Bài giảng Kỹ thuật điện tử: Học môn [Tên môn học chi tiết nếu có]

Hμ néi 1/ 2008

Tr−êng ®¹i häc giao th«ng vËn t¶i

Khoa ®iÖn - ®iÖn tö

Bé m«n Kü thuËt §iÖn tö

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Bµi gi¶ng

kü thuËt ®iÖn tö

Ngµnh: C¬ khÝ chuyªn dïng

Biªn so¹n: Ths. Ph¹m Thanh HuyÒn

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môc lôc

Ch−¬ng I

C¬ së ®iÖn häc

I. Nguån gèc cña dßng ®iÖn ....................................................................................................7

1. B¶n chÊt cña nguyªn tö ......................................................................................................................7

2. §Þnh luËt Culomb ...............................................................................................................................7

3. §iÖn tö tù do ........................................................................................................................................8

II. M¹ch ®iÖn vμ c¸c ®¹i l−îng ®Æc tr−ng ....................................................................8

1 - Kh¸i niÖm chung...............................................................................................................................8

2 - C¸c ®¹i l−îng ®Æc tr−ng...................................................................................................................9

a. Nguån ®iÖn .................................................................................................................... 9

b. Dßng ®iÖn.................................................................................................................... 10

c. Søc ®iÖn ®éng .............................................................................................................. 11

d. §iÖn ¸p......................................................................................................................... 11

e. §iÖn thÕ, hiÖu ®iÖn thÕ ................................................................................................ 11

f. C«ng suÊt...................................................................................................................... 11

II. C¸c ®Þnh luËt c¬ b¶n khi ph©n tÝch m¹ch ®iÖn..............................................................................11

1. §Þnh luËt b¶o toµn n¨ng l−îng.........................................................................................................11

2. §Þnh luËt vÒ dßng ®iÖn (®Þnh luËt Kiechoff 1) ...............................................................................11

3. §Þnh luËt vÒ ®iÖn ¸p (®Þnh luËt Kiechoff 2) ...................................................................................11

4. §Þnh lý Thevenin...............................................................................................................................12

Ch−¬ng II

Linh kiÖn thô ®éng

I. §iÖn trë ..............................................................................................................................................13

1 - §Þnh nghÜa vµ ký hiÖu.....................................................................................................................13

a - §Þnh nghÜa ................................................................................................................. 13

b - Ký hiÖu cña ®iÖn trë trong m¹ch ®iÖn....................................................................... 13

c - CÊu tróc cña ®iÖn trë. ................................................................................................ 14

2 - C¸c tham sè kü thuËt ®Æc tr−ng cho ®iÖn trë...............................................................................14

a - TrÞ sè ®iÖn trë vµ dung sai ......................................................................................... 14

b - C«ng suÊt tiªu t¸n cho phÐp (Ptt max).......................................................................... 15

c - HÖ sè nhiÖt cña ®iÖn trë: TCR................................................................................... 15

3 - C¸ch ghi vµ ®äc tham sè trªn th©n ®iÖn trë .................................................................................15

a - C¸ch ghi trùc tiÕp....................................................................................................... 15

b - Ghi theo qui −íc........................................................................................................ 16

4. C¸c kiÓu m¾c ®iÖn trë.......................................................................................................................17

a. M¾c nèi tiÕp .................................................................................................................17

b. M¾c song song............................................................................................................. 17

5 - Ph©n lo¹i vµ øng dông cña ®iÖn trë ...............................................................................................18

a - Ph©n lo¹i .................................................................................................................... 18

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b - øng dông cña ®iÖn trë .............................................................................................. 19

c - Mét sè ®iÖn trë ®Æc biÖt.............................................................................................. 19

II. Tô ®iÖn..............................................................................................................................................20

1. Ký hiÖu vµ cÊu t¹o cña tô ®iÖn.........................................................................................................20

a. Ký hiÖu vµ h×nh d¸ng cña tô ®iÖn............................................................................... 20

b. CÊu t¹o......................................................................................................................... 20

2. C¸c tham sè c¬ b¶n cña tô ®iÖn .......................................................................................................21

a. TrÞ sè ®iÖn dung vµ dung sai....................................................................................... 21

b. Trë kh¸ng cña tô ®iÖn................................................................................................. 22

c. §iÖn ¸p lµm viÖc .......................................................................................................... 22

d. HÖ sè nhiÖt................................................................................................................... 22

e. Dßng ®iÖn rß ................................................................................................................ 22

3. C¸ch ghi vµ ®äc tham sè trªn tô ®iÖn.............................................................................................23

a. C¸ch ghi trùc tiÕp ........................................................................................................ 23

b. C¸ch ghi theo quy −íc................................................................................................. 23

4. C¸c kiÓu ghÐp tô................................................................................................................................24

a. Tô ®iÖn ghÐp nèi tiÕp................................................................................................... 24

b. Tô ®iÖn m¾c song song................................................................................................ 25

5. Ph©n lo¹i tô ®iÖn ...............................................................................................................................25

a. Tô cã trÞ sè ®iÖn dung kh«ng ®æi................................................................................ 25

b. Tô cã trÞ sè ®iÖn dung biÕn ®æi ................................................................................... 27

6. C¸c øng dông cña tô ®iÖn.................................................................................................................28

a. Tô dÉn ®iÖn ë tÇn sè cao ............................................................................................. 28

b. Tô n¹p x¶ ®iÖn trong m¹ch läc nguån ....................................................................... 28

III. Cuén c¶m ........................................................................................................................................29

1. CÊu t¹o vµ ký hiÖu cña cuén d©y .....................................................................................................29

2. C¸c tham sè cña cuén d©y................................................................................................................30

a. HÖ sè tù c¶m ................................................................................................................ 30

b. Trë kh¸ng cña cuén d©y ............................................................................................. 31

c. HÖ sè phÈm chÊt Q cña cuén d©y .............................................................................. 31

d. TÇn sè lµm viÖc giíi h¹n cña cuén d©y ...................................................................... 31

3. C¸c c¸ch ghÐp cuén d©y ...................................................................................................................31

a. GhÐp nèi tiÕp................................................................................................................31

b. GhÐp song song ........................................................................................................... 32

4. Ph©n lo¹i vµ øng dông cña cuén d©y...............................................................................................32

a. Theo lâi cña cuén d©y ................................................................................................. 32

b. Theo h×nh d¸ng ........................................................................................................... 32

c. Theo sù thay ®æi cña hÖ sè tù c¶m............................................................................. 33

d. Theo khu vùc tÇn sè lµm viÖc..................................................................................... 33

e. Theo øng dông............................................................................................................ 33

IV. BiÕn ¸p.............................................................................................................................................34

1. Ký hiÖu vµ cÊu t¹o cña biÕn ¸p ........................................................................................................34

2. Nguyªn t¾c ho¹t ®éng cña m¸y biÕn ¸p ..........................................................................................35

3. C¸c tØ lÖ cña biÕn ¸p..........................................................................................................................35

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4. Ph©n lo¹i vµ øng dông cña biÕn ¸p..................................................................................................36

a. BiÕn ¸p nguån (biÕn ¸p cÊp ®iÖn)............................................................................... 36

b. BiÕn ¸p céng h−ëng .................................................................................................... 37

c. BiÕn ¸p ©m tÇn............................................................................................................. 37

Ch−¬ng III

linh kiÖn tÝch cùc

I. VËt liÖu b¸n dÉn ................................................................................................................................38

1. §Þnh nghÜa vµ tÝnh chÊt ....................................................................................................................38

2. B¸n dÉn thuÇn (b¸n dÉn nguyªn tÝnh) ............................................................................................38

3. B¸n dÉn pha t¹p (b¸n dÉn ngo¹i tÝnh) ............................................................................................39

a. B¸n dÉn lo¹i N (b¸n dÉn lo¹i cho, pha t¹p chÊt donor) ............................................ 39

b. B¸n dÉn lo¹i P (b¸n dÉn lo¹i nhËn, pha t¹p chÊt acceptor)...................................... 39

II. Diode .................................................................................................................................................40

1. CÊu t¹o vµ ký hiÖu.......................................................................................................................40

2. Nguyªn t¾c lµm viÖc, ®Æc tuyÕn Von-ampe cña diode ..............................................................40

3. S¬ ®å t−¬ng ®−¬ng cña diode......................................................................................................41

a. Khi diode ph©n cùc thuËn........................................................................................... 41

b. S¬ ®å t−¬ng ®−¬ng khi diode ph©n cùc ng−îc........................................................... 42

4. Ph©n lo¹i vµ øng dông cña diode ...............................................................................................42

a. Diode chØnh l−u........................................................................................................... 42

b. Diode æn ¸p (Zene)...................................................................................................... 43

c. Diode biÕn dung........................................................................................................... 44

d. Diode ph¸t s¸ng (LED – Light emitting Diode) ......................................................... 44

e. Diode thu s¸ng (Photo diode)...................................................................................... 44

i. TÕ bµo quang ®iÖn........................................................................................................ 45

III. Transistor l−ìng cùc - BJT............................................................................................................45

1. CÊu t¹o vµ ký hiÖu BJT...............................................................................................................46

2. Nguyªn t¾c lµm viÖc cña transistor ë chÕ ®é tÝch cùc...............................................................47

3. Transistor lµm viÖc nh− kho¸ ®iÖn tö........................................................................................48

a. ChÕ ®é ng¾t..................................................................................................................48

b. ChÕ ®é dÉn b∙o hoµ..................................................................................................... 49

4. Ph©n cùc vµ ®Þnh ®iÓm lµm viÖc cho Transistor .......................................................................50

a. Nguyªn t¾c chung................................................................................................... 50

b. §−êng t¶i tÜnh vµ ®iÓm c«ng t¸c tÜnh..................................................................... 50

5. C¸c s¬ ®å ph©n cùc cho transistor..............................................................................................51

c. S¬ ®å ph©n ¸p ......................................................................................................... 53

IV. Transistor hiÖu øng tr−êng – FET................................................................................................54

1. Kh¸i niÖm chung ...............................................................................................................................54

a. Nguyªn t¾c ho¹t ®éng ................................................................................................. 54

b. Ph©n lo¹i...................................................................................................................... 54

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c. Ký hiÖu FET trong s¬ ®å m¹ch................................................................................... 54

d. ¦u ®iÓm vµ nh−îc ®iÓm cña FET............................................................................... 54

1. Transistor tr−êng ®iÒu khiÓn b»ng tiÕp xóc P - N (JFET) ............................................................55

a. CÊu t¹o vµ nguyªn t¾c ho¹t ®éng ............................................................................... 55

3. Transistor tr−êng lo¹i MOSFET.....................................................................................................56

V. Mét sè lo¹i linh kiÖn tÝch cùc kh¸c .................................................................................................59

a. CÊu t¹o vµ ký hiÖu....................................................................................................... 61

Ch−¬ng IV

vi m¹ch tÝch hîp vμ khuÕch ®¹i thuËt to¸n

I. Vi m¹ch tÝch hîp................................................................................................................................65

1. §Þnh nghÜa vµ ph©n lo¹i vi m¹ch .....................................................................................................65

II. KhuÕch ®¹i thuËt to¸n.....................................................................................................................67

1. Ký hiÖu vµ cÊu t¹o.............................................................................................................................67

2. C¸c th«ng sè chÝnh cña bé K§TT ...................................................................................................68

a. HÖ sè khuÕch ®¹i......................................................................................................... 68

b. §iÖn ¸p lÖch kh«ng ..................................................................................................... 69

c. Tû sè nÐn tÝn hiÖu ®ång pha....................................................................................... 70

2. C¸c s¬ ®å m¾c c¬ b¶n cña bé K§TT ...............................................................................................68

a. M¹ch khuÕch ®¹i ®¶o.................................................................................................. 70

b. M¹ch khuÕch ®¹i thuËn (kh«ng ®¶o) ......................................................................... 71

c. M¹ch khuÕch ®¹i tæng................................................................................................. 71

d. M¹ch khuÕch ®¹i hiÖu................................................................................................. 71

e. M¹ch tÝch ph©n............................................................................................................ 72

g. M¹ch vi ph©n............................................................................................................... 73

h. M¹ch so s¸nh .............................................................................................................. 73

Ch−¬ng V

M¹ch sè

I. Kh¸i niÖm c¬ b¶n...............................................................................................................................78

1. C¸c hÖ ®Õm th«ng dông ....................................................................................................................78

2. ChuyÓn ®æi gi÷a c¸c hÖ ®Õm kh¸c nhau.........................................................................................79

a. ChuyÓn ®æi sè tõ hÖ 10 sang hÖ 2 ............................................................................... 79

b. ChuyÓn ®æi sè tõ hÖ 10 sang hÖ 8 ............................................................................... 79

c. ChuyÓn ®æi sè tõ hÖ 10 sang hÖ 16 ............................................................................. 80

d. ChuyÓn ®æi sè tõ hÖ 2 sang hÖ 16 ............................................................................... 80

3. M· ho¸ hÖ sè 10.................................................................................................................................80

a. Kh¸i niÖm vÒ m∙ ho¸ hÖ sè ......................................................................................... 80

b. C¸c lo¹i m∙ th«ng dông.............................................................................................. 80

II. §¹i sè boolean ..................................................................................................................................82