Oracle net

Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks Technology (RAID)

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Small shared pool Small database buffer cache Small redo log buffer cache Missing indexes Rollback segments and undo tablespace Sort area size incorrectly set Assorted

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Example of Statspack Report

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Chức Năng : Chứa toàn bộ dữ liệu trong database. Lưu Trữ các dữ liệu thuộc cấu trúc logic của database như tables hay indexes Tính Chất Mỗi datafile chỉ có thể được sử dụng trong một database. Một số tính chất cho phép tự động mở rộng kích thước mỗi khi database hết chỗ lưu trữ dữ liệu. Một hay nhiều datafiles tạo nên một đơn vị lưu trữ logic của database gọi là tablespace. Một datafile chỉ thuộc về một tablespace....

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Export and Import Utilities The Export utility provides a simple way for you to transfer data objects between Oracle databases, even if they reside on platforms with different hardware and software configurations. When you run Export against an Oracle database, objects (such as tables) are extracted, followed by their related objects (such as indexes, comments, and grants), if any. The extracted data is written to an Export file, which is an Oracle binary-format dump file that is typically located on disk or tape.

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Overview The recovery catalog is a schema that is created in a separate database. It contains the RMAN metadata obtained from the target database control file. RMAN propagates information about the database structure, archived redo logs, backup sets, and datafile copies into the recovery catalog from the control file of the target database. You should use a catalog when you have multiple target databases to manage. RMAN stores, uses, and maintains the information in the recovery catalog. The recovery catalog is maintained by RMAN when you do the following: 1.

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Workshop Methodology Group-Oriented and Interactive Structure The workshop is structured to allow individuals to work in groups to perform database backup, restore, and recovery operations. Each group is encouraged to share its approach to resolving database failures with other groups in the class. Intensive Hands-On Diagnosis and Problem Resolution The intent is to provide you with as much hands-on experience as possible to diagnose and work through backup and recovery scenarios.

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Incomplete Recovery Incomplete recovery reconstructs the database to a prior point in time (before the time of the failure). Note: This situation results in the loss of data from transactions committed after the time of recovery. This data will need to be reentered manually if required. Perform this recovery only when absolutely necessary. Incomplete recovery can be a difficult and time-consuming operation.

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Using Oracle Enterprise Manager You can use the Recovery Wizard to restore and recover your database. On the Range Selection page you must enter a date and time to restore to a previous point. You use Instance Management or the Console to open the database after the job has completed. You can view the status of the job by selecting the Active and History page tabs in the Console’s Job window.

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Cross Checks of RMAN Backups and Copies Performing a cross check provides you with a way to ensure that data about backup sets and image copies in the RMAN repository is synchronized with corresponding data on disk or in the media management catalog. You can use the LIST command to obtain a report of the backups and copies that you have made and then use the CROSSCHECK command to check that these files still exist. If RMAN cannot find a file, it updates the repository records to EXPIRED. You can determine which files are marked EXPIRED by issuing a LIST EXPIRED command....

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Restoration and Datafile Media Recovery Using RMAN RMAN automates the procedure for restoring files. When you issue the RESTORE command, RMAN uses a server session to restore the correct backups and copies. The RMAN repository is used to select the best available backup set or image copies to use in the restoration. By default, RMAN does not restore a file if the file is already in the correct place and its header contains the correct information. In releases before Oracle9i, the files were always restored.

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Media Recovery Media recovery is used to recover a lost or damaged current datafile or control file. You can also use it to recover changes that were lost when a datafile went offline without the OFFLINE NORMAL option. Restoring Files When you restore a file, you are replacing a missing or damaged file with a backup copy. Recovery of Files When you recover a file, changes recorded in the redo log files are applied to the restored files.

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Types of Recovery Manager Backups Recovery Manager provides functionality to back up: The entire database, every datafile in a tablespace, or a single datafile The control file All or selected archived logs Note: The online redo log files are not backed up when using Recovery Manager. Closed Database Backups A closed database backup is defined as a backup of the database while it is closed (offline). This is the same as the consistent database backup. If you are performing a closed backup, the target database must not be open.

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Backup Terminology Whole Database Backup Whole database backup (also known as whole backup) refers to a backup of all datafiles and the control file of the database. Whole backups can be performed when the database is closed or open. This is the most common method of backup. The whole backup that is taken when the database is closed (after the database is shut down using the NORMAL, IMMEDIATE, or TRANSACTIONAL options) is called a consistent backup.

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Recovery Manager Features Recovery Manager (RMAN) is an Oracle utility that you use to manage the backup, restore, and recovery operations on Oracle databases. RMAN has a powerful command language that is independent of the operating system. Recovery Manager has a command-line interface. Oracle Enterprise Manager also provides a graphical user interface for the Recovery Manager. Recovery Manager can be used on databases of Oracle8 or later releases. RMAN provides several features not available when you make user-managed backups with operating system commands.

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Overview The Oracle server uses many memory components, background processes, and file structures for its backup and recovery mechanism. This lesson reviews the concepts presented in the Oracle9i Database Administration Fundamentals I course, with an emphasis on backup and recovery requirements. Oracle Instance An Oracle instance consists of memory areas (mainly System Global Area [SGA]) and background processes, namely PMON, SMON, DBWn, LGWR, and CKPT. An instance is created during the nomount stage of the database startup after the parameter file has been read.

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Redo Log History All transactions are recorded in the online redo log files. This allows for automatic recovery of transactions in the event of a database failure. If the database is configured for NOARCHIVELOG mode, no redo history is saved to archived log files, and recovery operations are limited and a loss of transaction work may occur. This is the result of the automatic recycling of log files, where older log files needed for recovery are overwritten and only the most recent part of the transaction history is available.

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Overview One of the major responsibilities of a database administrator (DBA) is to ensure that the database is available for use. The DBA can take precautions to minimize failure of the system. In spite of the precautions, it is naive to think that failures will never occur. The DBA must make the database operational as quickly as possible in case of a failure and minimize the loss of data. To protect the data from the various types of failures that can occur, the DBA must back up the database regularly. Without a current backup, it is impossible for the DBA to...

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Characteristics of the Listener Process The database server receives an initial connection from a client application through the listener. The listener is a process running on a node that listens for incoming connections on behalf of a database or a number of databases.

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Oracle Server Configuration Options Oracle creates server processes to handle the requests of user processes connected to an instance. A server process can be either a dedicated server process, where one server process services only one user process, or it can be a shared server process, where a server process can service multiple user processes. Shared server processes are a part of Oracle Shared Server architecture.

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