Heterogeneous disease

Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease. Even though specific infectious agents are of key importance in the development of periodontitis, it is unlikely that a single agent or even a small group of pathogens are the sole cause or modulator of this heterogeneous disease. Due to the episodic nature of periodontal disease, viruses play an important role in etiology. The present review focusses on the role of viruses in periodontal diseases.

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease with variable clinical manifestations, structural changes, and treatment responses. In a cohort study, we performed a baseline cluster analysis to identify the subgroups of COPD and to assess the clinical outcomes of each subgroup during a 1-year follow-up.

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Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease resulting in diverse clinical behaviours and therapeutic responses. DNA methylation is a major epigenetic alteration that is commonly perturbed in cancers. The aim of this study is to characterize the relationship between DNA methylation and aberrant gene expression in breast cancer.

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Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease that lacks unifying molecular alterations that can guide therapy decisions. We previously identified distinct molecular subtypes of TNBC (TNBCtype) using gene expression data generated on a microarray platform using frozen tumor specimens.

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Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease displaying distinct molecular features and clinical outcome. The molecular profile of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) overlaps with that of basal-like breast cancers that in turn show similarities with high-grade serous ovarian and endometrial carcinoma.

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Seventy percent of all bladder tumours tend to recur and need intensive surveillance, and a subset of tumours progress to muscle-invasive and metastatic disease. However, it is still difficult to find the adequate treatment for every individual patient as it is a very heterogeneous disease and reliable biomarkers are still missing.

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Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that can be classified into one of 4 main molecular sub-types: luminal A, luminal B, Her2 over-expressing and basal-like (BL). These tumour sub-types require different treatments and have different risks of disease progression.

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Severe asthma is a complex heterogeneous disease typically requiring advanced therapies. Underlying the treatment of all asthma, however, is the consistent recommendation across international guidelines to ensure that adherence to therapy is adequate. Currently, there is no consensus on an objective marker of adherence.

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Disease progression in COPD patient is associated to lung function decline, leading to a higher risk of hypoxaemia and associated comorbidities, notably cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Adiponectin (Ad) is an adipokine with cardio-protective properties. In COPD patients, conflicting results were previously reported regarding Ad plasmatic (Adpl) level, probably because COPD is a heterogeneous disease with multifactorial influence.

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Asthma is a heterogeneous disease and understanding this heterogeneity will enable the realisation of precision medicine. We sought to compare the sputum and serum inflammatory profiles in moderate-to-severe asthma during stable disease and exacerbation events.

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Bronchiectasis is a heterogeneous disease which affects quality of life. Measuring symptoms and quality of life has proved challenging and research is limited by extrapolation of questionnaires and treatments from other diseases.

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Asthma is a syndrome composed of heterogeneous disease entities. Although it is agreed that proper asthma endo-typing and appropriate type-specific interventions are crucial in the management of asthma, little data are available regarding pediatric asthma.

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It is widely recognized that health-related quality of life (HRQL) is impaired in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), but there is a lack of research on longitudinal associations of COPD and HRQL.

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The epidemiology of infectious diseases is one of the great triumphs of applied ecology. In particular, the public health importance of parasites has lead to a large literature, exploring their impact on the population dynamics, population genetics and evolutionary biology of human populations. An important milestone was the Dahlem Conference on population biology of infectious diseases, held in 1981. The resulting book (Anderson and May 1982) lucidly summarised the contemporary state of parasite ecology and epidemiology.

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Known as the epidemiological transition, this shift is highly correlated with changes in personal and collective wealth (the economic transition), social structure (the social transition), and demographics (the demographic transition). Omran (1971) provides an excellent model of the epidemiological transition that divides it into three basic ages: pestilence and famine, receding pandemics, and degenerative and human- created diseases (table 33.1). Olshansky and Ault (1986) add a fourth stage: delayed degenerative diseases.

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The United States is pursuing a comprehensive, whole-of-government approach to global health through the Global Health Initiative (GHI). GHI seeks to achieve significant health improvements and foster sustainable effective, efficient and country-led public health programs that deliver essential health care. Through GHI the Obama Administration is committed to improving and saving lives by strengthening health systems.

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CKD in children is the result of heterogeneous  diseases  of  the  kidney  and  urinary  tract  that  range from common congenital malformations  of  the  urinary  tract,  to  rare  inborn  errors  of  metabolism that affect kidney  function[1] . CKD  is  an  irreversible  condition  that  eventually  progresses  to end stage renal disease  (ESRD).  It is an important cause of morbidity and  mortality in children worldwide [2,3] .       The  causes  of  CKD  vary  from  one  geographic area to another due to genetic and  environmental  factors.

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Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is a rare autosomal-recessively inherited lysosomal storage disorder. It is caused by mutations in the NPC1 (95%) or NPC2 gene. It is a progressive and highly heterogeneous disease, characterized by the presentation of visceral, neurological, and psychiatric symptoms.

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(bq) part 1 book “copd - heterogeneity and personalized treatment” has contents: definition and epidemiology of copd, pathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, pathogenesis of copd, symptomatic assessment of copd,… and other contents.

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Kawasaki disease (KD) is a common vasculitis of childhood in East Asia. The complications of KD ascribed to long-term cardiovascular sequelae are considerably diverse. Although studies have investigated neurodevelopmental problems following KD in the past few decades, they have reported inconsistent conclusions.

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