÖsau:
Vo n¨m 1972, h!ng Intel ®−a ra bé vi xö lÝ 8Abit ®Çu tiªn víi tªn IntelA
8008/8bit.
Tõ1974®Õn1975,IntelchÕt¹oc¸cbévixölÝ8Abit8080v8085A.
Còngvokho¶ngthêigianny,métlo¹tc¸ch!ngkh¸ctrªnthÕgiíicòng®!
chora®êic¸cbévixö lÝt−¬ngtùnh−:6800cñaMotorolavíi5000 tranzitor,
Signetics6520,1801cñaRCA,kÕ®Õnl6502cñah!ngMOSTechnologyvZ80
cñah!ngZilog.
Gi¸otr×nhm«nKüthuËtVi§iÒuKhiÓnCh−¬ng1:TængquanvÒvi®iÒukhiÓn
Biªnso¹n:L©mt¨ng§øcLªTiÕnDòngBém«nT§HTrang
3
Von¨m1976IntelgiíithiÖubévi®iÒukhiÓn(microcontroller)8748,métchip
t−¬ngtùnh−c¸cbévixölÝvlchip®Çutiªntronghävi®iÒukhiÓnMCSA48.8748
lmétvim¹chchøatrªn17000transistor,baogåmmétCPU,1KbyteEPROM,64
byteRAM,27ch©nxuÊtnhËpvmétbé®Þnhthêi8Abit.ICnyvc¸cICkh¸ctiÕp
theo cña hä MCSA48 ®! nhanh chãng trë thnh chuÈn c«ng nghiÖp trong c¸c øng
dôngh−íng®iÒukhiÓn(controlAorientedapplication).
N¨m1978xu©thiÖnIntel8086llo¹ibéxixölý16bitvíi29.000tranzitor,
Motorola68000tÝchhîp70.000tranzitor,APX432chøa120.000tranzitor.Bévixö
lý cña Hewlet Pakard cã kho¶ng 450.000 tranzitor. Tõ n¨m 1974 ®Õn 1984 sè
tranzitortÝchhîptrongmétchipt¨ngkho¶ng100lÇn.
N¨m1983,Intel®−arabévixölý80286dungtrongc¸cm¸yvitinhhäAT
(AdvancedTechnology).80286södôngI/O16bit,24®−êng®ÞachØvkh«nggian
nhí®ÞachØthùc16MB.N¨m1987,Intel®−arabévixölý8038632Abit.N¨m1989
xuÊthiÖnxuÊthiÖnbévixölýIntel80486lc¶ItiÕncñaIntel80386víibénhíÈn
vm¹chtÝnhphÐpto¸n®¹isèdÊuphÈy®éng.
N¨m 1992, xuÊt hiÖn Intel 80586 cßn gäi l Pentium 64 bit chøa 4 triÖu
tranzitor.
Gi¸otr×nhm«nKüthuËtVi§iÒuKhiÓnCh−¬ng1:TængquanvÒvi®iÒukhiÓn
Biªnso¹n:L©mt¨ng§øcLªTiÕnDòngBém«nT§HTrang
4
H×nh1.1SètranzitortÝchhîptrongmétchipcñabévixölýIntel8086
§éphøct¹p,sùgännhÑvÒkÝchth−ícvkh¶n¨ngcñac¸cbévi®iÒukhiÓn
®−îct¨ngthªmmétbËcquanträngvon¨m1980khiIntelc«ngbèchip8051,bévi
®iÒukhiÓn®Çutiªncñahävi®iÒukhiÓnMCSA51.Sovíi8048,chip8051chøatrªn
60.000 transistor bao gåm 4K byteROM, 128 byte RAM, 32®−êng xuÊt nhËp,1
portnèitiÕpv2bé®Þnhthêi16Abit–métsèl−îngm¹ch®¸ngchóýtrongmétIC
®¬n.
Tõc¸cbévixölýban®ÇuchØlc¸cbéxölýtrungt©mtrongméthÖthèng,
kh«ngthÓho¹t®éngnÕuthiÕuc¸cbéphËnnh−RAM,ROM,bom¹chchñ...c¸c
h!ng®!ph¸ttriÓnc¸cbévixölýnylªnthnhc¸cbévi®iÒukhiÓn®Óphôcvô
c¸cmôc®ÝchriªngbiÖt,kh¸cnhautrongc«ngnghiÖp.Métbévi®iÒukhiÓnl
méthÖvixölÝthËtsù®−îctæchøctrongmétchip(trongmétváIC)baogåm
mét bé vi xö lÝ (microprocessor), bé nhí ch−¬ng tr×nh (ROM), bé nhí d÷ liÖu
(RAM),tuykh«ngb»ngdungl−îngRAMëc¸cm¸yvitÝnhnh−ng®©ykh«ng
ph¶ilméth¹nchÕv×c¸cbévi®iÒukhiÓn®−îcthiÕtkÕchométmôc®Ýchhon
tonkh¸c,ngoiratrªnchipcßncãbéxölýsèhäcAlogic(ALU)cïngvíic¸c
thanhghichøcn¨ng,c¸ccængvo/ra,c¬chÕ®iÒukhiÓnng¾t,truyÒntinnèitiÕp,
c¸cbé®Þnhthêi...HiÖnnay,c¸cbévi®iÒukhiÓn®−îcsödôngrÊtréngr!iv
ngy cng ®−îc chuÈn hãa ®Ó cã thÓ sö dông réng r!i trong c¸c ngnh c«ng
nghiÖp,cãmÆttrongnhiÒum¸ymãc,trongc¸chngtiªudïng.
1.1.2¦uvkhuyÕt®iÓmcñac¸cbévi®iÒukhiÓn
C¸cc«ngviÖc®−îcthùchiÖnbëic¸cbévi®iÒukhiÓnth×kh«ngmíi.§iÒu
míilc¸cthiÕtkÕhiÖnthùcvíiÝtthnhphÇnh¬nsovíic¸cthiÕtkÕtr−íc®ã.
C¸cthiÕtkÕtr−íc®ã®ßiháiph¶ivichôchoÆcvitr¨mIC®ÓhiÖnthùcnaychØ
cÇnmétÝtthnhphÇntrong®ãbaogåmbévi®iÒukhiÓn.Sè thnhphÇn®−îc
gi¶mbít,hiÖuqu¶trùctiÕpcñatÝnhkh¶lËptr×nhcñac¸cbévi®iÒukhiÓnv®é
Gi¸otr×nhm«nKüthuËtVi§iÒuKhiÓnCh−¬ng1:TængquanvÒvi®iÒukhiÓn
Biªnso¹n:L©mt¨ng§øcLªTiÕnDòngBém«nT§HTrang
5
tÝchhîpcaotrongc«ngnghÖchÕt¹ovim¹ch,th−êngchuyÓnthnhthêigianph¸t
triÓnng¾nh¬n,gi¸thnhkhis¶nxuÊtthÊph¬n,c«ngsuÊttiªuthôthÊph¬nv®é
tincËycaoh¬n.
VÊn®Òë®©yltèc®é.C¸cgi¶iph¸pdùatrªnbévi®iÒukhiÓnkh«ngbaogiê
nhanhb»nggi¶iph¸pdùatrªnc¸cthnhphÇnrêir¹c.Nh÷ngt×nhhuèng®ßiháiph¶i
®¸pøngthËtnhanh(cìnsec)®èivíic¸csùkiÖn(th−êngchiÕmthiÓusètrongc¸c
øngdông)sÏ®−îcqu¶nlýtåikhidùavoc¸cbévi®iÒukhiÓn.
Tuy nhiªn trong vi øng dông, ®Æc biÖt l c¸c øng dông liªn quan ®Õn con
ng−êi,c¸ckho¶ngthêigiantrÔtÝnhb»ngnsec,usechoÆcthËmchÝmseclkh«ng
quanträng.ViÖcgi¶mbítc¸cthnhphÇnlmét®iÒulîinh−®!®ÒcËp,c¸cthaot¸c
trongch−¬ngtr×nh®iÒukhiÓnlmchothiÕtkÕcãthÓthay®æib»ngc¸chthay®æi
phÇnmÒm.§iÒunycã¶nhh−ëngtèithiÓu®Õnchukús¶nxuÊt.Do®ãc¸cbévi
®iÒukhiÓncãthÓ®−îcøngdôngréngr!itrongc¸cøngdôngphôcvôconng−êi.
§ÓcãthÓhiÓurâh¬nvÒc¸cbévi®iÒukhiÓn,chóngtasÏt×mhiÓuvÒmétsè
c¸chävi®iÒukhiÓncñamétsèh!ng®iÖntö®iÓnh×nh®ang®−îcsödôngréng
r!itrongkhoahäcküthuËtv®êisèng.