Fermented rice beverages

Fermented Rice Beverage is one of the most popular and ethnic fermented alcoholic beverages of Meghalaya Region located in North-eastern part of India. Locally, rice beverage is known as Chubitchi by Garo, kyiad by Khasi and Sadhiar by Jaintias tribes of Meghalaya, it is prepared by using rice and dried starter culture. Dried starter culture or Wanti is used for traditional rice beverage processing by Garo tribes. The nature of microbes was assessed and their source during fermentation was studied generally to explore the microbial diversity associated with the rice beverage samples.

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Rice is a major crop of Assam. Using rice as a substrate, different communities in the state produces peculiar fermented and non-fermented products like rice beer, sweets and snacks etc. Production of rice beer involves two steps; starter culture preparation and brewing. The starter culture is made of rice and herbal combinations and believed to act as inoculants for brewing. These products often contain mixed microbial population due to allowance of natural fermentation.

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Geographical differences exist among the type of alcohol people consume – beer, wine, spirits or other alcoholic beverages. In this report, ‘beer’ includes malt beers, ‘wine’ includes wine made from grapes, and ‘spirits’ include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortifi ed wine, etc. Spirits are the most consumed beverages in terms of litres of pure alcohol in Asian and eastern European countries (Figure 2; Table 3).

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Unrecorded alcohol refers to alcohol that is not taxed and is outside the usual system of governmental control, because it is produced, distributed and sold outside formal channels. Unrecorded alcohol consumption in a country includes consumption of homemade or informally produced alcohol (legal or illegal), smuggled alcohol, alcohol intended for industrial or medical uses, alcohol obtained through cross-border shopping (which is recorded in a different jurisdiction), as well as consumption of alcohol by tourists.

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