Human neurons

This chapter students will be able to: List the basic functions of the nervous system; explain the structural and functional divisions of the nervous system; list the types of neuroglia and cite their functions; define neuron, describe its important structural components, and relate each to a functional role;...

47p tangtuy07 02-04-2016 46 2   Download

Chapter 11 - Fundamentals of the nervous system and nervous tissue (part b). In this chapter, you will learn: Define resting membrane potential and describe its electrochemical basis, compare and contrast graded potentials and action potentials, explain how action potentials are generated and propagated along neurons,...

55p tangtuy07 02-04-2016 42 2   Download

Mice expressing a C-terminal fragment of the prion protein instead of wild-type prion protein die from massive neuronal degeneration within weeks of birth. The C-terminal region of PrPc (PrP121–231) expressed in these mice has an intrinsic neurotoxicity to cultured neurones. Unlike PrPSc, which is not neurotoxic to neurones lacking PrPc expression, PrP121–231 was more neurotoxic to PrPc-deficient cells. Human mutations E200K and F198S were found to enhance toxicity of PrP121–231 to PrP-knockout neurones and E200K enhanced toxicity to wild-type neurones.

10p system191 01-06-2013 30 4   Download

Cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (Cdk5) is a serine/threonine kinase activated by its neuron-specific activator, p35, or its truncated form, p25. It has been proposed that the deregu-lation of Cdk5 activity by association with p25 in human brain tissue disrupts the neuronal cytoskeleton and may be involved in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.

8p research12 23-04-2013 32 2   Download

We have recently identified an Ets element controlling over 90%of the basal expression of the human presenilin 1 (PS1) gene. We have also shown that Ets1 and Ets2 act as trans-activators of the PS1 gene by cotransfection experiments in SK-N-SH neuronal cells. The PS1 gene is widely but dif-ferentially expressed across tissues and the expression in brain appears to be restricted to neurons. To gain further insight into the regulation of the gene we have examined the regulation of PS1 by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). ...

7p tumor12 22-04-2013 29 4   Download

Peptides which should be generated from the neuropeptide FF (NPFF) precursor were identified in a neuronal (human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y) cell line and in COS-7 cells after transient transfection of the human proNPFFAcDNA and were comparedwith those detected in themouse spinal cord. After reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatogra-phy of soluble material, NPFF-related peptides were im-munodetected with antisera raised against NPFF and identified by using on-line capillary liquid chromatography/ nanospray ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. ...

13p tumor12 20-04-2013 32 2   Download

Synaptophysin, one of the major proteins on synaptic vesi-cles, is ubiquitously expressed throughout the brain. Syn-aptophysin and synapsin I, another synaptic vesicle protein, are also expressed by retinoic acid-induced neuronally dif-ferentiated P19 teratocarcinoma cells. Here, we show that inhibition of histone deacetylase activity in P19 cells is suf-ficient to activate transcription of the synaptophysin and synapsin I genes, indicating that neuronal differentiation and impairment of histone deacetylases results in a similar gene expression pattern....

8p tumor12 20-04-2013 29 1   Download

We have shown recently that in human T lymphocytes, leptin stimulates activity and expression of the endocan-nabinoid-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), through STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and its CRE (cAMP response element)-like transcriptional target in the FAAH promoter [Maccar-rone, M., Di Rienzo, M., Finazzi-Agro`,A., &Rossi,A. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 13318–13324]. We have also shown that progesterone, alone or additively with leptin, up-regulates theFAAHgene in human T-cells, through the Ikaros transcription factor [Maccarrone, M.

11p awards 05-04-2013 37 3   Download

The PAT2 transporter has been shown to act as an electro-genic proton/amino acid symporter. The PAT2 cDNA has been cloned fromvarious human, mouse and rat tissues and belongs to a group of four genes (pat1topat4)withPAT3 and PAT4 still resembling orphan transporters. The first immunolocalization studies demonstrated that the PAT2 protein is found in the murine central nervous system in neuronal cells with a proposed role in the intra and/or intercellular amino acid transport.

8p awards 05-04-2013 53 5   Download

In rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase, Phe1395 is positioned over the FAD isoalloxazine ring. This is replaced by Trp676 in human cytochrome P450 reductase, a tryptophan in related diflavin reductases (e.g. methionine synthase reduc-tase andnovel reductase 1), and tyrosine inplant ferredoxin-NADP + reductase. Trp676 in human cytochrome P450 reductase is conformationallymobile, andplays akey role in enzyme reduction. Mutagenesis of Trp676 to alanine results in a functional NADH-dependent reductase. ...

13p dell39 03-04-2013 39 5   Download

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is a ligand-gated ion channel found in muscles and neurons. Muscle AChR, formed by five homologous subunits (a2bcdora2bce), is the major antigen in the autoimmune disease, myasthenia gravis (MG), in which pathogenic autoantibodies bind to, and inactivate, the AChR.

12p inspiron33 25-03-2013 40 2   Download

Nogo-A is a physiologically relevant inhibitor of neuronal growth and regeneration in the myelin of the adult human central nervous system and has attracted considerable attention as a molecular target for the treatment of spinal cord injuries.

11p galaxyss3 21-03-2013 48 3   Download

At least two different isoforms ofRCAN1mRNA are expressed in neuro-nal cells in normal human brain. AlthoughRCAN1mRNA is elevated in brain regions affected by Alzheimer’s disease, it is not known whether the disease affects neuronal RCAN1, or if other cell types (e.g. astrocytes or microglia) are affected.

10p galaxyss3 21-03-2013 22 3   Download

Ginkgotoxin (4¢-O-methylpyridoxine) occurring in the seeds and leaves of Ginkgo biloba, is an antivitamin structurally related to vitamin B6. Ingestion of ginkgotoxin triggers epileptic convulsions and other neuronal symptoms. Here we report on studies on the impact of B6 antivitamins including ginkgo-

10p galaxyss3 21-03-2013 37 2   Download

The effects of tyramine, serotonin and benzalkonium on the esterase and aryl acylamidase activities of wild-type human butyrylcholinesterase and its peripheral anionic site mutant, D70G, were investigated. The kinetic study was carried out under steady-state conditions with neutral and positively charged aryl acylamides.

12p media19 06-03-2013 41 3   Download

Neuroglobin (Ngb) is a recently discovered globin that is predominantly expressed in the brain, retina and other nerve tissues of human and other vertebrates. Ngb has been shown to act as a neuroprotective factor, pro-moting neuronal survival in conditions of hypoxic–ischemic insult, such as those occurring during stroke.

13p vinaphone15 25-02-2013 40 3   Download

Neuroglobin is a recently discovered member of the globin family, mainly observed in neurons and retina. Despite the low sequence identity (less than 20% over the whole sequence for the human proteins), the general fold of neuroglobin closely resembles that of myoglobin. The latter is a paradigmatic protein for folding studies, whereas much less is known about the neuroglobin folding pathway.

14p vinaphone15 25-02-2013 37 3   Download

Human neuronal growth inhibitory factor (hGIF) is able to inhibit the out-growth of neurons. As compared with the amino acid sequences of metallo-thionein 1⁄2, hGIF contains two insertions: a Thr at position 5 and an acidic hexapeptide EAAEAE(55–60) close to the C-terminus. Moreover, all mammalian growth inhibitory factor sequences contain a conserved CPCP(6–9) motif.

12p viettel02 22-02-2013 30 1   Download

Quinolinic acid (QUIN) excitotoxicity is mediated by elevated intracellular Ca 2+ levels, and nitric oxide-mediated oxidative stress, resulting in DNA damage, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation, NAD + deple-tion and cell death. We evaluated the effect of a series of polyphenolic compounds [i.e. epigallocatechin gallate (EPCG), catechin hydrate, curcu-min, apigenin, naringenin and gallotannin] with antioxidant properties on QUIN-induced excitotoxicity on primary cultures of human neurons....

15p mobifone23 18-01-2013 30 4   Download

Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is an RNA binding protein necessary for correct spatiotemporal control of neuronal gene expression in humans. Lack of functional FMRP causes fragile X mental retardation, which is the most common inherited neurodevelopmental disorder in humans.

10p cosis54 05-01-2013 45 4   Download