Phân loại hệ thống quốc tế trong nghiên cứu lịch sử quan hệ quốc tế

PH^N LOfll H€ THONG OUOC T€ TRONG<br /> NGHICN ClhJ LiCH SUT QUflN HC QU6c TC<br /> f,'; vjn-;<br /> <br /> <br /> HOANG K H A C NAM*<br /> <br /> <br /> phan tich cac ye'u to' lidn quan dd'n sQ van<br /> H e thd'ng qud'c t l la tdng hdp cac chu<br /> the quan he qud'c td' (QHQT) va sQ<br /> tQdng tac l i n nhau giQa chung dQdc cd c i u<br /> ddng QHQT trong lich sQ. Vdi y nghia phan<br /> anh thiic tien g i n kd't giQa cae qud'c gia, h?<br /> theo nhiing luM 1? va mau hinh n h i t dinh. thd'ng qud'c t l chinh la sQ the hien qua<br /> He thd'ng qud'c te' la mot quan nidm ly lu^n trinh phat trien cua QHQT theo thdi gian.<br /> dQdc xay dOng dQa tren ly thuyd't he thd'ng. Tuy nhidn, vide ap dung nay IM tQdng<br /> X u i t phat tQ Ly thuyd't he thd'ng chung ddi Idiac n h a u do dQa trdn nhQng each<br /> {General Systems Theory) cua hoc gia ngQdi phan loai he thd'ng qud'c td' k h i c nhau. S Q<br /> Ao Ludwig von BertManffi, each tilp can phan loM Idiie n h a u x u i t phat tQ cich tid'p<br /> va phan tich he thd'ng dQdc ap dung trong can khac nhau vdi nhQng tidu chi k h i c<br /> Idioa hoc xa hdi tQ nhQng nam 1950-1960, nhau. S Q phan loai Idiac n h a u la dilu binh<br /> trong dd cd Uch sQ QHQT. Mot sd' hoc gia thQdng bdi tuy thudc vao muc tieu nghien<br /> ndi tilng nhU Morton Kaplan, Rosecranee, cQu Idiac nhau. Mdi cich phan loM d i u cd<br /> Kenneth WMtz, Gilpin, Joseph Nye... la nhQng Qu diem ridng khi hQdng tdi lam rd<br /> nhQng vi du cua vide phat trien ly thuyd't sQ van ddng eua ydu td' nao dd trong he<br /> he thd'ng trong linh vQc nghidn cQu nay. thd'ng qud'c td'. Vi t h i , vide tim hieu cac cich<br /> Hidn nay, ly luEln he thd'ng qud'c te da dQdc phan loai khac n h a u se giup dem them sQ<br /> i p dung Idia rdng rM trong nghien cQu da dang va linh boat trong nghien cQu<br /> QHQT ndi chung, lich sQ QHQT ndi ridng. QHQT va lich sQ.<br /> Xuit phat tQ ly do dd, bM vid't n i y n h i m<br /> Trong nghien cQu QHQT, t h u a t ngQ "he<br /> gidi thieu mot sd' each phan loai h? thdiig<br /> thd'ng qud'c tl*' dQdc hieu theo hai nghia<br /> qude te chii ylu ma cd the vkn dung dQdc vao<br /> Idiae nhau. Nghia d i u tien la de chi mdt<br /> trong nghidn cQu Uch sQ QHQT. Cie each<br /> phQdng phap nghidn cQu hay rdng hdn la<br /> phan loai nay diia trdn nhiing tieu chi khac<br /> mdt c i p do nghien cQu. Nghia thQ hM la de<br /> nhau nhQ dac diem khdng gian dia ly, linh<br /> md ta he thd'ng cie qud'c gia hay rdng hdn<br /> vQc tQdng tac, trang thM va tinh chit, cd c i u<br /> la he thd'ng cae chu the QHQT x u i t phat tQ<br /> phan bd'quyin liie cua he thd'ng qud'c td',...<br /> each tid'p can he thd'ng. Ca hM nghia nay<br /> deu khien he thd'ng qud'c t l cd the dQdc ap 1. DQa t r e n d a c d i e m k h o n g g i a n dja ly<br /> dung trong nghidn cQu lich sQ QHQT. Vdi y Theo each phan loM nay, h? thd'ng qucic te<br /> nghia la phQdng phap, he thd'ng qud'c te dQdc phan chia lam hM loai: He thd'ng qude te<br /> dQdc sQ dung nhQ cdng cu de phat hidn va toan ciu (hay cdn goi la he thd'ng toan ciu, h?<br /> <br /> •PGS.TS. Khoa Qude te hoc - TrUdng DHKHXH&NV - DHQG HN<br /> 54 Rghign curu Lich sit. s6 8.201Q<br /> <br /> thd'ng the' gidi) va he thd'ng qude te' Idiu vQc dao va Ddng Nam A luc dia, nhQ Benelux ciia<br /> (hay cdn goi l i he thd'ng khu vQc). Tay Au va Balkan cua Ddng Au...<br /> H^ thd'ng toan c i u la de chi he thd'ng Tuy cung la mot p h i n tQ ciia h? thd'ng<br /> qud'c t l cd quy md Ididng gian dia ly k h i p qud'c t l toan ciu, song h$ thd'ng khu vQc<br /> t h i gidi hoac g i n k h i p t h i gidi. He thd'ng thQdng la mot he thd'ng k h i chat do cd<br /> toan c i u chi x u i t hi?n khi QHQT da phat n h i l u mdl tQdng t i c lau ddi, sau s i c va<br /> trien dat tdi quy md toan ciu, idii sQ phu phong phu hdn so vdi he thong qud'c t l toan<br /> thudc l i n n h a u giQa eic ehu the QHQT c i u . Ddi vdi cie he thd'ng Idiu vQc chat che,<br /> cung dien ra k h i p t h i gidi. Trong lich sQ h? thd'ng toan c i u n h i l u khi lai ddng vM<br /> QHQT, chi cd hM h? thd'ng qud'c t l dQdc coi trd nhQ mdi trQdng bdn ngoM ciia he thd'ng<br /> la h? thd'ng toan ciu. Dd la he thd'ng qud'c khu vQc. Trong h? thd'ng Idiu vQc nay, eic<br /> t l thdi ky 1945-1991 va he thd'ng qud'c t l p h i n tii thQdng chiu tac ddng tQ h? thong<br /> sau Chien tranh lanh hidn nay.<br /> khu vQc n h i l u hdn la he thdiig toan c i u bdi<br /> H? thong Idiu vQc de chi he thd'ng qud'c khu vQc la mdi tnidng trQc tilp. Nhin<br /> t l cd quy md Ididng gian trong mdt khu vQc chung hidn nay, he thdng khu vQc v i n tdn<br /> dia ly nao dd cua t h i gidi. Theo dinh nghia tai manh me trong he thohg toan e i u va<br /> cua BrMUard Ph. va DjMili M.R., he thd'ng<br /> thQdng mang theo minh nhQng dac trQng<br /> khu vQc la "tdng hdp cac tQdng t i c dac<br /> ridng ca ve chinh t h i l i n tQdng t i c giQa cac<br /> trQng trdn cd sd sQ phu thudc vao dia ly"<br /> p h i n tQ cua he thdiig.<br /> (1). N l u dQa trdn IdiM nidm he thd'ng qud'c<br /> Cung diia trdn yeu to' dia ly, cd ngQdi<br /> td' nhQ da trinh bay d trdn thi he thd'ng khu<br /> phan chia k i t hdp vdi ydu to chinh trj<br /> vQc cd the dQdc hieu la "tdng hdp eic chu<br /> thanh Ddng va Tay nhQ trong Chiln tranh<br /> the QHQT g i n bd trong cung mdt Idiu vQc<br /> lanh (y thQc he, e h i do chinh tri, chie'n iQdc<br /> dia ly va nhQng tQdng t i c dac trQng ciia<br /> an ninh...), kd't hdp vdi y l u to'kinh te thanh<br /> chung". Trong thiic tien Uch sQ, he thdng<br /> khu vQc x u i t hidn tnide he thong toan c i u Bic va Nam nhQ hidn nay (mQc do giau<br /> khi QHQT mdi chi p h i t triln tren quy md nghdo, trinh do p h i t trien kinh t^...) (2). Mac<br /> khu vQc. NhQng khi he thd'ng qud'c t l toan du eic thuat ngQ nay dQdc sQ dung Idii phd<br /> ciu hinh thanh, he thd'ng Idiu vQc v i n tid'p bid'n nhQng Bic, Nam, Ddng, Tay khdng<br /> tuc tdn tai va trd thanh nhiing tieu he thd'ng hoan toan la nhiing h? thd'ng. Xdt theo quan<br /> bdn trong h? thd'ng dd, tQc la mdt dang p h i n diem cua chu nghia khu vQc, dd khdng phai<br /> tQ ciia he thd'ng qude t l toan eiu. la cie khu vQc ma chi l i tap hdp nhiing<br /> Trdn ed sd dd ma ngQdi ta cd the chia t h i p h i n tii cd ctmg nhQng dac diem chung ve<br /> gidi thanh cie h? thd'ng khu vQc nhQ chau chinh tri hay kinh te va diing thuat ngQ dia<br /> Au, chau Phi, chau My, chau A... Cae he ly de md ta Qdc Id ma thdi.<br /> thd'ng khu vQc nay ciing dQdc chia tid'p thMih Uu dilm ciia each phan loai nay la giup<br /> cac tieu h? thd'ng khu vQc nhd hdn nhQ Tay t h i y dQdc qua trinh md rdng cua QHQT<br /> Au va Ddng Au d chau Au; Bic My, My trong lich sQ va hien tai. Nd cung giup tim<br /> Latinh d chau My; Ddng Nam A, Ddng Bie hieu thdm eic xu hQdng toan c i u hda, khu<br /> A, Nam A, Trung CMi Ddng d chau A; Bic vQc hda va mdl tQdng tac giQa chung. NgoM<br /> Phi, Trung Phi, Nam chau Phi d chau Phi... ra, each phan loai nay ciing giup t h i y cac<br /> Tham chi, eic tieu he thd'ng khu vQc nay cdn t i e ddng tQ ca toan c i u va khu vQc tdi sQ<br /> dQdc chia nhd tid'p nQa nhQ Ddng Nam A hai van ddng cua QHQT.<br /> Phan loai hg Ihgng qugc ti... 55<br /> <br /> NhQde dilm cua each phan chia Idiu vQc chQc nang nhQ he thd'ng Idnh te va h?<br /> nay la d ba diem. ThQ nhdt, Idiu vQc dia ly thd'ng chinh tri. Tuy nhidn, trong tQng loai<br /> dQdc hinh t h a n h khdng ehi tQ sQ g i n k l v l h? thd'ng chQc nang, sQ phan chia tilp ciing<br /> dia ly ma cdn phu thudc vao ba ylu td' nQa Idia Idiac nhau do diia trdn sQ k i t hdp them<br /> la tQdng ddng ve van hda xa hdi, tQdng tac nhiing tidu chi Idiae bdn canh tidu chi chung<br /> v l chinh tri va tQdng tac kinh t l (3). Vl the, la mQc do tQdng tac trong Knh vQc chQc nang.<br /> vide phan loai chi diia t h u i n tuy vao tidu Vi du, diia trdn tieu ehi k i t hdp la c h i d? sd<br /> chi Ididng gian dia ly khdng phan anh dQdc hOu Idnh te, cd cae he thd'ng Idnh te nhQ h?<br /> tinh chinh the va linh vQc tQdng tac da thd'ng Idnh te' tQ ban ehii nghia (TBCN) va h?<br /> dang cua he thd'ng Idiu vQc. ThQ hai, sQ thd'ng kinh te' xa hdi ehu nghia (XHCN).<br /> phan chia diia theo ye'u to' dia ly nhQ trdn TQdng tQ nhQ v^y, diia trdn y thQc h?, h?<br /> cung Ididng phan anh chinh xae mQc do thd'ng chinh tri gdm h? thd'ng chinh tri TBCN<br /> tQdng tac giQa cac p h i n tQ vd'n la ed sd va he thd'ng chinh tri XHCN. Vi du khac diia<br /> hinh t h a n h ndn he thd'ng. Vi du, chau A trdn tidu chi kd't hdp la chii nghia khu vQc<br /> khdng b i n la mot he thd'ng bdi sQ tQdng tac kmh te, ed he thd'ng kmh te Tay Au (EU), Bie<br /> giQa Ddng Nam A va Tay A la Idia ylu, My (NAFTA) va Ddng A; k i t hdp vdi thQdng<br /> Ddng Nam A la mot he thd'ng rd rang song mai hay tM chinh, cd he thd'ng thQdng mai<br /> thQc t l cac tQdng tac Idnh te vdi bdn ngoM qude td'va he thd'ng tM chinh qudic tl...<br /> lai manh hdn trong h? thd'ng... ThQ ba, Trong mdt chQng miic nhd hdn, ciing cd<br /> each phan chia nay bi chi phdi bdi sQ phan ngitdi dQa them he thd'ng van hda-xa hdi<br /> chia dia ly t r u y i n thd'ng ndn dang gap khd vao trong nghidn cQu QHQT. H? thdiig nay<br /> khan trong vide giM thich hi?n tQdng x u i t cd the dQdc xae dinh theo nhiing tQdng<br /> hien n h i l u h? thd'ng khu vQc khdng n i m ddng chung v l van hda, tdn giao, ngdn ngQ<br /> trong Idiudn khd dia ly nhQ quan niem hay cung ngudn gd'c s i c tdc... hoac dQdc<br /> trQdc Ida. Vi du, chau A-ThM Binh DQdng phan loai theo tQng tidu chi ridng re. Tuy<br /> cd dQdc coi la he thd'ng khu vQc khdng khi nhidn, vide sQ dung he thd'ng nay Ididng<br /> cd nhilu y l u td' cua he thd'ng nhQng IM hdi<br /> phd bid'n l i m trong nghidn cQu QHQT bdi<br /> Idid xae dinh khudn Idid dia ly cua nd.<br /> nhQng diem chung van hda-xa hdi chQa<br /> 2. Diia t r e n l i n h viic txidng t a c b i n da dem lai tinh chinh the cho he thd'ng<br /> Trong nghien cQu QHQT, ddi khi he ciing nhQ tQdng tac van hda-xa hdi chQa du<br /> thd'ng qud'c t l dQdc phan loM theo Unh vQc manh de cd the tao ra h? thd'ng.<br /> boat ddng nao dd cua he thd'ng. Dd cung la Cac he thd'ng chQc nang theo cich phan<br /> linh vQc tap trung sQ tQdng tac giQa cae loM nay cung ed the dQdc coi la nhQng tieu<br /> p h i n tQ. Dd cung la ndi dien r a boat ddng he thd'ng bdn trong mdt he thong qud'c t l<br /> chQc nang chu ydu cua he thong qud'c t l , toan c i u hay khu vQc n i o dd. Richard W.<br /> tQc la phan Qng eua hd thd'ng ddi vdi cie Mansbach cho r i n g tieu h? thd'ng l i<br /> p h i n tQ eung dien ra chu y l u trong linh "nhQng tQdng t i c rdng rM giQa cie chu the<br /> vQc nay. Vi the, cac h? thong qud'c t l dQdc trong mot he thd'ng ldn hdn v l nhQng v i n<br /> phan loai theo linh vQe tQdng tac cdn dQdc d l Cl? the" (4). Theo dinh nghia nay, cac h^<br /> goi la hd thd'ng chQc nang. thd'ng Idnh t l , chinh tri, van hda... la<br /> Theo each phan loai nay, h? thd'ng qud'c nhQng tieu he thd'ng ciia he thd'ng qud'c t l<br /> t l thQdng dQdc chia t h a n h cae he thd'ng da di?n vd'n gdm n h i l u linh vQc tQdng t i c .<br /> 56 Rghign curu Lich siSr. sg 8.2010<br /> <br /> Uu diem ciia each p h a n loai n i y l i giup cua he thd'ng cung chat che hdn va eic luat<br /> t h i y dQdc cd sd v i linh vQc lidn kd't chu ye'u chdi cua he thd'ng nay ciing ed .hieu iQc ldn<br /> sriQf» cac p h i n tQ de tao t h i n h he thd'ng hdn. Ddng thdi, boat dpng chQc nang hay<br /> qud'c te. Nd ciing giup t h i y dQdc chQc nang phan ling cua h$ thd'ng tdi eic p h i n tQ ciing<br /> cua h? thd'ng de tQ dd d o i n dinh dQdc p h i n thQdng manh hdn. Cdn trong h? thd'ng qude<br /> nao phan Qng cua h? thd'ng ddi vdi cie te ldng, t i t ca cie y l u td' tren d i u yeu hdn<br /> p h i n tQ va quan he giQa ehiing. Cich phan nhilu. He thd'ng XHCN v i TBCN trong<br /> loai nay cung giup tim hieu sQ van ddng Chiln tranh lanh la nhiing vi du dien hinh<br /> cua QHQT trong tQng linh vQc cu the. eua h? thd'ng chat. Ddi vdi he thdiig ldng,<br /> Tuy nhien, each phan loai nay cung cd it h i u h i t cac he thd'ng qude td' toan c i u d i u la<br /> n h i t hM nhQdc diem. ThQ nhdt, sQ q u i tap he thd'ng long. Trdn cap do khu vQc, ASEAN<br /> trung vao mot linh vQc boat ddng chQc d Ddng Nam A cung la mdt hd thd'ng Idia<br /> nang cua he thd'ng de d i n dd'n cM nhin long leo trong Chie'n tranh lanh nhQng hien<br /> nay mQc do da giam bdt tuy v i n cdn long.<br /> p h i l n dien khi khdng phan anh dQdc tinh<br /> da dien cua h? thd'ng ciing nhQ tQdng tac Cdch thQ hai dQa trdn trang thM quan<br /> trong he thd'ng. He thd'ng qud'c td' thQdng la h? vdi ben ngoM n h i l u hay it. Theo each<br /> da linh vQc va cac linh vQc nay deu quan nay, cd hM loai la h? thd'ng qud'c te md va<br /> trong nhQ nhau. ThQ hai, sQ phan loai nay he thd'ng qud'c te ddng. He thd'ng qud'c t l md<br /> cung khd giup t h i y d i y dii nguydn n h a n v i la he thd'ng cd quan he vdi ben ngoM nhilu,<br /> dilu Iden cua sQ van ddng trong he thd'ng va tham chi la cd xu hQdng md rdng k i t<br /> qud'c te' khi thiic te' cho t h i y , giQa cac linh nap thdm cie p h i n tQ mdi. Cdn he thong<br /> vQc thQdng cd sQ dan xen va tQdng tac l i n qud'c t l ddng la h? thd'ng tQdng dm khdp<br /> kin, it quan h? vdi bdn ngoM va cd xu<br /> nhau k h i manh me. Tham chi, n h i l u khi<br /> hQdng phan bi?t ddi xQ vdi eic p h i n tQ<br /> sQ tQdng t i c trong linh vQc nay hoan toan<br /> ngoai he thd'ng. Bdi tQdng t i e vdi mdi<br /> cd the hi thay ddi bdi nhQng b i l n ddng<br /> trQdng bdn ngoai n h i l u hdn ndn he thdiig<br /> trong nhQng linh vQc Idiac.<br /> md eung de chiu t i c ddng tQ ngoM hdn h?<br /> 3. Diia v a o t r a n g t h a i , t i n h c h a t thd'ng ddng. Vi du, h i u h i t h$ thd'ng kinh<br /> Day la cich phan loM x u i t p h i t tQ mue t l cua eac nQdc de qud'c t h a n h lap cung vdi<br /> dieh cua ngQdi nghidn cQu. Cach phan loai eic thudc dia hoac ddng minh cua minh<br /> nay cd the van dung diia tren nhQng tidu tnide nam 1945 d i u la he thd'ng ddng trong<br /> chi khac nhau. Cd bd'n loai tieu chi dQdc sQ khi he thd'ng Idnh t l the' gidi ciing nhQ cac<br /> dung phd b i l n la mQc do tQdng t i c giQa cae h? thd'ng kinh te Idiu vQc hi?n nay deu la<br /> p h i n tQ trong h? thd'ng, trang thM quan he h? thd'ng md. Hay NATO la mdt h? thdng<br /> vdi bdn ngoM, trang thM dn dinh va tinh quan sQ ehinh trj tQdng ddi ddng trong<br /> c h i t chu y l u cua tQdng t i c trong he thd'ng. Chie'n t r a n h lanh nhQng da ed xu hQdng trd<br /> Cdch thQ nhdt diia trdn mQc do tQdng t h a n h he thd'ng md hdn sau Idii khd'i Hi?p<br /> t i c manh hay ye'u, long hay chat giQa cie Qdc quan sQ Warsaw khdng cdn nQa.<br /> p h i n tQ trong he thd'ng. Theo each n i y , cd Cdch thQ ba diia trdn trang t h i i dn djnh<br /> hai loai he thd'ng qud'c td' chat va ldng. ciia he thd'ng. Theo each nay, cd the phan<br /> Trong he thd'ng qud'c t l chat, sQ tQdng tac loai h? thd'ng qud'c t l t h a n h hai loai: H?<br /> giQa eae p h i n tQ la Idia sau sic vdi mQc do thd'ng qud'c t l dn dinh hay Ididng dn dinh.<br /> phu thudc l i n nhau tQdng ddi ldn. Cd c i u He thd'ng qud'c te dn dinh la h? thd'ng cd sQ<br /> Phan loai hg Ihgng qugc ti. 57<br /> <br /> dn dinh tQdng ddi trong cd c i u phan bd' c i u vd'n la nhQng dac tinh can ban cua he<br /> quyen liic eua he thd'ng, trong each thQc thd'ng. NhQde diem nQa la nd chi phan i n h<br /> quan he giQa cie chu t h i QHQT va trong dQdc trang thM tinh ma Ididng lam rd dQdc<br /> phQdng thQc t i c dong eua he thd'ng qud'c t l trang thM ddng eua h? thd'ng trong khi<br /> ddi vdi cie chu the. Cdn he thd'ng qud'c td' thiic t i h e thd'ng ludn van ddng va biln ddi.<br /> khdng dn dinh thi khdng dQdc nhQ vay. Vi 4. Diia v a o sii p h a n b o q u y e n liic h a y<br /> du, he thd'ng qud'c t l trong thdi ky giQa hM cd c a u q u y e n liic<br /> cuoc T h i chiln (1919-1939) la khdng dn<br /> Day la cich phan loai dQdc sQ dung k h i<br /> dinh vdi nhiing bid'n dong thQdng xuydn.<br /> phd bie'n trong nghidn cQu cung nhQ tren<br /> Trong khi dd, he thd'ng qud'c t l trong thdi<br /> cie phQdng tien thdng tin dai chung. Cich<br /> ky Chidn tranh lanh lai la tQdng ddi dn<br /> phan loai nay chiu anh hQdng ldn eua he<br /> dinh vdi nhiing xu hQdng van ddng k h i rd<br /> quy chid'u quyin liic va each tid'p can he<br /> rang. TQdng tQ nhQ vay, hidn nay, he thd'ng<br /> thd'ng cua Chu nghia Hidn thiie Mdi. Theo<br /> Idiu vQc Tay Au la he thd'ng dn dinh, cdn he<br /> dd, he thd'ng qud'c td' dQdc phan loai diia<br /> thd'ng Idiu vQc Trung Ddng v i n tid'p tue<br /> theo cd eau phan bd' quyin liie trong he<br /> Ididng dQdc dn dinh.<br /> thd'ng. Cd c i u p h a n bd' quyin liic dQdc the<br /> Cdch thQ tu dQa trdn tinh c h i t ehu ylu<br /> hidn b i n g "cQc". Ciic {Polarity, Polar) vd'n<br /> cua tQdng tac trong he thd'ng. Theo each<br /> la mot t h u a t ngQ vat ly va dQdc sQ dung<br /> nay, he thd'ng qud'c te cd the la he thd'ng<br /> trong QHQT de chi nhQng trung tam quyin<br /> xung dot hay he thd'ng hdp t i c . Tinh c h i t<br /> liic doe lap trong he thd'ng qud'c t l . Cac<br /> hdp tac hay xung dot dQdc phan i n h qua<br /> trung tam quyin iQc nay cd the la qud'c gia<br /> m i u hinh tQdng tac chu y l u giQa eic p h i n<br /> hoac lien minh giQa cac qud'c gia (5). Theo<br /> tQ va tao t h a n h xu the quan he chung<br /> cich phan loM nay, cd nhQng dang he<br /> trong he thd'ng qud'c td'. Day la each phan<br /> thd'ng qud'c te sau: H? thd'ng ddn ciie, hM<br /> loai hay dQdc i p dung de phan ky lich sQ<br /> ciic, ba cQc va da ciie.<br /> QHQT. Vi du, he thd'ng quan binh quyin<br /> iQc d chau Au thdi gian 1815-1914, h? + He thd'ng ddn cQc (Unipolar system) Ik<br /> thd'ng qud'c te trong thdi ky giQa hM cuoc he thd'ng qude td' cd mdt trung tam quyin<br /> T h i chiln (1919-1939) va he thd'ng qud'c t l iQc ma cac p h i n tQ Idiac phai xoay quanh<br /> trong thdi ky Chid'n tranh lanh d i u la he nd (6), tQc la phM chiu anh hQdng chi phdi<br /> thd'ng xung dot. Trong khi dd, he thd'ng cua nd. He thd'ng ddn cQc dQdc bieu hidn<br /> qud'c t l sau Chie'n tranh lanh cd ve nhQ la dQdi n h i l u dang thQc k h i c nhau nhQ ba<br /> mdt he thd'ng hdp tae n h i l u hdn khi hdp tac chu, he thd'ng d l qud'c hay hidn tQdng mot<br /> va hdi nhap dang la nhQng xu thd' ldn, ldi sidu CQdng. Trong dd, ba chu (Hegemony) cd<br /> cud'n moi chu the t h a m gia. Qu t h i quyin liic vQdt troi so cie p h i n tQ<br /> Cich phan loai nay cd Qu diem d chd la Idiac trong he thd'ng qud'c t l dd'n mQc cd the<br /> ndu bat dQdc nhQng dac diem hay kha mot minh chi phdi cac luM 1? cung nhQ s i p<br /> nang ndi bat nao dd cua he thd'ng qud'c td' xd'p trong QHQT. Vi du, vai trd ba chu cua<br /> va dilu nay la cd ich trong nghidn cQu. Tuy My va Lidn Xd trong tQng phe TBCN va<br /> nhidn, vide chi diia tren tinh c h i t hay XHCN thdi ky Chid'n t r a n h lanh. He thd'ng<br /> trang thM nao dd eua he thd'ng thi khdng d l qud'c cd q u y i n liic g i n nhQ tuyet doi eiia<br /> giup phan anh dQdc mQc do va quy md cua mot nude d l qud'c dQdc the hi?n qua sQ cM<br /> tQdng tac cung nhQ Ididng cho t h i y diidc ed trj hoac Idem soat eac p h i n tQ khac trong<br /> 58 Rghign curu Lich siSr. sg 8.2010<br /> <br /> he thd'ng ca ve ddi ngoai l i n ddi ndi. H? tQng hidn dien trong ljch sii. Song so vdi<br /> thd'ng de qud'c tdn tai n h i l u trong lich sQ cie hinh thM Idiac, tinh dn djnh cua nd<br /> vdi cac d l qude va he thd'ng thudc dja eua nd. Ididng cao bdi thQdng cd xu hQdng hM nQdc<br /> Vi du, he thd'ng de qude La Ma thdi cd dai, lidn minh de chd'ng lai nQdc kia va de<br /> he thd'ng de qud'c Trung Hoa thdi trung dai, ehuyen thanh he thd'ng hM cQc. Vi du dien<br /> he thd'ng de qud'c Anh va Phap thdi cMi dai hinh la tam giac chiln iQde Xd-My-Trung d<br /> (7)... Sieu cQdng cung la mdt cQdng qude chau A - ThM Binh DQdng trong thdi ky<br /> nhQng cd quyin liie vQdt trdi va ca kha nang Chien tranh lanh. D i u tidn, nhQng nam<br /> chi phdi cac cQdng qude khic. Dang thQc nay 1950, dd la hM cQc vdi Xd-Trung mdt ben.<br /> gid'ng hdt b i chu nhQng dQdc sQ dung trong My mdt bdn. Sau dd, Trung Qude t i c h Ididi<br /> nhiing dilu kidn mdi cua he thd'ng qud'c t l Lidn Xd va he thd'ng ba cQc hinh thanh d<br /> thdi hidn dai va trdn quy md toan ciu. VM chau A - ThM Binh DQdng trong nhiing nam<br /> trd sidu cQdng cua My va Lidn Xd thdi ky 1960-1970. Dd'n cudi thap ky 1970, My va<br /> Chid'n tranh lanh la mot vi du. Trung Qude Uen minh vdi nhau chong lai<br /> + He thd'ng hM cQc {Bipolar system) Ik Lien Xd. He thdiig ba cQc lai bj l i n g xuong.<br /> he thd'ng qud'c t l cd hai qud'c gia hoac hai Tinh ba cQc cua nd n g i n dd'n ndi nhilu<br /> Ididi lidn minh ldn cd vai trd nhQ nhQng ngQdi Ididng quan tam d i n h? thd'ng ba cQc<br /> trung tam quyin liic chi phdi cac p h i n tQ va coi nd n i m trong hd thd'ng hM cQc.<br /> khae va ea h? thd'ng qud'c t l . Vi du ldn n h i t Tuy nhien, hien nay, he thd'ng ba cQc<br /> trong ljch sQ v l he thd'ng hM ciic chinh la dang dQdc n h i l u ngQdi quan tam tQ gdc do<br /> vM trd eua Lidn Xd va My trong thdi ky Idnh te khi cho r i n g he thd'ng kinh te the<br /> Chie'n tranh lanh. HM qud'c gia nay da tap gidi thdi ky h a u C h i l n t r a n h lanh se bj chi<br /> hdp va dQng d i u hM lidn minh ddi djch phdi bdi ba trung tam Idnh te ldn la Bic<br /> nhau la phe XHCN va phe TBCN. HM cQc My, EU va N h a t Ban/Ddng A.<br /> va hai phe nay da tao nen cd c i u ehinh trj + He thd'ng da cQc {Multipolar system) \k<br /> the gidi khi dd va chi phdi h i u h i t QHQT. h? thd'ng qud'c t l cd n h i l u trung tam quyin<br /> TrQdc dd, d i u thd' ky XX eung tdn tM he iQc. He thd'ng da cQc dQdc xay dQng diia<br /> thd'ng hai cQc d chau Au la Ididi Antanta trdn can b i n g quyin iQc tQdng ddi giQa cac<br /> (Anh, Phap, Nga) va phe Lidn minh (DQc, CQc. Trong he thd'ng nay, khdng cd mot<br /> Ao-Hung, Bungari, Thd Nhi Ky). trung tam nao q u i manh de cd the l i n i t<br /> He thd'ng hM ciic cung dQdc phan i n h dQdc cac qud'c gia Idiac va lam cho h? thd'ng<br /> nhilu trdn quy md khu vQc. Trong dd, qud'c te trd t h a n h ddn cQc. Trong h? thd'ng<br /> thQdng tdn tai hM qud'c gia ed anli hQdng da cQc, cac qud'c gia k i l m c h i l i n nhau de<br /> hdn trong Idiu vQc va ed sQ tranh gianh ngan khdng eho M dd trd ndn manh len,<br /> anh hQdng khu vQc n h i t djnh giQa chung. pha v3 can b i n g quyin liic. Cung cd the cd<br /> Vi du, India va Paldstan d Nam A, Brazil mdt qud'c gia ddng vM trd "ngQdi can bing"<br /> va Argentina d Nam My, Nhat va Trung {Balancer) dQng trung lap, s i n sang nhay<br /> Qud'c d Ddng A... vao bdn y l u de lam cho can can quyin liic<br /> + He thd'ng ba cQc {Tripolar system) Ik trd lai can b i n g . Trong h? thd'ng dd, do xu<br /> h? thd'ng qud'c te' cd ba trung tam quyin iQc hQdng cae qud'c gia theo dudi quyin iQc<br /> ldn hdn b i n cie p h i n tQ Idiac. Cd ngQdi goi qud'c te ndn thQdng cd nguy cd de doa pha<br /> day la he thd'ng chan vac. Day la mot dang vd can b i n g cu va vi thd' cae qud'c gia cd the<br /> he thd'ng qud'c td' hay cd c i u quyin iQc da thay ddi lidn minh de tao ra nhQng can<br /> Phan loai hg thgng qugc ti.. 59<br /> <br /> b i n g mdi. NhQng cung vi diem nay ma sd' Cac "cQc" cung la ndi chu yeu tao ra cac luat<br /> iQdng cae cQc d day dQdc n h i l u ngQdi Id trong tQdng tac giQa cac p h i n tQ, la ngudn<br /> (Morton Kaplan, Joshua Goldstein,...) cho chinh cua cac phan iing chQc nang tQ mdi<br /> r i n g phM cd tQ nam cQc trd len (8). N l u he tnidng ben trong. Sii dn djnh cua h? thd'ng<br /> thd'ng cd bd'n cQc thi de bj chuyen t h a n h hM eiing phu thudc r i t n h i l u vao cie cQc va sQ<br /> cQc bdi sQ lien minh giQa cie ciic n h i m tQdng tac giQa chiing. Tuy nhien, cich phan<br /> gianh Qu the vdi nhau. loai nay ciing chQa diing nhiing nhQdc diem<br /> Cd e i u quyin liic trong h? thd'ng da cQc n i m trong nhQdc diem chung cua Chu nghia<br /> cd the dQdc phan anh theo chilu ngang Hidn thiic nhQ sQ tap trung vao qude gia va<br /> b i n g he thd'ng eic cQdng qude. NhQng nd chinh trj quyin liic ma khdng tinh d i n cie<br /> cung cd the dQdc phan anh theo chilu doc p h i n tQ Idiae va nhQng tQdng tac thudc Unh<br /> qua thQ bae quyin liic giQa cac trung tam vQc kinh te', van hda, xa hdi.<br /> nhQ md hinh Kim tQ thap quyin liic 5. Sii p h a n c h i a h e t h o n g q u o e t e ciia<br /> {Pyramid of Power). Trong md hinh nay, Morton Kaplan<br /> qud'c gia manh n h i t n i m d dinh, ke t i l p la<br /> Md hinh cua Morton Kaplan k h i ndi<br /> cac CQdng qud'c khac. Qud'c gia cang manh<br /> tid'ng bdi nd la mot trong nhiing cdng trinh<br /> thi cang n i m d g i n dinh. Rdi dQdi nQa la<br /> d i u tidn nghidn cQu tQdng ddi toan dien v l<br /> nhiing qud'c gia ye'u hdn. Do dd'c cua Kim tii<br /> he thd'ng qud'c t l . Trong chQng miic nao dd,<br /> thap phan anh mQc do so sanh quyin liic<br /> day Cling la mdt cich p h a n loai he thd'ng<br /> ciing nhQ tinh c h i t tQdng tac giQa chung.<br /> Kim tQ t h i p cang t h i p , sQ chenh lech qud'c t l . Md hinh nay gdm 6 kieu he thd'ng,<br /> quyin liie Ididng cao, eac qud'c gia cang trong dd 4 md hinh d i u mang tinh gia t h i l t<br /> binh dang. Kim tii thap cang dd'c, Idioang va 2 md hinh sau mang tinh tidn nghiem.<br /> each quyin liic cang each biet, quan he b i t + H? thd'ng phu quyd't: Moi qud'c gia d i u<br /> binh d i n g cang tang. cd kha nang tQ bao ve minh va ngan ehan<br /> He thd'ng da cQc Idia phd b i l n trong ljch sQ de doa ben ngoM sQ dung sQc manh ddi<br /> sQ QHQT. He thd'ng da cQc ndi tieng n h i t vdi minh. Trong he thd'ng nay, moi qud'c gia<br /> la he thd'ng quan binh quyin iQc chau Au d i u cd the sQ dung eic k h a nang de ngan<br /> trong khoang thdi gian tQ sau Hidp Qdc chan sQ de doa va d i u tich ciic chong lai sQ<br /> Vienna nam 1815 d i n tnide T h i chiln I. de doa dd. Trong he thd'ng nay, vM trd ciia<br /> He thd'ng nay cd da trung tam la Anh, cac td chQc qud'c t l toan e i u thQdng la b a n<br /> Phap, Nga, Ao-Hung, DQc, ItMy vdi Anh la che. H? thd'ng nay se trd t h a n h nguy hiem<br /> ngQdi ddng vM trd can b i n g . Nhilu ngQdi nd'u vu Idii h a t n h a n dQdc phd bid'n rdng<br /> ciing eho r i n g he thd'ng qud'c te sau Chid'n rai. Vi du, dd la he thd'ng qud'c gia dpc lap<br /> tranh lanh se la da cQc bdi sQ tdn tai cua ba eiia chau Au sau 1648.<br /> trung tam kinli te Bic My-EU-Nhat + Hd thd'ng can b i n g q u y i n iQc: Day l i<br /> Ban/Ddng A va nam trung tam chinh trj la dang he thd'ng da ciic. Theo Kaplan, h?<br /> My-EU-Nga-Trung Qud'c-Nhat Ban. thd'ng nay c i n it n h i t 5 cQdng qud'c vi neu<br /> Theo quan diem cua eac nha Hidn thiic it hdn, he thd'ng de trd t h a n h hM cQc. Theo<br /> chu nghia, each phan loai diia trdn sQ phan Kaplan, he thd'ng nay cd 6 nguyen t i c tao<br /> bd' quyin liic ed Qu didm phan anh dQdc cd ndn nhiing boat ddng dae t n i n g cua h$<br /> c i u eua he thd'ng qud'c t l vdi sii phan t i n g thd'ng qud'c te. Mdt la tang cQdng kha nang<br /> theo sQc manh cua cae qude gia thanh vien. dam phan ma khdng phai d i u tranh. Hai<br /> 60 Rghign cthi Lich sJr. sg 8.2010<br /> <br /> la d i u t r a n h chQ khdng phai la t h i t bai che den mQc khdng cd cae quoe gia trung<br /> trong vi?c tang cQdng kha nang. Ba la lap hay dQng ngoM nhQ trong he thd'ng hai<br /> dQng d i u tranh ma khdng phai loai trQ cQc linh boat, cac chu the cd tinh toan c i u d<br /> qud'c gia chu chd't nao dd. Bd'n Id chd'ng lai day cung chi ddng vM trd b a n c h i va it cd<br /> b i t cQ lidn minh hay qud'c gia nao dd cd xu anh hQdng ldn Ididi nay hay khdi kia.<br /> hQdng ddng vM trd Qu t h i trong he thd'ng. Binh luMi v l hd thd'ng nay, nhilu hoc gia<br /> Ndm Id k i l m chd' nhQng chu the tan thanh cho r i n g day la he thd'ng r i t de gay ra tinh<br /> cac nguyen t i e eua td chQc sidu qud'c gia. trang b i t dn djnh bdi mau t h u i n sau sic, sQ<br /> Vd sdu la eho phdp cie qud'c gia chu chd't bj biln ddng Uen tuc trong liic iQdng hM bdn<br /> danh bai hoac bj kilm c h i tilp tue tham gia lam cho can b i n g de thay ddi va sQ d i u tranh<br /> vao h? thd'ng qude te' vdi mot vM trd tQdng thQdng xuyen giQa hM ciic. Vi du, dd la he<br /> ddi hoac dQa mot sd' qude gia Ididng phM la thd'ng hM cQc thdi ky Chid'n tranh lanh.<br /> chii chd't nay trd thanh chu the quan trong Trong nhiing nam 1950, h? thd'ng nay dQdc<br /> hdn. Vi du, dd la He thd'ng quan binh quyin coi la chat che nhQng da dQdc coi la long sau<br /> liic d chau Au tnide The'chiln I. sQ tich rdi cua Trung Qudic va Phap.<br /> + He thd'ng hM ciie Unh boat (hay mIm -t- H? thd'ng toan ciu: H? thd'ng nay cd<br /> deo): Trong he thd'ng nay cd qud'c gia, cae the cd dQdc khi cie td chQc toan c i u thiic<br /> chu the mdi nhQ hen minh va cae chu the hi?n dQdc cie chQc nang cua minh mdt each<br /> mang tinh toan c i u nhQ td chQc qude td'. hieu qua. Trong he thd'ng nay, cac chu the<br /> Tinh Unh boat d day the hidn d chd cd nhilu toan c i u ed vM trd ndi trdi va cd nhilu<br /> phQdng i n cua he thd'ng hM ciic. Cd sd cua quyin cua qud'c gia nhQ xae djnh quy c h i<br /> nd phu thudc vao td chQc bdn trong tQng qud'c gia va p h a n chia ngudn ldi cho chung.<br /> khdi. Khdi cd the d i n g cip hda manh me va Chung eung di r a nhQng quy djnh cho<br /> cd tinh doc doan Idii ngQdi dQng d i u rang QHQT va cd trach nhiem theo ddi vide thiic<br /> bude dQdc cie ddng minh. Khi dd, he thd'ng thi. He thd'ng nay dQdc xay diing tren sQ<br /> se bid'n ddi sang he thd'ng hM cQe chat che nha't nguydn trong mdi trQdng chinh trj<br /> hoac thanh h? thd'ng thQ bae. Khdi ciing ed qud'c t l va trdn cd sd cd sQ doan k i t giQa<br /> the khdng d i n g cip h o i hoac dQdc d i n g c i p cie ehu the qud'c gia va toan c i u . Cac xung<br /> h o i cd mQc do nd'u dQdc hinh thanh qua con dot qud'c te se dQdc giM quyet theo cac<br /> dddng tham khao l i n nhau giQa cac qude gia nguydn t i e chinh trj cua he thd'ng.<br /> tii ehu. Khi dd, he thd'ng lai trd thanh he + H? thd'ng cd thQ bac: H? thd'ng nay ed<br /> thd'ng da ciic. Hoac gia neu cd chien tranh the dQdc hieu la mdt he thd'ng chinh trj<br /> tdng thd thi se d i n d i n tinh trang vd chinh chung cho toan thd' gidi. Trong dd, vM trd<br /> phii hoac he thd'ng thQ bac. Tinh c h i t d i n g ciia cac td chQc qud'c td' chung la ldn hdn<br /> cip trong tQng Ididi khac nhau se d i n dd'n qud'c gia, qud'c gia-dan tdc m i t di y nghia<br /> cie phQdng an Idiac nhau eua he thd'ng hM cua nd va cd the trd thanh nhQng ddn vj<br /> ciic nay. Vi du, dd la he thd'ng qude t l giQa lanh thd ddn t h u i n . He thd'ng nay cd tinh<br /> hM cude The chid'n vdi qua trinh tdn tai hM lien kd't cao dd'n mQc cd kha nang ngan<br /> phe ddng minh va phat xit. chan khuynh hQdng n i t lui r a Ididi h?<br /> + Hd thd'ng hai ciie chat che (hay cQng thd'ng va sQ quay trd lai cua qud'c gia-dan<br /> r i n ) : Khac vdi he thd'ng trdn, he thd'ng nay toe. He thd'ng thQ bac cd the la dan chii khi<br /> dQdc hinh t h a n h b i n g trat tii d i n g c i p cac nQdc d i u mong mud'n cung ed' va phat<br /> manh me. Trong he thd'ng nay, mQc do chat trien he thd'ng qud'c te'. H? thd'ng thQ bac<br /> Phan loai hg ftgng qugc ti... 61<br /> <br /> eung cd the la doe tM khi cQdng qud'c hoac vao trong nghien cQu ljch sQ QHQT. Vi?c<br /> mdt Ididi qud'c gia nao dd ap dat he thd'ng ap dung chiing vao nghien cQu ljch sQ<br /> dd ldn cac qud'c gia khac (9). QHQT cd the giup ich p h i n nao trong vide<br /> Cach phan loai hd thd'ng qude te cua tim hieu sQ van ddng eua QHQT trong ljch<br /> Kaplan ciing p h i n nao diia trdn cd c i u phan sQ bdi h? thd'ng qud'c te vQa la sQ phan anh,<br /> bd' quyin iQc. Trong chQng miic nao dd, vQa la ke't qua cua qua trinh phat trien<br /> Kaplan da cd' ging diia trdn ljch sQ de IdiM QHQT. Sii van ddng nay cd the la sQ md<br /> q u i t thanh cac md hinh cd tinh gia thie't rdng Ididng gian t i c dong va anh hQdng cua<br /> ciing nhQ d l r a nhiing phQdng an dii b i o cho he thong qud'c t l , ed the la sQ phat trien<br /> tQdng IM. Kaplan ciing phan tich v l kha linh viic va mQc do tQdng t i c cung nhQ mdl<br /> nang tQdng tac giQa cac chu the ben trong quan he giQa chung ben trong he thd'ng, ed<br /> tiing md hinh. Tuy nhidn, cich phan loai the la sQ bid'n ddi trang thai va tinh c h i t<br /> nay ciing ed nhiing nhQdc diem la thien v l cua chinh he thd'ng, cd the la sQ thay ddi cd<br /> quyin liie, eae cQdng qud'c va sQ xung dot c i u phan bd' quyin liic va t i c ddng cua nd<br /> nhQ nhiing dac t n i n g eua he thd'ng qude t l . tdi QHQT... Chiing cung cd the dQdc ap<br /> NhQ vay, he thd'ng qud'c te' vdi tQ each la dung de phan ky ljch sQ QHQT khi giup<br /> mot cdng cu ly lu^n da ed n h i l u each phan t h i y dQdc nhiing dae diem ridng eua tvtog<br /> loai Idiac nhau. Mdi cich d i u cd nhQng Qu thdi ky. Khdng nhiing thd', vdi tQ cich la<br /> Idiuye't diem n h i t djnh va cho den nay v i n mdt phQdng phap, he thd'ng qud'c t l cdn la<br /> chQa cd each phan loM nao cd tinh tdng mdt cdng cu ly luan giup tim hieu them<br /> hdp. Tuy nhien, t i t ca cie each phan loai nhQng yd'u td' tac ddng tdi QHQT eung nhQ<br /> gidi thieu d trdn d i u cd kha nang van dung ed the dii b i o sQ van ddng nay.<br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1), (2). Andr6 I.A. TsUgankov (1996), (5), (6), (8). Joshua S. Goldstein (1999),<br /> Mezdunarodnue Otnoshenhja, Nauka, Moekba, tr. International Relations, Longman, New York, pp.<br /> 135 (ban tieng Nga). 84-85, 85, 85.<br /> (3). Xin tham khao them Hoang Khic Nam, SU (7). Ciing CO y kien cho ring hg thdng de qude<br /> phdn dinh khu vUc trong nghien cdu qud'c te, Tgp khong phai la hg thdng qudi: te bcii eac nUde thugc<br /> chi Khoa hoc, ehuyen san Khoa hge Xa hgi va dia mit dgc lap nen khong phai la chu the QHQT.<br /> Nhan van, tap 23, sd2, 2007, tr. 77-86. (9). Morton Kaplan, "Some Problems of<br /> (4). Richard W. Mansbach (1997), Global Puzzle: International System Research" trong John A.<br /> issues and Actors in World Politics, Houghton MifflinVasquez, Classics of International Relations,<br /> Company, Boston and New York, p. 142. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1996, p. 297-302.<br />