Tumor staging system

It is of great urgency to explore useful prognostic markers for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Prognostic models based on ferroptosis-related gene (FRG) in ccRCC is poorly reported for now.

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Neither randomized clinical trials nor meta- analysis are available and evidence is based on a number of retrospective studies with multivariate for mortality risk factors or data from national cancer registries (Gilliland et al., 1997; Hundahl et al., 1998). Unfortunately, very remarkable differences in patient’s selection, staging systems, and clinical management affect the available studies. In particular, radioiodine treatment is not routinely carried out in a standard manner and outcome results of different studies are thus not comparable (Sciuto et al., 2009).

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Tuyển tập các báo cáo nghiên cứu về y học được đăng trên tạp chí y học Radiation Oncology cung cấp cho các bạn kiến thức về ngành y đề tài: "Stereotactic body radiotherapy for stage I lung cancer and small lung metastasis: evaluation of an immobilization system for suppression of respiratory tumor movement and preliminary results...

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Harrison's Internal Medicine Chapter 105. Malignancies of Lymphoid Cells Malignancies of Lymphoid Cells: Introduction Malignancies of lymphoid cells range from the most indolent to the most aggressive human malignancies. These cancers arise from cells of the immune system at different stages of differentiation, resulting in a wide range of morphologic, immunologic, and clinical findings. Insights on the normal immune system have allowed a better understanding of these sometimes confusing disorders. Some malignancies of lymphoid cells almost always present as leukemia (i.e.

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Staging Correct staging of breast cancer patients is of extraordinary importance. Not only does it permit an accurate prognosis, but in many cases therapeutic decisionmaking is based largely on the TNM (primary tumor, regional nodes, metastasis) classification (Table 86-1). Comparison with historic series should be undertaken with caution, as the staging has changed several times in the past 20 years. The current staging is complex and results in significant changes in outcome by stage as compared with prior staging systems.

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Small Cell Lung Cancer A simple two-stage system is used. In this system, limited-stage disease (seen in about 30% of all patients with SCLC) is defined as disease confined to one hemithorax and regional lymph nodes (including mediastinal, contralateral hilar, and usually ipsilateral supraclavicular nodes), while extensive-stage disease (seen in about 70% of patients) is defined as disease exceeding those boundaries. Clinical studies such as physical examination, x-rays, CT and bone scans, and bone marrow examination are used in staging.

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Table 85-2 Tumor, Node, Metastasis International Staging System for Lung Cancer 5-Year Survival Rate, % Stage TNM Descriptors Stage Clinical SurgicalPathologic Stage IA T1 N0 M0 61 67 IB T2 N0 M0 38 57 IIA T1 N1 M0 34 55 IIB T2 N1 M0 24 39 IIB T3 N0 M0 22 38 IIIA T3 N1 M0 9 25 T1–2–3 M0 N2 13 23 IIIB M0 T4 N0–1–2 7

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Prognostic Factors The most important prognostic factor is the stage at the time of presentation. Fortunately, most melanomas are diagnosed in clinical stages I and II. The revised American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for melanoma is based on microscopic primary tumor depth (Breslow's thickness), presence of ulceration, evidence of nodal involvement, and presence of metastatic disease to internal sites (Table 83-3). Certain anatomic sites may affect the prognosis.

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