Vài nét về lịch sử người Mường ở huyện Bá Thước, tỉnh Thanh Hóa

VAI MET v £ LICH St I^GlTdl MlJdiVG<br /> d iiuYiiM B A TinTdr, xii^iH THAI^H H 6 A<br /> <br /> <br /> NGUYEN VAN B A N G '<br /> MAIVANTfJNG"<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> B & Thudc lfi mft huyfn miin nfli tinh<br /> Thanh Hda, cd difn tfch tM nhidn lfi<br /> 771,01km', cfich Thfinh p h i Thanh Hda<br /> Bfi Thfldc thufc huyfn Dd Lung ciia bf Ciiu<br /> Chfin rii qufin Ciiu Chfin. Thdi thufc<br /> Dudng (thi ky VII), Bfi ThUdc thufc huyfn<br /> 108km vl phfa Tfiy B^c. Phia Bic Bfi Trudng Lfim. Trai qua cfic triiu dyi Dinh,<br /> Thudc gifip vdi tinh Hda Binh, phfa Tfiy Tiin Lfi, Lf. Trin (thi ky X - XIV), Bfi<br /> gifip vdi huyfn Quan Hda, Quan Sdn; phfa Thudc cd tfin 1ft Lfii Giang, mft trong 14<br /> Nam gifip vdi huyfn Lang Chfinh; phia huyfn cua Thanh Hda Iflc biy gid. Thdi Ld<br /> Ddng giap vdi cfic huyfn Ngoc Lfc, Cim Sd (1428 - 1527), Bfi Thfldc thufc huyfn<br /> Thuy vft Thach Thfinh. 6 vi tri dia 1;^ nfty Quang Binh, phu Thifu Thifin. Nfim Minh<br /> tao thufin Ipi cho Ba Thude giao lUu ldnh Mfnh thfl 12 (1831), thufc chfiu Quan Hda,<br /> ti, -vftn hda - xa hdi... vdi cfic dia phUdng phu Thp Xufin. Nfim T^ Dflc thfl 3 (1851),<br /> khfie thdng qua efie Quie If £17, 15A vfi chia 4 td'ng: Sa Lung, Thiit 6ng, Ci LOng<br /> dudng Hi Chf Minh. vft Diin Lu thufc chfiu Quan Hda. Nfim<br /> Huyfn Ba Thfldc 1ft vflng dft't cd lieh sfl Khai Djnh thfl 3 (1925), 4 ting tren dUpc<br /> binh thftnh vft phftt triin tfl rf't adm. Thufc cit chuyin dl Ifp chfiu mdi 1ft chfiu Tfin<br /> Hfu kf Dfi eu cfich ngfiy nay hfing vyn Hda gim 30 xa vft 221 chdm. Sau Cfich<br /> nfim, cfic nhft khao co hpc da tim thft'y b myng thfing Tfim, ly ad chfiu Tfin Hda ddng<br /> nhflng hang dfng, mfii dfi hfing ehyc dfi'u tyi La Hfin (xa Ban Cdng). Thfing 10-1945,<br /> tfeh cua ngUdi nguyen thuy, tieu biiu nhit chfiu Tfin Hda dxKfc dii tfn thftnh Bfi Thudc<br /> lfi mfii Da Dilu, mfii Dfi Nudc, hang Lftng dl ghi nhd cdng lao cua Cim Bfi ThUdc,<br /> Trang (Lfim Xa)... Cflng vdi qufi trtnh vfn mft thu linh ngudi Thfii qu6 b Thfldng<br /> dfng vft phfit triln khdng ngflng cua Uch Xufin trong phong trfto Cin VUdng ching<br /> sfl, Bfi Thude da cd nhiiu thay dii v i dia Phfip. Thfing 3-1948, Chu tjch Hi Chi<br /> danh. Tfl thdi Hflng Vfldng, An Dfldng Minh da k^ S&c lfnh so 148-SL, ddn vi<br /> Vfldng din nhflng nfim diu Cdng nguydn, hfinh chfnh chfiu Bfi Thude dxlpc d^i thftnh<br /> <br /> <br /> ' ThS. Trudng D^i hpc Su phym Hft Nfi<br /> " TS. Trudng D^i hpc Hong Dflc<br /> V6i nit vi lich aiSr ngudi mu6ng...<br /> <br /> huyfn Bfi Thudc. Huyen Bfi ThUdc Iflc diu Trudc kia, kl ea gin dfiy, ngUdi MUdng b<br /> cd 7 xfi 1ft: Quo'c Thftnh, Vftn Nho, Thiit Thanh Hofi ndi chung vfi b Ba ThUdc ndl<br /> Ong, Hi Diin, Quy Ludng, Long Vfin vft Ban rieng v5n nhfin minh lfi ngUdi b "trdn<br /> Cdng. Ly sd ddng tai Cftnh Nfing. Ngfty 2-5- Mudng" de phfin bift vdi ngudi d "dudi<br /> 1964, theo Quyit dinh eua Bf Nfi vu, chia 5 Chp", tflc ngudi b dudi ddng bSng (miin<br /> xa Qu;^ Ludng, Hi Diln, Long Van, Vfin Nho xudi) mft lfiu nay ngUdi Mudng quen gpi lfi<br /> vfi Quic Thftnh thftnh 18 xa. Nftm 1965, xa ngUdi Kinh trong khai nifm "kinh k^ ke<br /> Tan Lfip dUpc thfinh Ifp, nfim 1984 xfi Diln chp". Hofic tfl nhftn lfi ngUdi d mudng Khd,<br /> Lu dfldc chia thftnh 2 xa Diin Lu vft Diin mUdng Ong...<br /> Trung. Nftm 1994, thftnh Ifp Tbi trfiii Cftnh Theo tac gia Trin Quic Vupng vft<br /> Nfing tren ed sd cua xft Lfim Xa. Nguyin DUdng Binh thi tfl "Mudng" xufi't<br /> Hien nay, Bfi ThUde gim cd 1 thi trfi'n hifn vfio khoang t h i ky thfl XVII. Sfic lfnh<br /> (Cftnh Nfing) vfi 22 xa, 1ft huyfn miln nfli eua Kinh lupc sfl Bic Kj^ Nguyin Trong<br /> da tfc ngUdi, vdi td'ng dfin so 1ft 103.449 Hifp di ngfty 2 thfing 6 nfim Dong Khanh<br /> ngUdi (nfim 2007), trong dd ngudi Mudng (23-6-1888), tai diiu 1 c6 ghi: "Lap mot tinh<br /> chiim 51%, ngUdi Thfii chiim 32%, ngudi gim cac dfi't (cua dan Mudng) xUa thudc cfic<br /> Kinh vfi mdt s i dan tpc khac chiim 17% tinh Hung Hofi, Sdn Tfiy, Hft Ndi, Ninh<br /> dfin si. Binh". Dfiy c6 the lfi vfin ban chinh thflc<br /> Lich sU hinh thdnh diu tien cua Nhft nUdc phong kiin Vift<br /> Nam dflng danh tfl Mudng dl chi nhom cU<br /> Ngudi Mudng la mdt trong 54 dfin tpe b dfin nfiy (1).<br /> Vift Nam. Trong ddi s6hg, ciing nhU trong<br /> y thflc tu gific tfc ngudi, dong bfio Mudng tU Cho din trUdc Cfich mang thang Tfim<br /> nhfin minh lfi Moi, Mon, Mui... Ngudi nfim 1945, Ba ThUdc 1ft dia bftn sinh ty cbu<br /> Mudng d Tbanh Hda song rai rfic d 11 yiu cua hai dfin tfc Mudng vfi Thai. NgUdi<br /> huyfn miin nfli vft mft so xa mien xudi. Mudng sing tfip trung chu yiu trong 15<br /> Tfp trung dong nhfi't b cfic huyfn Thach mudng, trong dd cd 8 mUdng ldn: mfldng<br /> Thftnh, Cim Thuy, Bfi ThUdc, Ngpc Lftc, Khodng, mudng Kho, mUdng Lau, mudng<br /> Kf, mudng Ong, mUdng Ai, mudng Diln,<br /> Nhu Thanh.<br /> mUdng Khddng. Bay mUdng nhd la mUdng<br /> Dia bftn cU trfl cua ngudi Mudng Thanh Pa Khan, mUdng Doi, mudng Dfio, mUdng<br /> Hoa chu yeu 1ft vflng ban sdn dia, ven cfic D6n, mudng Rim, mUdng Am, mUdng<br /> llfu vUc sdng Ma, sdng Chu, sdng Am, adng Chfiu. Hp cua ngudi Mudng 1ft cac hp Hft,<br /> Ciu Chfty, sdng Budi, sdng Muc. 0 khu vUc TrUdng, Pham, Cao, Qufich, Le, Bfli...<br /> nfty CO nhflng thung lung ldn, dfi't dai mfiu<br /> md, cfi nhflng hfii bii ven sdng. Bdi vfiy con NgUdi Mudng Bfi Thudc thufc nhdm<br /> ngudi din ty cU tfl rfi't lfiu ddi vft phfit triln Mfldng Trong (Mudng goc/ban dia Thanh<br /> sdm nghi ndng trong lua nUde. Bdn canh Hda) cd dfic dilm rieng ve ngdn ngfl, trang<br /> canh tfic rudng nUdc ngUdi Mudng cdn kit phye, phong tue so vdi Mudng Ngofii (3 eac<br /> hdp canh tfic nUdng rfty. Ngofti ra, khai tinh phia B^c). Mudng Trong dUde phfin<br /> thfic tu nhidn nhU sfin b^t, hai lupm, dfinh thfinh hai nhdm: mUdng Ong (mfldng que<br /> cfi ciing 1ft hoat dpng kinh t i gifl vi tri quan ngoai) vft mudng Ai (mudng que ndi) diu 1ft<br /> trpng trong xa hdi truyin thing. mft goc eua ngudi Mudng Trong.<br /> 56 Rghian ciJru Ljch ait. s6 3.2012<br /> <br /> Nhin chung, Bfi Thfldc 1ft vflng dit cd Trong xfi hfi truyin thing, ngudi Mudng<br /> ljch afl hlnh thfinh vfi phfit triln tfl rfi't ndi chung 1ft cU dfin lftm ndng nghifp, kinh<br /> sdm, 1ft dja bfin sinh ty chu yiu cua hai dfin t i ehu dyo 1ft cfty Ifla nfldc, vi t h i dia bftn ty<br /> tfc Mudng vft Thfii. Trong dd, ngudi Mudng cu cua hp gfin liin vdi hf sinh thai thung<br /> 1ft eU dfin ban dja cd nln vfin hofi dfc aic. iQng. Do dd, khi tim dft't Iftp mUdng, ngUdi<br /> Dd 1ft nin vfin hofi thung Iflng g^n liin vdi Mudng chpn nhflng khu vyc thung lung hfi<br /> ho^it dfng kinh t i Ifla nfldc, nUdng rfiy vft ty diy du cfic diiu kifn cin thiit nhU cd<br /> khai thfic lfim t h i san. Ngofti ra cdn luu gifl nUdc dl sinh hoyt, san xuit vft khai thfic<br /> jihiiu dfi'u fi'n vfin hda Vift ci. thuy san, dfi't trflng d l lftm rudng, cd rflng<br /> Vied'u true miidng dl khai thfic ngudn lfim san, cd t h i dit cao<br /> b^ng d i dung nhft, hudng d i t thoang dfing<br /> Lftng xdm cua ngudi Mudng thfldng dfl^c<br /> vfi di lyi giao lUu vdi cfic viing lfin cfn phai<br /> xfiy dyng b chfin dii, chfin nfli, ndi dfi't<br /> thufin tifn.<br /> thoai, gin sdng, suii... TrUdc dfiy, mdi lftng<br /> cua ngUdi Mudng c6 khoang vfti ehyc nde Qua nghidn cflu khao sfit cfic mudng<br /> nhfi, lftng nfto ddng dflc thi khoang bin, trfin dja bfin huyfn Bfi Thudc vfi vflng lfin<br /> nfim chye nde nhft. Nhin tfl xa, lfing cua cfn budc d i u chujig tdi thiy, thdng thudng<br /> ngudi Mudng thudng i n minh trong nhiing mft mUdng ci trudc dfiy dupc ciu thfinh b<br /> Iflm cfiy quanh lfing, nhiiu ndi cd nhiing trong dd ft n h i t 3 lftng co djnh, dd 1ft lftng<br /> rfing tre bao bpc, nhUng i n tUdng hdn ca 1ft Chu (Chiing), lftng Ngooc (Ngpc) vft lftng<br /> hiu bet cac lftng mUdng dfldc t i dilm bing Coc (Goc, Cdc). BSn canh 3 lfing nfiy cdn cd<br /> nhiing-hfing eau cao vflt. cfic lftng khfie, nhiiu hay ft la tfly theo difn<br /> tfch dfi't dai, hch afl hinh thftnh, t i n tai vft<br /> NgUcli Mudng 6 Ba ThUdc, Cim Thuy,<br /> phfit triln cua tiing mudng.<br /> Lang Chanh ndi rieng vft Thanh Hofi ndi<br /> chung gpi lftng lfi lung (2). Dfiy lfi ddn vi cd Ba loyi lfing k l trfin gin Uin vdi aU hinh<br /> ad cua xfi hpi Mfldng gim nhiiu tiiu gia thftnh vft ton tai ciia tflng mfldng. Bao gid<br /> dinh phy. quyln. Lfing cdn 1ft mft khii cU trong mft mfldng eiing cd nhiSng ngudi din<br /> dfin lfim thftnh mft ddn vj cd ddi song rieng d}nh cu vft Ifp lftng diu tidn, nhflng lftng dd<br /> v i nhilu mftt. Trong xa hfi truyin thing thudng dupe gpi tdn 1ft lftng Cdc, cd ndi sau<br /> (trUdc nftm 1945), lftng (lung) thufc a^ nfty gpi trfch di 1ft Gic hay Cpe. NhUng<br /> quan If eua mudng. Mudng (miidng) Ift ddn Cie, Gic hay Cfc diu cd nghia 1ft gdc, 1ft<br /> vi to chfle xfi hfi, tfip hdp nhilu lftng trong diu tidn. C6 t h i lift kd ra mft s i tftn lftng<br /> eflng mft thung lung, hay nhiiu thung tren dia bftn huyfn Bfi ThUdc vft mdt s i<br /> lung liln k i nhau. Ddn vi t i chflc mudng khu vyc cua huyfn Cim Thuy dl thiy sU<br /> dft dudi sy quan 1^' cua mft ddng hp qu^ tUdng d6ng:<br /> tfc, gpi 1ft lang (f(io. Cy t h i nhU lftng Cha, O mUdng Ong cd lftng Lung Cdc (4) (lftng<br /> lfing Ki, lfing Chiing Cie... trudc nfim 1946 Cic), nay thupe xa Thiit 6ng.<br /> thufc mudng Ong, dudi ay quan ly eua<br /> 6 mudng Ai ed lftng Lung Cfc, nay dii<br /> ddng hp Phgm Cdng; cac lftng Chiing Triu,<br /> ten thfinh lfing Mot thupc xa Lam Xa.<br /> Chiing L§m, lftng Cd, lftng Xfim, lftng Sio...<br /> thudc mudng Khd, dudi sU quan ly eua O mudng Khd ciing cd lftng Lung Cfc,<br /> ddng ho Hft Cdng (3)... nay 1ft mft bf phftn cua Lftng Am thufc xa<br /> Diin Quang.<br /> Vfti n6t v& lieh si ngudi Hluimg..,<br /> <br /> 6 lfing Sfio xa Thiit Ke (xUa thufc 0 mudng Ai cd lftng Lflng Ngpc, nay gpi<br /> mUdng Khd) cd xdm Coc, lfi xdm hinh thftnh 1ft lfing Ngpc Sinh thufc xa LUdng Ngoai,<br /> diu tidn eua lfing nfty. huyfn Bfi ThUde.<br /> d xft Thanh Lfim (dia bfin ngfldi Thfii) cd 0 mUdng Tram c6 lftng Lung Ngpc, nay<br /> ban Coc, gifip mUdng Ai eu cfla ngUdi thufc xa c i m Thfinh, huyfn Cim Thuy.<br /> Mfldng. 6 Mudng Kim cd lftng Ngpc, nay thupc<br /> 6 mUdng Tram (Cim Thuy) ed lftng xa Cim Ngpc, huyfn Cim Thuy...<br /> Liing Cdc, nay thufc xa Cim Lign. Qua dfiy chflng tdi thfi'y dia danh huyfn<br /> 6 mUdng Pbfi'm (Cim Thach Cim Ngpc Lfic phai giai thfch nd b ^ g ngon ngfl<br /> Thuy) c6 lftng Coc - Vfin... ban dia Mudng. Vi trong ngdn ngfl Mudng,<br /> Ngofii ra, mft s i lfing cua ngudi Mudng Ngooc Rgac (J^gooc Ift nguon, Rgac 1ft nUdc)<br /> cdn cd ten 1ft Cd, Cfn gin fim vdi tfl Coc, dl chi nguon nUde. NhU vfty, Ngpc Lfic -<br /> Ngooc Rgac phai c6 nghia dl chi ndi ed<br /> tUdng dUdng vdi Cic, cd nghia 1ft gic.<br /> nguon nude doi dfio thi dflng hdn.<br /> Mdt loai hinh lfing khfic trong chinh thi<br /> Loai hinh lfing thfl ba 1ft nhflng lftng<br /> ciu true 1ft lfing Ngope, cd ndi phfit fim<br /> mang tin Cbu. Hien nay dfi'u vit cua<br /> trfch di 1ft Ngpc. Nhu vfiy, Ngope hay Ngpc<br /> nhflng lftng mang ten Chu kha md nhat.<br /> diu ed nghia nhu nhau, theo tiing Mudng<br /> Hiu nhu ngudi dan cl day khdng cdn nhd gi<br /> Ngope - Ngpc cd nghia la nguon. Nguon 5 nhieu vi nhflng lftng nfty. NhUng dfl sao<br /> dfiy de chi nguon nUde. Bdi vi, ngUdi Mudng trong cd ciu t i chflc mft mUdng co cua<br /> lfi cU dfin quen song d viing thung lung cd ngUdi Mudng trudc dfiy cd lftng Chu. Lftng<br /> truyin thong trong lua nUdc lau ddi nen Chu 1ft ndi d cua lang dao trong mpt<br /> khi chon dfi't lfip mUdng bao gid hp cung dfit mUdng. Cd the hieu ddn gian do 1ft "tbu dd"<br /> yeu to nude len hfing diu. Do dd phai chpn cfla mdt Mudng, ndi ddng dd cfla lang dao<br /> nhflng ndi thufin ldi ve nguin nUdc dl ainh trong mUdng. Cd t h i kl ra dfiy mpt so diu<br /> hoat vft Ift'y nUdc san xufi't. Vi vfty, nhflng vit vi loai lang nfty tren dia bftn Bfi ThUdc<br /> lftng sing d diu ngudn nUde la nhflng lftng vft Quan Sdn nhU sau:<br /> cfi lich sti dinh cU lfiu ddi, nen ngudi Mudng 6 mUdng 6ng von cd lftng Lung Chu,<br /> gpi ten 1ft lftng Ngope di chi dfic dilm cU sau dd'i thftnh lftng Cha (nay thufc xa Thiet<br /> trfl. Chinh vi b diu nguin nfin vi trf cua Ki, huyfn Bfi Thudc). Day lfi ndi cd dia<br /> lftng Ngooc thudng b nhflng khu vUc heo danh dii "Lai Ly Lai Lfing, cd cfiy Chu da<br /> hut hdn, sfiu hdn, vft khd di lai hdn so vdi lfi Chu dong, bdng thau qua thiic", lfi dia<br /> nhflng lang khfic. Chung ta cd t h i tim thiy danh dfldc kl trong Mo sfl thi Be ddt di<br /> b tren dia bfin huyen Bfi ThUdc vft b mot a i niidc cua dfin tfc Mudng.<br /> khu vyc Iftn cfn nhu C^m Thuy, Ngpc Lfc 6 Mudng Ai cung cd lftng Lung Chu (nay<br /> nhflng lftng mang ten Ngope hay Ngpc eu thupc xa Tfin Lfip, huyfn Bfi ThUdc) cdn ed<br /> the nhu sau: ten khac lfi Chu San.<br /> 6 mudng 6ng cd Ngpc ling, 1ft mft khu 6 xa Thfinh Lam (dfi't ngUdi Thfii d hien<br /> dit thufc lang Chieng, nay thuoc xa Thiet nay) cd ban Chu, giap mUdng Ai cu cua<br /> 6ng, huyfn Ba thUde. ngudi Mudng.<br /> sa Rghian eflu Ltch sir, s i 3.2012<br /> <br /> Ngofti ra, cdn cd dia danh mUdng Chu - Chiing Ddng (thufc mUdng Phft'm, nay<br /> San, nay thufc xa Sdn Thuy vft Sdn Difn thufc xa Cim Thych, huyfn Cim Thuy).<br /> huyfn Quan Sdn... Chiing Trim (thufc mUdng Tram, nay<br /> Sau nfty, nhflng ndi cl eua lang dyo dflng thufc xft Cim Thftnh, huyfn Cim Thuy).<br /> diu mft mudng gpi 1ft lftng Chiing. Do dd Chiing Vong (thufc mudng Vong, nay<br /> mUdng nfto cung cd mft lfing Chiing, thf m thufc xa Cim Giang vft Cim