Longman English Grammar Practice_5

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8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.7 Phrasal verbs: Type 2, verb + particle (transitive) 8.7A Type 1 and Type 2 phrasal verbs compared [> LEG 8.28, p p 32,331 ~ s Study: 1 We use prepositions after Type 1 verbs. We cannot separate the preposition from the verb: I**I I'm looking at the camera. (Not 'I'm looking the camera at. ') 2 We can separate the adverb particle from a Type 2 verb and put it immediately after the noun object: She gave away h er books. She gave h er books away. 3 If the object is a pronoun, we cannot put the particle in front of it: Give it away. (Not G ive away it. ^) Give them away. (Not 'Give away them. ') Special note: In She gave away her books, away is an adverb particle [> 8.1 B ], not a prepositio even if it has an object after it. Unlike a preposition, a particle is 'mobile' and can be used befor Write: Use arrows to show which adverb particles you can move in these sentences. 1 I'm looking for my glasses. Yes, I've given them out. 6 Write the information down here please. 2 1 read about it in the papers. 7 3 Did you u = n@ r t % A crowd emerged from the cinema. 8 Don't associate with him. 4 Yes, I've just turned it off. 9 5 Have you given the papers out? We've dealt with the problem. 10 8.7B Type 2: Particles that extend the verb: 'write down' [> LEG 8.28.3-4, p 3p ~ 21 Study: A single particle can strengthen or extend the meaning of a verb: I**I a The scarecrow frightened the birds away. (away refers to 'distance') b I was holding my hat and the wind snatched it away. (away refers to 'detachment') c Ig ot a cloth and wiped away the coffee Ih ad spilled. (away refers to 'disappearance') s' this meaning: e.g. p ull Write: Match these meanings to the adverb particles in the sentences below. p 'distribution' a 'put on paper' f 'movement out' k 'removal' g 'permanence' q 'inwards' ('destroy') I 'reduction' b 'exclusion' m 'to the ground' c 'addition' h 'movement in' r 'up from the surface' n 'extension' i 'enclose' s 'confine' d 'out of bed' e 'completely' j 'clearly' o 'into pieces' t 'upwards direction' f pull that line up ..,:..................................... drive the car out ................................... up out 1 11 pick that up ............................................... leave that word out ............................... 12 2 fill this car up ............................................ take that stain out ................................. 13 3 chop that wood up .................................... put out your hand ................................. 14 4 let the patient up ...................................... copy this out ......................................... 5 15 wrap this box up ....................................... give these out ....................................... 16 6 cut the tree down ..................................... let him in ............................................... down 17 in 7 turn the heat down ................................... lock him in ............................................ 18 8 close the shop down ................................ write this in ........................................... 19 9 write this down ......................................... beat the door in .................................... 20 10 For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
8.7 Phrasal verbs: Type 2, verb + particle (transitive) 8.7C Type 2: Verb + particle + object, idiomatic: 'bring about a change' [> LEG 8.28.5, App 331 Study: We cannot relate the parts of these verbs to their literal meanings: e.g. I**I What brought about this change? What brought this change about? What brought it about? (= caused to happen) Write: Match these verbs (1-1 5) with the explanations on the right (a-o) after you have tried to explain them in your own way. When will they bring your article out? ... ......................................... get my revenge So she's broken off her engagement! .............................................. discuss your grievance Don't bring that subject up again please! ......................................... fill Why don't you call up your mother? ................................................. give me accommodation publish Shall I do your room out? ................................................................. invent What excuse did he cook up this time? ............................................ They're sure to find him out. ............................................................. destroyed You've given away the secret. .......................................................... make him stop talking I can't make out what he means. ...................................................... ended If you're angry, have it out with her. ................................................. clean I'll pay you back for this! ................................................................... reveal his dishonesty Can you put me up for the night? ..................................................... mention Shut him up! ..................................................................................... revealed The earthquake wiped the village out. .............................................. phone Why don't you top up the battery? .................................................... understand 8.7D Context Write: Look at the phrases in italics. Show with arrows which particles can be moved and where. NOT ONLY RED IN THE FACE! Ken Rose is a company director and he has to sit at a desk all day. He likes to keep fit by running to work every morning. He 'arrives at the office early, 2getsout of his shorts and vest and 3puts@ business sui? Last week, Ken 4gotto his office earlier than usual, dressed in red shorts and a red vest. He had just 5puton his shirt and tie, when the phone rang. Ken 6pickedup the receiver and sat behind his desk. A business colleague ' had called him up early. Could he see Ken later? Could he 8bringsomeone round! Could they gcheckover some figures? Could they lothink of ways of l 1cutting down expenses? Could they " put o ff the meeting till later in the week? Ken I3waswriting down some notes when he noticed the time. It was after 9. 'Excuse me,' Ken said. 'I'll 14callyou back.' He 15hadjust put the receiver down when someone I6knockedat the door. The Managing Director ''came into the room with six important guests. 'Ah, Ken,' he said, 'I want to I8introduceyou to our visitors and I'd like you to lgshow them round the company.' 'Of course, sir,' Ken said and he got up to shake hands, forgetting he still 20had n his red shorts! o He got up to shake hands For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.8 Phrasal verbs:Type 3, verb + particle (intransitive) Type 4, verb + particle + preposition (transitive) 8 .8A Type 3: Verb + particle, intransitive, non-idiomatic: 'hurry up' [> LEG 8.29.21 Study: We use these verbs in their normal sense. Many combinations are possible: I**I Hurry up! Sit down! Stand up! Compare Type 1 [> 8.6A-B]: Look! (Not *Look at3 Write: Combine the following verbs with the following particles in different ways: come, go, hurry, sit, stand + along, away, down, in, up 8.88 Type 3: Verb + particle, intransitive, idiomatic: 'break down' Study: We cannot relate the parts of these verbs to their literal meanings: e.g. I**I She broke down when she heard the news (= collapsed). [> LEG 8.29.3, App 361 Write: Match these verbs (1-17) with the explanations on the right (a-q) after you have tried to explain them in your own way. All this information doesn't add up. .....6 ................................................... 1 a) be careful! I'm glad to say my plan came off. ............................................................ 2 b) make sense 1 need the money and you'd better cough up. (informal) ......................... 3 c) improving You're tired. You should ease off. ........................................................... 4 d) improving When did the plane take off? ................................................................... e) work less hard 5 Please don't let on I told you this. ............................................................ f) reveal the secret 6 I'm going to lie in tomorrow morning. ....................................................... 7 g) happen Is there sufficient food to go round? ........................................................ h) succeeded 8 Business is looking up. ............................................................................ i) not working properly 9 You work and I'll look on. ......................................................................... 10 j) pay My car's playing up again. ....................................................................... k) 11 start your journey 11 be late, so don't wait up. ..................................................................... 12 1 ' I) arrived Mind out! He's turning left! ....................................................................... 13 m) leave the ground 1 waited for him, but he never showed up. ............................................... 14 n) not go to bed What time are you going to set out? ........................................................ 15 o) be enough I'm glad to say business is picking up. .................................................... 16 p) be a spectator How did that come about? ....................................................................... q) stay in bed late 17 8.8C Type 4: Verb + particle + preposition + object, non-idiomatic: 'walk up to the top' Study: These verbs are used in their normal sense. [> LEG 8.30.2,8.8] I**I Write: Write sentences with the following. (come down from) . ~ . ~ & . ~ . . @ . . ~ . ~ . . & . . ~ . * . . . ~ . . * . ~ . . f &...... . 1 (drive on to) ......................................................................................................................................... 2 (hurry over to) ..................................................................................................................................... 3 (run along to) ...................................................................................................................................... 4 (stay away from) ................................................................................................................................. 5 For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 120
8.8 Phrasal verbs: Type 3, verb + particle (intransitive) Type 4 , verb + particle + preposition (transitive) 8.8D Verb + particle + preposition + object, idiomatic: 'put up with it' [> LEG 8.30.3, App 371 Study: We cannot relate the parts of these verbs to their literal meanings: e.g. I**I How do you put up with it? (= tolerate) Write: Match these verbs (1-20) with the explanations on the right (a-t) after you have tried to explain them in your own way. Your argument boils down to this. ...e ............................................. use I can't go back on my word. ........................................................... allow me to share Please let me in on the secret. ....................................................... expecting to enjoy You'd better talk him out of his plan. .............................................. contact Some of his good luck has rubbed off on me. ................................ can be summarized as I can't live up to my reputation. ...................................................... totals I've set up in business .................................................................... started That ties in nicely with my plan. ..................................................... treat unfairly Who put you up to this? ................................................................. benefited I don't feel up to this party. ............................................................. accept with courage This won't make up for the damage. .............................................. fits You've got to face up to reality. ...................................................... fail to honour The Cabots look down on us. ........................................................ abolished We've had to fall back on our savings. .......................................... maintain the high standard I think it would be a good idea to keep in with her. ........................ consider us inferior I'll get on to them immediately. ...................................................... compensate for The bill comes out at E l 00 exactly. ................................................ gave you this idea If you're angry, you don't have to take it out on me. ...................... stay on good terms I'm glad they've done away with that bad law. ............................... feel well enough for I'm looking forward to the holidays. ................................................ persuade not to do 8.8E Context Write: Put in about, down, down on, in, in on, up, up on, up to, up with or to. A CURE FOR SNORING It's very difficult for people who sleep silently to 'put ..M@.&.. the sound of snoring. Some people are asleep the moment they 'lie ..................... others %tay .................... half the night waiting for the miracle of sleep to 4come ..................... Even insomniacs snore. Insomniacs are the ones who need to =lie .................... in the morning to k atch .................... lost sleep. Snorers will never admit to snoring. They know the rest of the world 'looks .................... them and they just can't 8face .................... reality. My friend, Henry, a champion snorer, has just found a cure and he 91etme .................... his little secret. He has just locoughed .................... good money for a band with a stud on it. He wears the band round his head at night and if he tries to sleep on his back, the stud gives him a jab. I'm sure this news will "cheer .................... all snorers, who now have a new experience to "look forward ..................... With one of these on their heads, all they have to lose is their sleep! 'I He wears this round his head For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives 9.1 The simple present and present progressive tenses (1) 9.1 A Pronunciation and spelling of the 3rd person, simple present [> LEG 9.6-71 Study: 1 P ronunciation [compare plural nouns > 2.5AI: We pronounce -s as Is/ after these sounds: If/ laughs; /p/ drops; /k/ kicks; I t / lets. I**I We pronounce -s as /IZ/after /z/oses; /dg/ manages; Is/ passes; /J/ pushes; /tJ/ stitches, and l /ksl mixes. We pronounce -s as /z/ fter all other sounds: /b/ robs; /dl adds; /g/ digs; /I/ fills; /m/ dreams; a /n/ runs; lql rings; after vowels: sees; after vowel + w or r : draws, stirs. 2 S pelling Add -s to most verbs: worklworks, drive/drives, play/plays, run/runs. Add -es to verbs ending in -0: do/does; -s: misses; -x: mixes; -ch/-sh: catches/pushes. Write: a Give the third person forms of the verbs in these sentences. b Show whether you would pronounce the third person form as Is/, /z/ or /IZ/ ......... / s / 1 rush around a lot. She .............................. // They laugh a lot. He ......... 8 1 1 often drop things. She ............................ // 1 always saw the wood. She ....................... // 2 9 We drink a lot of tea. She .......................... // // 1 wear old clothes at home. He ................... 3 10 I love sweets. She ...................................... 1 often forget things. She .......................... ./ / /I 11 4 5 We often lose things. He .......................... / / 1 often see them. He ................................... // 12 6 They manage all right. She ...................... / / They pay •’30 week rent. He .................... // a 13 1 cry at sad films. She ................................. 11 7 1 often pass your house. He ..................... / / 14 9.1B Uses of the simple present tense: 'I worklhe works' [> LEG 9.8.9.121 Study: There are seven basic uses of the simple present tense [compare > 11.1 l A]. We use it for: I**I 1 Permanent truths: Summer follows spring. Gases expand when heated. 2 'The present period' (= 'this is the situation at present'): My sister works in a bank. 3 Habitual actions: I get up at 7. 1 sometimes stay up till midnight. It says here that .... I love you. I hate him. Write: Give the correct form of the simple present of each verb. ............. at 100•‹C. Water .............&I& She never ........................... up very early. (get) (boil) 1 I occasionally .................................. meat. (eat) Hot air .................................................. (rise) 2 My uncle ......................... a factory. (work) The coach ................. at 6 this evening. (leave) in 3 John and Sue ...................... glasses. (wear) The concert .................. at 7 next Friday. (start) 4 I ............................ Barcelona won again. (see) The children ................. a lot of sweets. (eat) 5 It's not right, you ........(know) - I ......... (agree) He only ........................ at weekends. (work) 6 Can he manage? - I ........................ so. (hope) 1 always ....................out on Saturdays. (go) 7 She .............to London once a week. (drive) It ......................... in the paper it'll be hot. (say) 8 For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
9.1 The simple present and present progressive tenses (1) 9.1C Stative and dynamic verbs [> LEG 9.3, ~ p 381 p Study: 1 We call a few verbs like love stative because they refer to 'states'. A state has no beginning and no end. We don't 'control' it, so we don't normally use stative verbs in progressive tenses: (**I She loves her baby more than anything. (Not 'is loving') 2 Most verbs in English are dynamic. We can use them in two ways: - in the simple present tense to describe habits, etc. [> 9.161: 1 often make cakes. - in the present progressive to describe deliberate actions in progress [> 9.281: I 'm making a cake. 3 We can describe three classes of verbs: a Dynamic verbs which have simple or progressive forms (most verbs in English): I often listen to records. (simple present tense) I'm l istening to a record. (present progressive tense) b Verbs which are always stative: This coat belongs to you. (simple present tense) (Not 'is belonging') c Verbs that have stative or dynamic uses: I'm w eighlng myself. (a deliberate action: present progressive tense) I w eigh 65 kilos. (a state) (Not *I'm weighing 65 kilos. ') 4 There are five groups of stative verbs referring to: a feelings (like, love, etc.); b thinkinglbelieving (think, understand, etc.) c wants (want, prefer, etc.) d perception (hear, see, etc. [> 11.281) e beinglhavinglowning (appear, seem, belong, etc. [> 10.41 Write: Tick the sentences that are right. Cross out the verbs that are wrong and correct them. You're never ill. I envy you. d You're never ill. I'm envying you. - Ib la 2b I'm understanding English well. - I understand English well. - 2a 3b You know what I mean. - 3a You're knowing what I mean. - 4b Does he seem unfriendly? - 4a Is he seeming unfriendly? - 5b I'm preferring fish to meat. - 5a I prefer fish to meat. - 6a Do you see that bird over there? - 6b Are you seeing John tomorrow? - 7a Why is he smelling his coffee? - 7b Something smells strange. - 8b She weighs 75.5 kilos. - 8a She's weighing herself again. - 9.1D Context Write: Put in the simple present or the present progressive tenses. CHOMP CHAMP! comfortably? Good! I 2(hope) ................................... you =(study) '(you sit) ...h.%.@W.-.. ................................... this text carefully because I 4(have) ................................... news for you. The Guinness Book of Records =(notinclude) ................................... records for eating any more. People who =(try) ................................... to swallow 47 hard boiled eggs in half a minute will have to do it for ~ ~ pleasure and not to get into the record book. 'We '(regard) ................................... these records as unhealthy,' said the book's editor, Mr Donald McFarlan. However, one record-holder will remain. He is Michel Lotito of Grenoble ('Monsieur Mangetout'). Since 1966, he has chomped his way through 10 bicycles, 7 TV sets and a light aircraft. He's likely to remain world champ, unless you 8(want) ................................... to challenge him, of course! Chomp! chomp1 For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives 9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2) Spelling: how to add '-ing' to a verb: 'waitlwaiting' [> LEG 9.101 9.2A Study: 1 We add -ing to most verbs, without changing the base form: waivwaiting: El Wait for me. - Ia m waiting for you. , 2 If a verb ends in -e, omit the - e and add -ing: use/using: Use a broom. - I m using a broom. ,a 3 A single vowel followed by a single consonant doubles the final consonant: sivsitting: - I m sitting down. [> compare 6 .5AJ Sit down. ,a 4 We double the last consonant of two-syllable verbs when the second syllable is stressed: bdginhdginning. Compare the unstressed final syllable: 'differ/'differing: Begin work. - I m beginning work. ,a Write: Add -ing to the verbs in these sentences. 4 I'm always ........ things. (forget) 7 I'm ........ the 9.04.catch) 1 I'm W the beds. (make) ( 2 I'm ........a sandwich. (eat) 5 I'm ........ on my coat. (put) 8 I'm ........ of thirst. (die) 3 I'm ........a letter. (write) 6 I'm ........ abroad. (travel) 9 I'm ........ your case. (carry) 9 - 2 8 Uses of the present progressive tense: 'I am workinglhe is working' [> LEG 9 1 I ] . Study: There are four basic uses of the present progressive tense. We use it for: I**I Actions in progress at the moment of speaking: He's working a t the moment. Temporary situationslactions, not necessarily in progress at the moment of speaking: My daughter is studying English at Durham University. Planned actions (+ future adverbial reference): We're spending next winter in Australia. [> 9 .9Al Write: a Use the present progressive in the sentences below. b Number the sentences 1 , 2, 3 or 4 to show uses of the present progressive. 1 Don't rush me. . . ~ . d t + r . . ~ . . b....................................................... as fast as I can. (Ilwork) ~b.. 2 What .........................................................................................................? It looks awful. (youldrink) 3 ......................................................................................................... to see the boss. (Shelstill wait) 4 ............................................................................................................. to catch his train. (Helhurry) 5 ............................................................................... , aren't you? Calm d o ~ n(! You/constantly/panic) 6 ............................................ more and more politically aware these days. (Young peoplelbecome) 7 What .......................... owadays? (Johnldo) - ..........................or the British cycle team. (Helride) n f 8 ...........................................................................................our holiday here very much. (Welenjoy) 9 ................................................................. people by asking personal questions. (Helalhayslupset) 1 What time ....................................................................................................... tomorrow? (helarrive) 0 1 1 ........................................................................................ to lock the front door. (Shelforeverlforget) 12 ........................................................................ treatment on my bad back for a few weeks. (Ilhave) 1 You can't believe a word he says. ............................................................................. (Helalwaysllie) 3 14 ............................................................................visit 1,500metres in the next Olympics. (Shelrun) For more material and information, please the www.tailieuduhoc.org 124
9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses ( 2) 9.2C The simple present and the present progressive tenses in typical contexts [z LEG 9.1 21 Write: a Use the correct present tense form. b Say what the context for each extract could be, written and/or spoken. 1 Let me explain what you have to do. First 4 The house is in a mess because we've got you (take) ...........& & ......... the photos ? the workmen in. The plumber (put) .......... them into ............................. in a new bath, the and (sort) . ..........ACT$ categories. Then you (file) .. f& ... electricians (rewire) ............................. the system, and the carpenter (build) ................. them according to subject. ............ us some new bookshelves! 2 We (hope) ............................. you (enjoy) ............................. this marvellous weather 5 Dear Jane, as much as we are. We (sunbathe) ......... Sorry to hear about your problem at work .................... and (go) ............................. I (think) ............................. you (do) .................. ........... the right thing, but I (doubt) ................... swimming every day. Next week we (go) ............................. snorkelling. .......... whether your boss really (know) ............ ................. his job from what you (tell) .............. ............... me! 3 The play is set in London in 1890. The 6 Pym (pass) ............................... to Smith, who action (take) ............................. place in (run) ............................. straight at the central Sir Don Wyatt's mansion. When the curtain (go) ............................. up, the defence and (shoot) .............................. and hero and heroine (sit) ............................. Gomez (push) ............................. it over the i n the lounge. They (argue) bar for a corner. ............................. 9.2D Context Write: Put in the simple present or present progressive. Note where both forms are possible. A HOLIDAY JOB W1TH.A DIFFERENCE! I ( s t u d y ) l . @ % . . ~ English at Exeter University. I'm on holiday at the moment and I (work) ............................. in a public library. I'm lucky to have this job. I (not have to) ............................. get up early. The library (open) ............................. at 10 and (close) ............................. at 7. It's interesting work because people (always come in) ............................. and (ask) 7............................. me to help them, so I (learn) ...........................a lot about different subjects. I (enjoy) ............................. the job and (find) ............................. it very amusing, too. People (use) " ............................. lo the strangest things as bookmarks. I have found a rasher of bacon (uncooked!). Matchsticks (be) l 2 ............................. common and so (be) 13 ............................. bus tickets. My colleagues (always find) ............................. things too - even a •’10 note, but I haven't been so 14 ............................. of the photo of a beautiful woman lucky! I often (think) l5 which I found. On the back were the words: 'I (love) I6............................ . ............................. you and I'll never forget you.' you. I (miss) l7 The strangest bookmarks! For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives 9.3 The simple past tense 9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs [> LEG 9.14, ~ p 3p 91 Study: 1 Regular verbs always end with a - din the simple past, but we do not always pronounce the -d I**I ending in the same way. We usually add - edto the base form of the verb: Ip lay -Iplayed, I open -I opened. We do not pronounce - ed as an extra syllable. We pronounce it as /dl: Ip layed /ple~dJNot 1ple1-1d1*; I opened laupandl Not * /aupan~d/;* Iarrived /ararvd/ Not / a r a ~ ~*dImarried /mrerrd/ Not 'Imreri-rd/ [compare > 2.5AI. ;/ 2 Verbs which end in the following sounds are pronounced It/ in the past: /W packed; Is/ passed; /tJ/ watched; /J/ washed; I f/ laughed; /p/ tipped. 3 A few verbs are pronounced and spelt /dl or It/: burned/burnt; dreamed/dreamt. 4 Verbs ending in the sounds It/ or Id/ have their past ending pronounced 11dI: - added, decided, counted, excited, needed, posted, shouted, started, tasted, wanted. - ' ' -' - "' " 'i -" ' " " 8 3 Write: a Give the past forms of these regular verbs. b Show whether you would pronounce these past forms as /dl, It1or 11dI. 1 ................TV all evening. (watch) I 1 1 We . - , an hour yesterday. (wait) hdl 10 Joan ................ her room on Friday. (clean) I 11 1 We ................ when we saw them. (laugh) 1 I I ...... .......... squash last night. (play) I I He ................ the sergeant's orders. (obey) / I 12 She ................ my letter yesterday. (post) I I 13 We ................ into the house. (hurry) 1 1 5 1 ................ at her. (smile) I I You ................ to me! (lie) 1 I 14 6 She ................ when she saw me. (stop) I I 15 1 ................ early yesterday. (finish) I 1 It's ................ in the bill. (include) I 1 7 1 ................ of you last night. (dream) I I 16 8 Who ................the cakes? (burn) I I 1 ................ the door before I left. (lock) 1 1 17 9 He ................ a lot as a baby. (cry) I I We ................. first class. (travel) 1 1 18 9.3B Irregular past forms [> LEG 9.15-1 ,~ p 4p 6 01 - - Study: [ I Some irregular verbs have the same form in all parts: hit-hit-hit, cut-cut-cut. / 2 Some change one part only: keep-kept-kept, make-made-made, sell-sold-sold. 3 Some change two parts: break-broke-broken, know-knew-known, ride-rode-ridden. Write: Supply the past forms of the irregular verbs in italics. I often see Giulio. I ........ W ........ him again only yesterday. & 1 As teenagers, we always ........................ ach other very well. We still understandeach other now. e 2 1 hardly ........................ ay's wife. Did you know her at all? R 3 We always meet on Sunday. We ........................ last Sunday as usual. 4 1 often findthings on the beach. I ........................this very old bottle yesterday. 5 Someone's always leaving that window open. Who ........................it open this time? 6 1 ........................ a lot of letters when I was young. I hardly ever write letters now. 7 They s ellall kinds of rubbish now, but they once ........................ ood handmade furniture. 8 g She is very good at figures, you know. She ........................ in maths at school. first 9 1 have the same car now that I ........................ five years ago. 10 I don't keep pets now, but I ........................ a dog when I was a boy. 11 Where did you eat last night? - We ........................ t a restaurant. a 12 For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
9.3 T he simple past tense 9.3C Uses of the simple past tense: 'I workedthe worked' [> LEG 9.17-181 Study: We use the simple past to talk about events, actions or situations which happened in the past I**I and are now finished. We always have to say (or imply) when the action happened, so we often use time references like yesterday, ago, last summer [> 7.2AI. We use the past: - to describe actions which happened in the recent or distant past: Sam phoned a moment ago. (Not *Sam has phoned') [> 9.5AI The Goths invaded Rome in A.D. 410, (Not 'The Goths had invaded') [> 9.61 - to describe past habit: Ismoked forty cigarettes a day tillIgave up. [compare > 11 .11] If we do not use time references (a moment ago, when I was young, etc.) we imply them: I saw F red in town. (i.e. when I was there this morning) I never met m y grandfather. (i.e. perhaps he died before I was born) Write: Give complete answers to these questions using the time references in brackets. 1 How long ago did you work as a civil servant? (five years ago) -- : ..I.-.m.r;t..&.-.m.w..w ,....... .............................................................. 2 When did you last play football? (when I was 14) ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 When did the Carters leave for their summer holiday? (last night) 4 What time did John arrive? (at 4) ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 When did you last see 'Gone with the Wind'? (recently) ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 How long did you wait at the airport? (till they arrived) ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 When did Sally tell you about her engagement? (when she was here) 9.3D Context Write: Put in the correct forms of the simple past tense of the verbs in brackets. LIZARDMAN Christopher Davis, a young driver from South Carolina, (claim) ....... W??Wd ...... a monster (attack) ............................. him while he was & driving along a lonely road. The monster (be) ............................. seven feet tall and (have) ............................. red eyes and green, scaly skin. It (chase) ............................. Christopher's car and (jump) ............................. n the roof. Many people (believe) ............................. o the story and the newspapers (call) ............................. the monster 'Lizardman'. Seventy hunters recently (set out) ............................. to trap Lizardman and a local radio (offer) l o ............................. $1 million to anyone who (capture) l 1............................. him dead or alive. Lizardman had so much publicity that thousands of people (visit) l 2 ............................. South Carolina to find him. No one has found him yet. As everyone knows, monsters may or may not exist, but they are very good for the tourist industry! ... red eyes and green scaly skin For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives 9.4 The simple past and past progressive tenses 9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past: 'put/put' [> LEG 9.161 Study: A small number of irregular verbs have the same form in the present as in the past: e.g. bursf/ I**I burst, cost/cost, cut/cut, hitlhit, puf/put. We have to remember, especially with such verbs, that the third person singular does not change in the past: He put on a clean shirt yesterday. (past) He puts on a clean shirt every day. (present) After I, you, we, and they, the context or the adverbial tells us the tense: Write: Do these sentences refer to the present or the past? Write 'present' or 'past'. In a few cases both references are possible. That shirt cost me •’7.00. ........... ............ She often hit him. .............................................. 8 1 He often cuts himself. ..................................... He shut the door with a bang. ........................... 2 9 She hurt her arm. ........................................ 1 hurt my arm yesterday. ................................... 3 10 He let me drive his car. ................................... I often let him drive my car. ............................... 4 11 She always beat him at tennis. ......................... She reads a lot. ............................................... 5 12 The BBC broadcasts every day. ....................... 1 set the table every morning. ......................... 6 13 The BBC broadcast the talk yesterday. ............. 1 set the table an hour ago. ............................. 7 14 9 .48 Uses of the past progressive tense: 'I was working' [> LEG 9.201 I Study: There are five basic uses of the past progressive tense. We use it for: I**I 1 Temporary actions in progress in the past: I was living abroad in 1987. We often use all to emphasize continuity (all day, all summer): It was raining all night. 2 Actions which were in progress when something else happened: Just a swhen I was leaving, the phone rang. These are often introduced by conjunctions like when, as, just as and while, but the shorter action can be introduced by when: We were having supper when the phone rang. 3 Actions in progress at the same time: While I was reading, Joan was playing the piano. I 4 Repeated actions with e.g. always: When I worked here, I was always making mistakes. Write: Use the past progressive in the sentences below. 1 I ...~ . 4 & . l c d t ~ ., . o I missed what s. 8 ................................ when I left? (you still work) 9 1 lived in France at the time you ....................... he said. (not listen) 2 We stayed because we ................................ .............. in Spain. (live) 10 When she was younger, she ............................ ourselves. (enjoy) 3 ....................... tennis yesterday? (they play) things for other people. (always do) 11 Bill and Sue ................................... their house, 4 He ............................. all weekend. (garden) 5 ............... television all evening? (you watch) before they moved. (constantly improve) 6 It ...................................... hard all day. (rain) 12 ............................. when I rang you? (you read) 13 Just as I .................................. an interesting 7 1 .............................. whether you could lend to me some money. (wonder) information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org rang. (get) part of the story, the doorbell For more material and
9.4 The simple past and past progressive tenses 9.4C The simple past and the past progressive in story-telling [> LEG 9.211 Study: We often use past tenses (simple past, past progressive and past perfect [> 9.61) for story-tellin 0 Write: a Circle the simple past and the past progressive verbs in this story. b Number the past progressive verbs 1, 2, 3 to show their uses [> 9.481. THE SECRET AGENT lt@just before the Second World War. Tom was only 20 at the time and was living with his mother. He was working in a bank and travelling to London every day. One morning, he received a mysterious letter. It was addressed to 'Mr Thomas Parker'. The letter, which was signed, 'A Friend', asked Tom to go to The Crown Inn during his lunch hour. All morning, as he was dealing with customers, Tom was wondering whether he should do this. At lunch time he decided to go to the inn. It was full of people and Tom couldn't recognize anyone. He was just wondering if he should leave, when a stranger introduced himself and said he had known Tom's father, who had died when Tom was a baby. The stranger explained that Tom's father, Bill, was a secret agent in the First World War. Through this meeting, Tom was recruited to be a secret agent, too, and was already working in France when the war began. 9.4D Context Write: Put in the simple past or past progressive. Note where both forms are possible. TUG-OF-WAR WITH A HEDGEHOG Mrs May, our District Nurse, (drive) l.W..-. home at 3 a.m. one night after an urgent visit to a sick patient. She (drive) ........................ along a deserted country lane, when she ( see) ........................ a new kind of animal. She (stop) ........................ her car and ( get out) ......................... The animal ( be) ........................ clearly visible in the blaze of her headlights. It (look) ........................ like a hedgehog with a tall white hat. It (cross) ........................ the road without paying any attention to Mrs May. When Mrs May ( go) ........................ close to it, she (notice) l o ........................ that there was a plastic yoghurt pot on the hedgehog's head. The poor creature had got its head stuck in the plastic pot! Her instincts as a nurse (tell) l 1 ........................ her she would have to rescue it, so she (pull) l 2 ........................ at the pot, but the hedgehog (pull) l 3 ......................... too. After a struggle, she (pull) l 4 ........................ the pot off the hedgehog's head. Mrs May (think) l 5 ........................ the hedgehog (look) l 6 ........................ rather sad, when she (notice) l 7 ........................ that the pot was half full of strawberry yoghurt. She (give) I B ........................ it back to the hedgehog. The creature (seize) 1 9 . . ...................... it, ( put) 20 ........................ it on its head again, and triumphantly (continue) 2 ........................ its journey across the road. ' A hedgehog with a tall white hat For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 129
9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives 9.5 The simple present perfect and present perfect progressive Uses of the simple present perfect tense: 'I have eatenlhe has eaten' 9.5A [> LEG 9.22-271 1 I Study: There are two basic uses of the simple present perfect tense. We use it to describe: L**l 1 Actions beginning in the past and continuing up to the present moment: - with time references like before (now), ever, never ... before, up till now, so far: I have received 20 cards so far. I have never tasted papaya (before). - with since/for: I've lived here since 1980. I've lived here for 20 years. [> 7.3A] 2 Actions which happened at an unspecified time in the past: - with no time reference at all: Have you passed your driving test? (Depending on context, this could mean 'very recently' or 'at any time up to now'.) - with references to recent time, like just, recently, already, still, yet I've just eaten. Write: Supply the simple present perfect tense of the verbs in brackets. 11 They ....................................... a new car. (buy) 1 Up to now i k ? . M t w e n t y countries. (visit) He :............ . . . . . . .six letters so far. (type) 12 He ............................ all over the world. (travel) 2 ....... T 13 ................................. our promise? (you forget) ................................ couscous? (you ever eat) y 3 14 I ........................................... an elephant. (ride) They ............... like this before. (never quarrel) 4 1 .................... to Marco since 1989. (not write) 15 She ............................... in from Rome. (just fly) 5 16 S h e l.................... a director. (recently become) We ......... there since we were young. (not be) 6 17 They ............................. to me. (already speak) 1 saw her in May, but ........ her since. (not see) 7 18 I '..................................... my tea yet. (not drink) She ....... the same car for fifteen years. (drive) 8 1 ......................... them for many years. (know) 19 She still ......................... my letter. (not answer) 9 20 I .................................. her several times. (met) She ........................ i n that shop for ages! (be) 10 9.5B The present perfect progressive tense: 'I have been eating' [> LEG 9.32-341 Study: 1 We use the present perfect progressive in place of the simple present perfect when we want L**l to emphasize that something has been in progress throughout a period: Instead of saying: I've typed all day, we can say, for emphasis, I've been typing all day. Depending on context, this may mean I'm still typing or I've just recently stopped. 2 Some verbs like learn, lie, live, rain, sit, sleep, stand, study, wait, work, naturally suggest continuity [> 7.3B] and we often use them with since and for [> 7.3AI. We can use them in the simple present perfect tense: I've waited here for two hours. I've worked here since 1987. Write: Supply the present perfect progressive tense of the verbs in brackets. You're out of breath. ........................ ? (you run) 1 I'm tired. I . ~ . h W all day. (dig) .~. 6 How long ................ ........... here? (you wait) We ......................... ere for twelve years. (live) 2 7 h 1 .........................'. here'since 6 o'clock. (stand) Your eyes are red. ............................ (You cry) 3 8 How long .......................... ? (the children sleep) How long ....................... Chinese? (you learn) 9 4 She ................... English for five years. (study) What ............................. all afternoon? (you do) 5 10 For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 130
9.5 The simple present perfect and present perfect progressive 9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared [> LEG 9.341 Study: E l Write: Supply the simple present perfect or the present perfect progressive. I ..Ilk%.- ........................................................................ 1a all your letters. The job's done. (type) I ..................................................... this report since yesterday and I'm only half way through. (type) Ib Your mother is still in the kitchen. She ................................................................. all morning. (cook) 2a I ..................................................... a lovely meal which I'll be serving in a couple of minutes. (cook) 2b We .................................................... this garage ourselves and have just begun to use it. (build) 3a We ............................ this garage ourselves and hope to finish it within the next two months. (build) 3b 9.5D The simple past and the simple present perfect compared [> LEG 9.23,9.26.1] With the simple past we have to say or imply when something happenened [> 7.3A, 9.3CI: Write: Supply the simple past or the simple present perfect in these pairs of sentences. ..... +!K.!W&........................................................... M 1a She a book until she was 25. (never read) 1b She is 80 and ..................................................................................... a book in her life. (never read) I ..................................................................................... 2a lunch an hour ago. (have) I ................................................................................. 2b lunch. (just have) ..................................................................................... 3a to the bank yet? (he go) ..................................................................................... to the bank at lunch time? (he go) 3b 9.5E Context Write: Put in the simple present perfect, the present perfect progressive or the simple past. THE AUSTRALIAN SALUTE Before I (visit) I ......- ..... Australia, an Australian friend in London (tell) ........................ me I'd learn 'the Australian salute'. 'What's that?' I (ask) .........................'You'll find out when you get there,' he (say) ......................... I (arrive) ........................ in Perth last week. Since then, I (stay) ........................ a at nice hotel near a beautiful beach. I (never visit) ........................ Australia before and I am enjoying my stay. I (swim) a ........................ very day from the time I (arrive) e ......................... Yesterday, an Australian friend (suggest) l o ........................ tour a into 'the bush'. I (agree) l 1 ........................ at once. The first thing I (notice) l 2 ........................ hen we (be) l 3 ........................ in the bush (be) l 4........................ w the flies. After a while I (fernembed l 5 ........................ the conversation I had had in London before I (come) l6 ........................ ere. 'What's the "Australian salute"?' I h (ask) l 7 ........................suddenly, as I waved my right arm to keep the flies away. 'That's it!' my friend said as he (wave) l a ........................ ack! b I waved my right arm For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives 9.6 The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses 9.6A Uses of the simple past perfect tense: 'I had worked' [> LEG 9.29-301 Study: (**( 2 But we often need the past perfect for the event that happened first to avoid ambiguity: When I arrived, Ann left (i.e. at that moment) When Iarrived, Ann had left. (i.e. before I got there) We use the past perfect to refer to 'an earlier past', that is to describe the first of two or more actions: First the patient died. Then the doctor arrived. The patient had died when the doctor arrived. We often introduce the past perfect with conjunctions like when, after, as soon as, by the time Write: Supply the simple past or the simple past perfect. Show when both are possible. They ....~ h & . & & d .... the gates before I ................... $ot ................... there. (lock, get) 1 By the time we ............................................... the party .............................................. (arrive, finish) 2 1 ............................. the shop as soon as I ............................. the contents of the box. (ring, check) 3 After we ............................ it on the phone, I ............................ him a letter about it. (discuss, write) 4 We ...................................... a good rest when our guests. ...................................... (have, all leave) 5 When she ................ the office this morning, Jim. ............................................ (ring, already go out) 6 Before we ................ Tim to the theatre, he ........................... a stage play before. (take, never see) 7 1 ................ the carpet when the dog ................ i n and ................ himself. (just clean, come, shake) 8 He ............... to do the job in an hour, but he still ........................ by 10 o'clock. (promise, not finish) 9 9.6B Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: 'I havelhad been working' [> LEG 9.32-331 Study: The past perfect progressive is the 'past' form of the present perfect progressive. [> 9.581 L**l The progressive forms have the effect of emphasizing continuity. 1 We use them to describe actions in progress throughout a period: present perfect progressive: She is very tired. She has been typing all day. past perfect progressive: She was very tired. She had been typing all day. Depending on context, she was still typing, or had recently stopped. (then, not now) 2 Some verbs like learn, lie, live, wait, work, naturally suggest 'continuity' [> 7.38, 9.581: We say: I've waited for two hours. (simple present perfect) I've been waiting for two hours. (present perfect progessive) Or: We say: I'd waited for two hours before he arrived. (simple past perfect) I'd been waiting for two hours before he arrived. (past perfect progressive) Or: 3 Repeated actions: present perfect progressive: He's been phoning every night for a month. past perfect progressive: He'd been phoning every night for a month. 4 Drawing conclusions: present perfect progressive: Her eyes are red. It's clear she's been crying. past perfect progressive: Her eyes were red. It was clear she'd been crying. For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 132
9.6 The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses Write: Supply the present perfect progressive or the past perfect progressive tenses. Show where both are possible. I was tired. I ...h&..&W.- ............................................. all day. (dig) We ...................................................................... for your call all evening. (wait) How long ................................................................................. there? (you wait) I ............................................................ there since 6 o'clock. (stand) She ..........................................................English for five years before she visited Canada. (study) It started raining last Monday and it ...................................................................... ever since. (rain) I ................................ to the firm regularly for a month before, but they still hadn't answered. (write) They .......................................................................... me about it every day for the past week. (ring) I knew you ................................... - How did you know? - Your hair was covered with paint! (paint) You were out of breath when you came in this morning. .................................................. ? (you run) 9.6C The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared [> LEG 9.341 Study: The past perfect progressive can tell us that an action was uncompleted then: I**I When I g ot home, I found that Jill had been painting h er room. [compare > 9.5C] The simple past perfect can tell us that an action was completed then: Write: Supply the simple past perfect or the past perfect progressive. 1 W ..&..-ay for the party that evening and by 8 o'clock we still weren't ready. (cook) John .........................a beautiful meal for his guests and they all enjoyed it. (prepare) I knew she ......................... the washing because the machine was still working when I got in. (do) I knew she ......................... the washing because when I got in she was ready to go out. (do) By 10 o'clock the children ......................... their homework and were ready to go to bed. (do) The children ......................... their homework and by 10 o'clock they still hadn't finished. (do) 9.6D Context Write: Put in the past perfect simple or progressive or the simple past. Give alternatives where possible. COOKING THE BOOKS? Old Mr Williams was very concerned. He and his wife were pensioners and he (spend) I. the whole morning looking for their pension books. He . &. - (look) ........................ everywhere, but he (not be able) ........................to find them. Meanwhile, his wife (be) ........................ busy. She (cook) ........................ all morning. She (prepare) ........................ a delicious meal. She (make) ' ........................ SOUP, followed by a lovely pie, which she (bake) ........................ in the oven. Mr Williams (always enjoy) ........................ his food, but he clearly wasn't enjoying his lunch. 'What's the matter, Tom?' his wife asked. Mr Williams (have to) l o ........................ confess that he (lost) l 1 ........................ their pension books. ' I know,' Mrs Williams (say) l 2 ......................... with a twinkle in her eye. 'I've got them'. 'You've got them?' 'Yes - and guess where I (find) l 3 ........................ them!' Mr Williams suddenly remembered. 'In the oven! I (put) j 4 ........................ them there for safe-keeping.' He (smile) l 5 ........................ with relief as she (fish) l6 ........................ them out of her apron pocket! He wasn't enjoying his lunch For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives 9.7 The simple future tense 9.7A Some uses of 'will' and 'shall' [> LEG 9.37, 11.23,11.38-40, 11.731 I Study: 1 Willand shallare 'modal verbs', so they are like can, must, etc. [> Chapter 111. I**) 2 We often use will and shall to make predictions (the simple future tense): It will rain tomorrow. I don't know if I shall see you next week. 3 We use will and shall in many other ways, apart from predicting the future: e.g. - intentionslpromises [> 9.8A1: 1 1 (= I will) buy you a bicycle for your birthday. ' 1 - requestslinvitations [> 11.6Dl: Will you hold the door open for me, please? Shall I get your coat for you? - offers [> 11.6EI: Shall we go for a swim tomorrow? - suggestions [> 11.6Fl: Just wait! You'll regret this! Write: Match the sentences on the left with the functions on the right. B A 1 We'll have a thunderstorm tonight, I'm sure. a) making a formal announcement b) making a request 2 Will there be a general strike? - c) stating a planned arrangement 3 11 send you a card from Florida. - 1' 4 Will you write to me? - d) making a prediction 5 Shall I go to the post office for you? - e) making an invitation Shall we take a drive into the country later? - f) asking for a prediction 6 7 11 report you to the police next time. - 1' g) promisinglstating intention 8 The wedding will take place next Friday. - h) expressing future hope 9 1 hope you'll come and see us again. - i) expressing future uncertainty 10 Tell them again. Perhaps they'll understand. - j) threatening k) offering 11 Will you have lunch with us on Sunday? - I) making a suggestion 12 11 be seeing John at the meeting tomorrow. - 1 ' 9.7B 'Will' and 'shall' to refer to the future [> LEG 9.35-371 Study: Forms of 'will' and 'shall' I**I 1 When we are referring to the future, we use will with all persons ( I, you, he, she, etc.), but in British English, we often use shall with //we. (Not *he/she/it/you/theyshall'): //We will (I'II/We'll) see you tomorrow. Or: I shal11Weshall see you tomorrow. 2 I n speech, we weaken shall to /Salt. We often use 'I1in place of will in speech and sometimes in writing, especially after vowels: I'II/He'll see you tomorrow. We also use 71 after consonants: Tom'll be here soon. When'll I see you? 3 Negative short forms are: '11 not, won't (= will not) or shan't (= shall not): 1'11not be tkere/l won't be there// shan't be there tomorrow. In American English shall and shan't with a future reference are rare. Uses of the 'willlshall' future 1 Prediction: We invite prediction or we say what we think will happen: Who will win on Saturday? Tottenham will win on Saturday. 2 In formal style we say what will happen for events that have been arranged: The wedding will take place at St Andrew's on June 27th. 3 We use shall and will to express hopes and expectations: I hope she'll gmaterial and information, She'll get a surprise. - I expect she will. For more et the job she's applied for. please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
9.7 The simple future tense Write: Supply suitable forms of will and shall. Give alternatives where possible. Situation: Jim is asking his friend Don for advice about a job interview. What sorts of questions do you think they I ..... /E?& ..... ask? % JIM: DON: The same as they asked me. They ........................ sk you why you want to work for them. a JIM: That's easy. I want to earn more money. DON: Yes, but you can't say that. You ........................ have to think of some better reasons. I can't think of any just now, but I expect 1 ........................ think of something at the time. I JIM: hope 1 ........................ anyway! DON: I'm sure you ......................... What time is your interview? JIM: It's at three in the afternoon. DON: I know it ........................ help very much, but I a ........................ be thinking of you. Don't worry, everything ........................ be OK! When l o ........................ I know if I've got the job? JIM: DON: They l 1 ........................ let you know in a couple of days. That's what happened in my case. You l 2 ........................ get a letter which begins, 'We regret to inform you - !' 9.7C Context Write: Put in suitable forms of willand shall. RETIREMENT I'm going to retire next week and I'm looking forward to it. For the first time in my life I I.-., be able to do all the things I've always .. .. wanted to do. I ................... (not) have to travel to work any more. I ................... (not) have to earn a livmg. My firm.................... pay my pension into my bank account and 1 ................... (not) have to worry about earning money ever again. My wife and 1 ................... e able to b spend more time together. We ................... take care of the house together. We a ................... do the shopping together. I explained all these plans to my wife. 'Of course,' she said. 'I'm looking forward to your retirement, too, but you must remember that while you can retire, 1 can't. I've written out some simple rules for us both which ................... apply from the day you retire. Here they are:' RULES OF THE HOUSE l o .................. take turns to do the cooking and the housework. 1 We l 1 .................. (not) watch TV all day long. 2 We We l 2 .................. keep regular hours. 3 We l 3 ..................find interesting hobbies to keep us occupied. 4 We l 4 ..................spend time out of the house as well as in it. 5 We l 5 .................. eep fit in mind and body. k 6 'They look like sensible suggestions,' I said. 'They are,' my wife answered. 'If we follow these rules I'm sure we l6 ................... enjoy a long and happy life together.' 'I hope we l 7 ................... ,' I answered. If we follow these rules . For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
9.8 The simple future, the future progressive, the future perfect Simple future 'I will work' and progressive 'I will be working' compared 9.8A [> LEG 9.40-411 Study: There are three basic uses of the future progressive: El 1 We use it to emphasize actions that will be in progress in the near or distant future, especially when we imagine ourselves doing something: By this time tomorrow, 11 be lying o n the beach. (Not *I will lie') '1 2 The progressive 'softens' the effect of will + verb and sounds more polite: When will you finish these letters? (e.g. boss to assistant) When will you be seeing M r White? (e.g. assistant to boss) If we say 1'11 work o n this tomorrow we may be stating an intention. If we say 11 be working o n this tomorrow, we are simply referring to future time. '1 Write 1: Supply will + verb or will be + -ing. Where both are possible, see if you can 'feel' the different effect of the simple future compared with the progressive. Sit down and fasten your seat belt. We . @%..?&?..@. in a few minutes. (take off) 1 When ..........................to the bank to draw some money? (you go) 2 Do you think you .......................... here in five years' time? (still work) 3 They .......................... from Dover, not Folkestone. (sail) 4 The President .......................... the Prime Minister before flying back home. (meet) 5 So you're stopping off in Dubai on your way to Beijing. How long .......................... there? (you stay) 6 We .......................... to London next Monday morning. (drive) 7 By this time next year, I .......................... my memoirs. (write) 8 In five years' time a permanent space station .......................... the moon. (circle) 9 1 don't think I .......................... him tonight. (see) 10 Supply will + verb or will be + -ing - whichever 'feels' appropriate in this dialogue. Write 2: Situation: Susan and her family will be setting out on holiday tomorrow morning. MEG: So you're off on holiday tomorrow. How exciting! What ..................... time (you leave) l...s?!&&..p.. 3 SUE: We (leave) * .............. the house at about 6 a.m. MEG: 6 a.m.! Why so early? You don't have to check in till 9.45. You (arrive) .............. at the airport terribly early! SUE: I know, but the airport is very busy at this time of the year and we want to avoid the rush. We (check in) ..............as quickly as we can, then we (have) .............. breakfast at the cafeteria. MEG: I'm sure that's wise of you. Imagine! By this time tomorrow evening you (lie) .............. on the beach and I (do) .............. the ironing or something! SUE: I hope you're riqht! I hope we (not sit around) .............. at the airport. You never know these days! For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org
9.8 T he s irn~leuture, the future progressive, the future perfect f 9.88 The future perfect simple and the future perfect progressive tenses [> LEG 9.43441 1 We often use the future perfect simple with by and not ... till/until[> 7.381to show that an action Study: I**I will already be completed by a certain time in the future. We use it with verbs which point to completion, like complete, finish and retire: I will have retired b y the year 2020. 1 won't have retired till the year 2020. 2 We often use the future perfect progressive with verbs like learn, lie, live, rain, sit, wait and Write: Supply the future perfect simple or progressive. Note where both are possible. They .....& . . & W . C O ~..... the new bridge by the end ot the year. (complete) . 1 By the end of this week, I ............................... seventeen weeks for my phone to be repaired. (wait) 2 Do you realize that on August 15, we ............................... in this house for fifty years? (live) 3 1 hope I ............................... this report by the end of the day. (finish) 4 She ............................... for work before the children get home from school. (leave) 5 We ............................... non-stop for fourteen hours before we get to Calcutta. (fiy) 6 They ............................... work on the great dam by the end of this decade. (complete) 7 Radio waves from earth ............................... for light years before anyone picks them up. (travel) 8 9.8C Context W rite: Put in the simple future, the future progressive or the future perfect simple. FLYING JUNK By the middle of the 21st century we (build) I .....&.&.. ~ . . . .space stations which (circle) . ............................. the earth and (probably circle) 3............................. the moon, too. We (establish) ............................. bases on planets like Mars. At present, we use radar to 'watch' nearly 8,000 objects in space. In addition, there are at least 30,000 bits of rubbish from the size of marbles to the size of basket balls flying round the earth. These (increase) ............................. in number by the year 2050 and (orbit) ............................. the earth. All these bits and pieces are watched by NORAD (North American Radar Defence Command). NORAD (have) ............................. more and more rubbish to watch as the years go by. Some bits fall back to earth, like the Russian satellite C954, which crashed in the Northern Territories of Canada in 1978. Crashing junk could give us a bad headache. Most of the stuff (stay) ............................. up there (we hope)! The sad fact is that we who are alive today (not clear up) ............................ our own junk tomorrow. Perhaps we (just watch) 'O ............................. from some other (safa) place as it goes round and round the earth! Perhaps we'll be watching For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org

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