Ữ
Ầ
M T S ĐI M NG PHÁP C N L U Ý TRONG TOEFL
Ộ Ố Ể Ư
I. SUBJECT & VERB AGREEMENT Please remember that subject and verb in a sentence must agree with each other.
The elevator works very well. (singular)
The elevators work very well. (plural)
Example:
1. Subject separated from the verb:
In English, subject and verb are often separated from each other. English learners have a bit difficulty to decide exactly how they are agreed in person and number.
Example:
2
The boys in the room (is or are) watching TV
Very often, if the subject and verb are separated, they will be separated by a prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase had no effect on the verb.
Subject + [prepostional phrase] + verb
Several theories on this subject have been proposed.
The study of languages is very interesting.
The view of these disciplines varies from time to time.
The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.
3
More Examples:
The following expressions also have no effect on the verb: ∙ together with∙ along with∙ accompanied by∙ as well as
Example: The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight. Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight.
following words must be followed by singular verbs and pronouns in formal written English.
2. Words that always take singular verbs and pronouns: Some words are often confused by English learners as being plural. The
any + singular noun no + singular noun some + singular noun
anybody nobody Somebody
anyone noone Someone
anything nothing Something
every + singular noun each + singular noun
everybody Each person
everyone *either
* Either and Neither are singular if they are not used with or and nor.
5
everything *neither
Examples: - Everybody who has not purchased a ticket should be in this line. - Something is under the table. - If either of you takes a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the project. - Anybody who has lost his ticket should report to the desk. - No problem is harder to solve than this one. - Nobody works harder than him.
Either / Neither: When either and neither are followed by or and nor, the verb may be singular or plural, depending on whether the noun following or and nor is singular or plural. Let's check out the following formulas. neither/either + noun + nor / or + plural noun + plural verb Example: Neither Bob nor his friends are going to the beach today.
Either Bob or his friends are going to the beach today.
neither/either + noun + nor/or + singular noun + singular verb Example: Neither John nor Bill is going to the beach today.
Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.
3. None / No: 3.1. None can take either singular or plural verb, depending on the noun which follows it.
none + of the + non-count noun + singular verb
Example: None of the counterfeit money has been found.
none + of the + plural count noun + plural verb
Example: None of the students have finished the exam yet.
3.2. No can take either a singular or plural verb depending on the noun which follows it.
no + singular / non count noun + singular verb
Example: No ticket is required.
no + plural noun + plural verb
8
Example: No tickets are required.
4. Gerunds As Subjects: If a sentence begins with {verb+ing} (gerund), the verb must be a singular. Let's study the following examples. Example: - Working for him is the best choice I've made. - Going out at night doesn't seems interesting to me. - Not studying has cause him many problems.
5. Collective Nouns - Many words indicating a number of people or animals are singular. The following nouns are usually singular. In some cases they are plural if sentence indicates that the individual members are acting separately.
congress family group committee class
organization team army club crowd
* majority can be singular or plural. If it is alone it is usually singular; if it is followed by plural noun, it is usually plural.
The majority believes that we are in no danger. The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.
Examples of collective nouns:
- The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal. - The family was elated by the news. - The crowd was wild with excitement. - Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation. - The organization has lost many members this years. - Our team is going to win the game.
government jury majority* Minority public
The following nouns are used to indicate groups of certain animals. They mean the same as group and thus are considered singular.
flock of birds, sheep school of fish
herd of cattle pride of lions
Examples:
+ The flock of birds is circlling overhead. + The herd of cattle is breaking away. + A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.
pack of dogs
6. A Number Of / The Number Of : A number of + plural noun + plural verb.....: m t sộ ố The number of + plural noun + singular verb....: số Example: - A number of students are going to the class picnic. (a number of = many) - The number of the days in a week is seven. - A number of the applicants have already been interviewed. - The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite small.
7. Nouns are that always plural: The following nouns are always considered plural. They can not be singular. In order to speak of them as singular, we must say "a pair of eyeglasses".
scissors shorts pants jeans tongs
trousers eyeglasses pliers tweezers
13
Let's study the following examples: - The pants are in the drawer. - A pair of pants is in the drawer. - The pliers were on the table. - The pair of pliers was on the table. - These scissors are dull. - This pair of scissors is dull.
Lưu ý: DANH TỪ CÓ (S) NHƯNG DÙNG SỐ ÍT: Nhóm Môn học: physics (vật lý ),mathematics
(toán)....
Nhóm Bệnh tật: Measles (sởi), mumps (quai bị ). Nhóm Tên nước : The United States (Nước Mỹ), the
Philipines, …
Chữ NEWS: tin tức
Exercise: Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentences. 1. Neither Bill nor Mary (is / are) going to the play tonight. 2. Anything (is / are) better than going to another movie tonight. 3. Skating (is / are) becoming more popular every day. 4. A number of reporters (was / were) at the conference yesterday. 5. Anybody who (has / have) a fever must go home immediately. 6. Your glasses (was / were) on the bureau last night. 7. There (was / were) some people at the meeting last night. 8. The committee (has / have) already reached a decision. 9. A pair of jeans (was / were) in the washing machine this morning. 10. Each student (has / have) answered the first three questions.
15
11. Either John or his wife (make, makes) breakfast each morning. 12. After she had perused the material, the secretary decided that everything (was / were) in order. 13. The crowd at the basketball game (was / were) wild with excitement. 14. A pack of wild dogs (has / have) frightened all the ducks away. 15. The jury (is / are) trying to reach a decision. 16. The army (has / have) eliminated this section of the training test. 17. The number of students who have withdrawn from class this quarter (is / are) appalling. 18. There (has / have) been too many interruptions in this class. 19. Every elementary school teacher (has / have) to take this examination. 20. Neither Jill nor her parents (has / have) seen this movie before.
N u tôi tr thành
CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN iạ ) ố
ở
ế
ộ ứ
ể ả ử
ệ
ẽ ổ
ố đ nh, không có th t, không th x y ra ậ ả ị
iạ )
i không ra ng c t ng th ng nói r ng:
(ở hiện t ằ
ứ
ẽ ổ
ư
ố
ệ ứ
ả ị
ử ổ
ử
ố
vào năm ngoái thì tôi đã b ổ
ố
(ở hiện t 1. Có th x y ra M t ng c viên t ng th ng nói r ng: ằ ổ t ng th ng, tôi s b nhi m anh làm th ký. ư ổ 2. Gi ể ả M t ng ườ ố ử ổ ộ N u tôi tr thành t ng th ng, tôi s b nhi m anh làm th ký. ổ ở ế đ nh trong quá kh 3. Không x y ra, gi ả i ng c t ng th ng nh ng không trúng c nói M t ng ư ườ ứ ộ r ng:ằ N u tôi tr thành t ng th ng ổ ở ế ư ý. nhi m anh làm th k ệ
I. FIRST CONDITIONALS A. Form We use the present simple tense in the if clause and the future with will in the main clause. We usually use a comma (,) when the if clause is first, but not when the main clause is first.
If she eats all that ice cream, she will feel terrible. If I have time, I‘ll phone you later. You‘ll be hungry if you don’t have some dinner. They won’t arrive on time if they miss the bus.
Note: We do not use will in the if clause.
If it rains, we’ll go to the cinema. NOT If it will rain, we’ll go to the cinema.
.
I. FIRST CONDITIONALS B. Use First conditionals predict the results of a real or probable action or event. If you get up late, you’ll miss the appointment. (There is a real chance that you’ll get up late.) We won’t go if it rains. (There is a real chance that it will rain.)
II. SECOND CONDITIONALS A. Form We use the past simple form in the if clause and would + infinitive without to in the main clause. We usually use a comma (,) when the if clause is first, but not when the main clause is first.
If I had enough money, I would buy that house. If you didn’t eat so much, you‘d lose weight. He‘d feel better if he didn’t smoke so much. They wouldn’t play tennis if it was raining.
Note: We do not use would in the if clause. If I had enough money … NOT If I would have enough money …
II. SECOND CONDITIONALS
B. Use Second conditionals describe unreal, unlikely, or imaginary situations.
If we had more money, we’d travel business class. What would you do if you saw a ghost?
III. THIRD CONDITIONALS A. Form We use the past perfect (continuous) form in the if clause and would have + past participle in the main clause.
We usually use a comma (,) when the if clause is first, but not when the main clause is first.
If you hadn’t studied so hard, you would have failed.
I would have passed if I‘d worked harder.
They wouldn’t have come if they hadn’t wanted to see you.
III. THIRD CONDITIONALS
B. Use
We use third conditionals to describe something that didn’t happen, an imaginary situation in the past.
If I had worked harder I would have passed the exam.
(I didn’t work hard, and I didn’t pass the exam.)
You wouldn’t have crashed if you hadn’t been driving so fast.
(You were driving too fast, and you crashed.)
Without using if
Had I worked harder I would have passed the exam.
Had you not been driving so fast, You wouldn’t have crashed.
1. If they had left the house earlier, they _______ (be; negative) so late getting to the airport that they could not check their baggage 2. If I finish the dress before Friday, I (give) it to my sister for her birthday. 3. If I had seen the movie. I _______ (tell) you about it last night. 4. Had Bob not interfered in his sister`s marital problems, there —— (be) peace between them. 5. He would give you the money if he _____ (have) it. 6. She would call you immediately if she _____ (need) help. 7. Had they arrived at the sale early, they ______ (find) a better selection. 8. If you have enough time, please ___(paint) the chair before you leave. 9. We could go for a drive if today _______ (be) Saturday. 10. If she wins the prize, it will be because she ______ (write) very well. . 11. I ——————— (accept) if they invite me to the party. 12. If your mother ________(buy) that car for you, will you be happy? 13. If he _____(decide) earlier, he could have left on the afternoon flight. 14. Had we known your address, we _______ (write) you a letter. 15. If the roofer doesn`t come soon, the rain _______ (leak) inside. 16. My dog always wakes me up if he ______ (hear) strange noises. 17. If you _______ (see) Mary today, please ask her to call me. 18. If he ______ (get) the raise, it will be because he does a good job. 19. The teacher will not accept our work if we ______ (turn) it in late. 20. If he had left already, he ______ (call) us. 21. If they had known him, they ______ (talk) to him. 22. He would understand it if you ______ (explain) it to him more slowly. 23. I could understand the French teacher if she ___(speak) more slowly.
CÁC THỦ THUẬT ĐỌC
Đọc lướt qua các câu hỏi trước. Khi đọc bài đọc, lưu ý đến các nội dung liên quan
đến câu hỏi.
Đọc lướt, bỏ qua những từ vựng không biết, có thể
đoán nghĩa.
Trả lời các câu hỏi.
Ữ
Ầ
M T S ĐI M NG PHÁP C N L U Ý KHI THI TOEFL
Ộ Ố Ể Ư
ừ
Thông tin th a (redundancy) Không dùng song song c 2 t
i đây trong cùng m t câu
:
d ừ ướ
ả
ộ
c:
C 3 t ả
ừ advance, proceed, progress đ u có nghĩa ti n lên, ti n v phía tr
ế
ế
ề
ề
ướ
"to move in a forward direction". Vì v y ậ forward là th a.ừ
advance forward proceed forward progress forward
C 2 t ả
ừ return, revert đ u có nghĩa: "to go back, to send back". Vì v y
ậ back là
ề
return back revert back
th a.ừ
sufficient enought
Hai t
này nghĩa nh nhau
ừ
ư
compete = đua tranh, c nh tranh v i nhau "to take part in a contest against
ạ
ớ
compete together
others"
reason... because
Hai t
này có nghĩa nh nhau. M u đúng ph i là "reason... that"
ừ
ư
ẫ
ả
join có nghĩa "to bring together", "to put together", "to become a part or a
join together
member of..."
repeat again
repeat có nghĩa "to say again"
new innovation
innovation có nghĩa là m t ý t
ng m i "a new idea"
ộ
ưở
ớ
matinee performance
matinee = bu i bi u di n chi u ề
ể
ễ
ổ
same identical
hai t
này nghĩa gi ng nhau
ừ
ố
two twins
twins = two brothers or sisters
the time / when
Hai t
này nghĩa gi ng nhau
ừ
ố
the place / where
Hai t
này nghĩa gi ng nhau
ừ
ố
Khi thông tin trong câu bị lặp đi lặp lại không cần thiết thì nó bị gọi là thông tin thừa, cần phải loại bỏ phần thừa đó. Ví dụ: Người Anh không dùng the time when mà chỉ dùng một trong hai. It is (the time/ when) I got home. Người Anh không dùng the place where mà chỉ dùng một trong hai. It is (the place/ where) I was born.
Cấu trúc song song trong câu Khi thông tin trong một câu được đưa ra dưới dạng liệt kê thì các thành phần được liệt kê phải tương ứng với nhau về mặt từ loại (noun noun, adjective adjective, ...). Ví dụ:
SAI
ĐÚNG
Mr. Henry is a lawyer, a politician,
Mr. Henry is a lawyer, a politician, and a
and he teaches.
teacher.
Peter is rich, handsome, and many
Peter is rich, handsome, and popular.
people like him.
The cat approached the mouse slowly
The cat approached the mouse slowly and
and silent.
silently.
She like to fish, to swim and to surf.
She like to fish, swim and surfing.
She like fishing, swimming and surfing.
When teenagers finish highschool,
they have several choices: going to college, getting a job, or the army.
When teenagers finish highschool, they have several choices: going to college, getting a job, or joining the army.
Tim entered the room, sat down, and
Tim entered the room, sat down, and
is opening his book.
opened his book.
dụng.
được
áp
Ví
Tuy nhiên nếu thời gian trong các mệnh đề khác nhau của câu là khác nhau thì động từ cũng phải tuân theo qui luật thời gian. Lúc đó cấu trúc câu song song về thời của các động từ (như ví dụ ở dòng cuối bảng trên) dụ: không She is a senior, studies every day, and will graduate a semester early.
Một số ngữ động từ (phrasal verb) thường gặp Đó là những động từ kết hợp với 1, 2 hoặc đôi khi 3 giới từ, khi kết hợp ở dạng như vậy ngữ nghĩa của chúng thay đổi hẳn so với nghĩa ban đầu.
ấ ệ ắ ứ
ạ ộ ấ
ầ
ượ ở ư ệ th vi n v ề
ủ ụ ạ
i g n ế ạ ầ ạ ạ ầ
ả
ạ
t là b h c gi a ch ng)
ứ ố
ộ ế ỏ ặ
ừ
ệ
To break off: ch m d t, c t đ t, đo n tuy t. ứ To bring up: nêu ra, đ a lên m t v n đ ư ề To call on: yêu c u / đ n thăm ế To care for: thích / trông nom, săn sóc (look after) To check out (of/from) a library: m n sách To check out: đi u tra, xem xét. ề To check out (of): làm th t c đ ra (khách s n, sân bay) <> check in. ể To check (up) on: đi u tra, xem xét. ề i g n, ch y l To close in (on): ti n l To come along with: đi cùng v i ớ To count on = depend on = rely on To come down with: m c ph i m t căn b nh ộ ắ To do away with = get rid of: t ng kh , lo i b , tr kh ử To daw up = to draft: so n th o (m t k ho ch, m t h p đ ng) ồ ạ ả To drop out of = to withdraw from: b (đ c bi ữ ệ ạ ỏ ừ ộ ợ ỏ ọ
c.
ượ
ượ
c, hi u đ ể ệ
c
ố
ồ
ầ
ượ
c cho (đi n tho i), tìm
c cho ai, g i đ
ạ
ệ
ượ
ọ ượ
ng,
v ng, duy trì ẫ
ườ
ượ
ấ
ừ
, không dùng b đ ng)
ị ộ
ừ
ấ
ộ ộ ặ
To figure out: Hình dung ra đ To find out: khám phá ra, phát hi n ra. To get by: L n h i qua ngày, s ng sót qua đ To get through with: k t thúc ế To get through to: thông tin đ cách làm cho hi u ể ch c. To get up: d y/ t ậ ứ ổ b To give up: b , t ỏ ừ ỏ To go along with: đ ng ý v i ớ ồ To hold on to: v n gi ữ ữ ẫ p / v n gi To hold up: c v ng, v n duy trì, v n s ng bình th ẫ ướ ữ ữ ẫ ố v n dùng đ c (b t ch p s c ép bên ngoài ho c s d ng lâu) ặ ử ụ ứ ấ ẫ To keep on doing smt: v n ti p t c không ng ng làm gì ế ụ ẫ To look after: trông nom, săn sóc To look into: đi u tra, xem xét ề To pass out = to faint: ng t (n i đ ng t To pick out: ch n ra, l a ra, nh t ra To point out: ch ra, v ch ra
ự ạ
ọ ỉ
c.
ượ
ượ
c, hi u đ ể ệ
c
ố
ồ
ầ
ượ
c cho (đi n tho i), tìm
c cho ai, g i đ
ạ
ệ
ượ
ọ ượ
ng,
v ng, duy trì ẫ
ườ
ượ
ấ
ừ
, không dùng b đ ng)
ị ộ
ừ
ấ
ộ ộ ặ
To figure out: Hình dung ra đ To find out: khám phá ra, phát hi n ra. To get by: L n h i qua ngày, s ng sót qua đ To get through with: k t thúc ế To get through to: thông tin đ cách làm cho hi u ể ch c. To get up: d y/ t ậ ứ ổ b To give up: b , t ỏ ừ ỏ To go along with: đ ng ý v i ớ ồ To hold on to: v n gi ữ ữ ẫ p / v n gi To hold up: c v ng, v n duy trì, v n s ng bình th ẫ ướ ữ ữ ẫ ố v n dùng đ c (b t ch p s c ép bên ngoài ho c s d ng lâu) ặ ử ụ ứ ấ ẫ To keep on doing smt: v n ti p t c không ng ng làm gì ế ụ ẫ To look after: trông nom, săn sóc To look into: đi u tra, xem xét ề To pass out = to faint: ng t (n i đ ng t To pick out: ch n ra, l a ra, nh t ra To point out: ch ra, v ch ra
ự ạ
ọ ỉ
ờ
ệ
ặ
ạ
ắ
ạ
ấ
ế ả
ử
ẩ
ử ọ
ử
ể
ễ
ổ
ệ
ừ
ả
To put off: trì hoãn, đình hoãn To run across: khám phá, phát hi n ra (tình c ) To run into sb: g p ai b t ng ờ ấ To see about to: lo l ng, săn sóc, ch y v y To take off: c t cánh <> to land To take over for: thay th cho to talk over: bàn so n, th o lu n v ề ậ ạ to try out: th nghi m, dùng th (s n ph m) ử ả ệ to try out for: th vai, th gi ng (1 v k ch, bu i bi u di n) ở ị To turn in: giao n p, đ trình / đi ng ủ ộ To watch out for: c nh giác, đ m t, trông ch ng (c nghĩa đen ể ắ ả l n nghĩa bóng) ẫ
CÂU HỎI ĐUÔI (TAG QUESTION)
CÂU HỎI ĐUÔI Câu hỏi đuôi là một dạng câu hỏi rất thông dụng trong tiếng Anh. Mặc dù câu trả lời cho câu hỏi đuôi cũng giống như câu trả lời cho câu hỏi YESNO, nhưng câu hỏi đuôi có sắc thái ý nghĩa riêng biệt.
Câu hỏi đuôi được thành lập sau một câu nói khẳng định hoặc phủ định, được ngăn cách bằng dấu phẩy (,) vì vậy người đặt câu hỏi đã có thông tin về câu trả lời. Tuy nhiên, thường thì người hỏi không chắc chắn lắm về thông tin này.
Nếu người hỏi chắc chắn, tự tin rằng mình đã có thông tin về câu trả lời nhưng vẫn hỏi thì khi chấm dứt câu hỏi đuôi, người hỏi sẽ lên giọng.
CÂU HỎI ĐUÔI
* Nguyên tắc chung khi lập câu hỏi đuôi:
Nếu câu nói trước dấu phẩy là câu khẳng định, câu hỏi đuôi phải ở thể phủ định. Nếu câu nói trước dấu phẩy là câu phủ định, câu hỏi đuôi phải ở thể khẳng định • Cấu tạo của câu hỏi đuôi:
Câu hỏi đuôi gồm một trợ động từ tương ứng với thì được dùng trong câu nói trước dấu phầy, có NOT hoặc không có NOT và một đại từ nhân xưng tương ứng với chủ ngữ của câu nói trước dấu phẩy.
TD: You are afraid, aren't you?
You didn't do your homework, did you?
CÂU HỎI ĐUÔI Cách thành lập câu hỏi đuôi cho các thì 1. Hiện tại đơn với TO BE:
He is handsome, isn't he?
2. Hiện tại đơn với động từ thường: mượn trợ động từ DO hoặc
DOES tùy theo chủ ngữ They like me, don't they?
She loves you, doesn't she?
3. Thì quá khứ đơn với động từ thường: mượn trợ động từ DID,
quá khứ đơn với TO BE: WAS hoặc WERE
4. Thì hiện tại hoàn thành hoặc hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn:
mượn trợ động từ HAVE hoặc HAS They have left, haven't they? The rain has stopped, hasn't it?
CÂU HỎI ĐUÔI Cách thành lập câu hỏi đuôi cho các thì 5. Thì quá khứ hoàn thành hoặc quá khứ hoàn thành
tiếp diễn: mượn trợ động từ HAD: He hadn't met you before, had he? 6. Thì tương lai đơn:
It will rain, won't it?
CÂU HỎI ĐUÔI * Những trường hợp đặc biệt cần lưu ý ** HAD BETTER: thường được viết ngắn gọn thành 'D BETTER chỉ cần mượn trợ động từ HAD để lập câu hỏi đuôi.
TD: He'd better stay, hadn't he? ** WOULD RATHER: thường được viết gọn là 'D RATHER
chỉ cần mượn trợ động từ WOULD để lập câu hỏi đuôi. TD: You'd rather go, wouldn't you?
** If the main clause is " I am" , tag question must be "aren't
I?“
EX: I am coming here ,aren't I? Với I AM NOT, câu hỏi đuôi sẽ là AM I như quy tắc.
+ I am not guilty, am i?
CÂU HỎI ĐUÔI If the main clause have "let's",tag question must be "
shall we?" TD: Let's go to the movies, shall we?
If the main clause is request, tag question must be
"will you?" TD: Open the window, will you?
If the main clause is invation, tag question must be
"won't you?" TD: Take your seat, won't you?
If the main clause have: "seldom, rarely, hardly, no, without, never,..." , tag question must be affirmation. TD: He never goes to school late, does he?
Tr cắ nghiệm Nhưng lôi dê măc trong tiêng Anh
̃ ̃ ̃ ́ ́
̀ ̣ ́ ̀ ́
'Everyday' la môt tinh tư trong tiêng Anh.
Tr cắ nghiệm diên ta thông tin trai ng
c
cac t
ượ
́ ừ
̃ ̉ ́
Trăc nghiêm vê nhưng tư dê nhâm lân
́ ̣ ̀ ̃ ̀ ̃ ̀ ̃
Trắc nghiệm Mẫu câu thích hợp khi viết thư
̀ ̣
