NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF VETERINARY RESEARCH ENTERIC DISEASES DIAGNOSTIC REQUEST FORM
NIVR – Attn: Department of Bacteriology (Dr Cu Huu Phu) Postal Address 86 Truong Chinh Rd Dong Da-Hanoi Phone 84 48693923 Fax 84 48694082 Please complete ALL sections. Complete ONE form for each sow. Multiple piglets from the same sow can be entered on a SINGLE form.
Farm Owner:
NIVR Use Only:
Number of sows:
TEST FARM NUMBER:
Address:
LABORATORY SUBMISSION NUMBER:
Phone: Fax:
Email:
Mobile:
Contact details of person collecting specimen:
Name: Occupation:
Address:
Province: Postcode:
Telephone: Fax: Email:
Date of Collection:
Breed:
Duration
Sample type
Sow ID
Par-ity Date of birth
Litter size
Foster pigs
Number of piglets with diarrhoea
Treated? (Y/N)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Preliminary Diagnosis/History (Treatments, severity of scour etc) Reports to be sent
Other: Name Other: Name
Fax No Fax No
Vet Property Manager
Signed ………………………………………………………….. Date…………………………..
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF VETERINARY RESEARCH ENTERIC DISEASES DIAGNOSTIC REQUEST FORM
ID No:
Date:
Characteristics of faecal specimens:
Parasitology:
Sample No: pH: Colour: Consistency (Scale
Isospora suis (Faecal float):
1-4):
Cryptosporidium (MZN):
(1 = thick custard; 4 = pure water)
Bacteriology:
Other:
Virology (TGE)
Virology (Rotavirus)
ELISA:
DIPSTICK (Herd only):
ELISA:
Immunoflourescence:
Diagnosis
Signed ………………………………………………………….. Date…………………………..
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF VETERINARY RESEARCH ENTERIC DISEASES DIAGNOSTIC REQUEST FORM
Signed ………………………………………………………….. Date…………………………..
CAUSES OF PRE-WEANING DIARRHOEA IN COMMERCIAL
AND VILLAGE PIGS IN VIETNAM
Do NT1, Nguyen XH1, Au XT1, Cu HP 1, Fahy VA2 , Cargill C3, and Trott DJ4 1National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam 2National E. coliReference Laboratory, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Epsom, VIC 3554, Australia 3The South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), Adelaide SA 5001, Australia 4School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072
Table 1: The contribution of different infectious agents to
INTRODUCTION
PrWD in commercial and village pigs
Agent(s) detected # of positive specimens (%) Commercial (n=117) Village (n=45) Cocci 2 (1.7) Crypto 3 (2.5)
Pre-weaning diarrhoea in pigs (PrWD) is a complex problem involving a large number of causative agents: transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), rotavirus (RV), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Clostridium perfringens (C. per.), coccidiosis due to Isospora suis (Cocci), and Cryptosporidium (Crypto) [1].
RV 3 (2.5) TGEV 11 (9.3) ETEC 4 (3.4) 2 (1.7) C. per. Total single infections 25 (21.2)
RV ETEC 6 (5.1) RV TGEV 17 (14.4) 3 (6.7)
restricted
RV Cocci 1 (0.8) 2 (4.4)
The predominant causes of PrWD and their relative contribution to morbidity vary between countries, and have continuously changed over time, due to the the adoption of new management practices and emergence of new diseases. In addition, some pathogens are to certain geographical locations [2].
Cocci Crypto 1 (0.8) 2 (4.4) Crypto ETEC 3 (2.5) 1 (2.2) Crypto C. per. 1 (0.8) 1 (2.2)
A comprehensive survey of the major causative agents of PrWD has not been attempted previously in Vietnam.
Crypto TGEV 6 (5.1) 2 (4.4) TGEV C. per. 1 (0.8)
OBJECTIVES
ETEC TGEV 7 (5.9) RV Cocci ETEC 2 (1.7) 3 (6.7) RV Cocci TGEV 4 (3.4) 3 (6.7) Cocci ETEC TGEV 2 (1.7) 2 (4.4)
To determine the prevalence of the six major causes of pre-weaning diarrhoea in commercial (CP) and village pigs (VP) in Vietnam.
Cocci Crypto RV 1 (0.8) 1 (2.2) ETEC Crypto TGEV 5 (4.2) 4 (4.4)
MATERIAL AND METHODS
117 (from CP) and 45 (from VP) faecal specimens were
ETEC Crypto RV 1 (0.8) 3 (6.7) Crypto TGEV C. per. 1 (0.8) 1 (2.2) RV Crypto TGEV 3 (2.5)
collected from cases of PrWD fro 6/2005 to 3/2008.
RV ETEC TGEV 14 (11.9) 7 (15.6) RV TGEV C. per. 1 (0.8) 1 (2.2) ETEC RV C. per. 2 (1.7) 3 (6.7) ETEC TGEV C. per. 2 (1.7) ETEC RV Crypto TGEV 2 (1.7) 1 (2.2) ETEC RV Crypto C. per. 1 (0.8) 2 (4.4) RV Cocci Crypto TGEV 1 (0.8) 1 (2.2) Cocci Crypto TGEV C. per. 1 (0.8) RV Cocci ETEC TGEV 4 (3.4) 1 (2.2) RV Cocci Crypto TGEV C. per. 1 (0.8) 1 (2.2)
according
RV Crypto ETEC TGEV C. per. 1 (0.8)
All samples were tested for the presence of: 1) Cocci; and 2) Crypto oocysts by standard faecal flotation and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining of faecal smears, respectively; 3) RV; and 4) TGEV using an ELISA kit (Institut Pourquier, France); 5) ETEC by aerobic culture and PCR for enterotoxins and fimbriae; and 6) C. by anaerobic culture. Results were perfringens interpreted manufacturer’s to recommendations (ELISA kit) or as described [3].
(50) (97) (111) (76) (23) (36) Total multiple infections 92 (78.8) 45 (100.0)
RESULTS
REFERENCES
Detection of multiple infectious agents from a single specimen was common, with TGEV and RV being endemic to all piggeries (Table 1).
1. Straw, B. E., et al. Diseases of Swine 1999: 41-59. 2. Tzipori, S. British Veterinary Journal 1988; 144: 521-523. 3. Diagnostic Manual of the Pig Health and Research Unit (Bendigo,
Victoria, Australia).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In village pigs, agents were always found together with one or more additional agents, while 25 cases from CP were infected with only 1 causative agent.
(Vietnam), National
ETEC occurred in older (>4 day-old) piglets; most
probably due to effective vaccination programs.
This work was supported by Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Australian Government (AusAID) under Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program
These results and observations from farm audits suggest that environmental conditions and husbandry practices may be predisposing piglets to intestinal infections.
1
Virulence characterizations of Vietnamese strains of E. coli causing diarrhoea in pigs in Vietnam
Do NT1, Trott DJ2, Desautels C3 , Fairbrother JM3
1Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
2School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
3The Escherichia coliLaboratory, Faculte de Medicine Veterinaire, Universite de Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S 2M2
Table 2: The prevalence of different pathotypes
INTRODUCTION
Escherichia coli
is one of the most important
Source of isolates
Pathotype
PrWD (n=18)
PWD (n=41)
F4/STa/STb
1
enteric pathogens causing diarrhoea in pigs [1] Pathogenic E. coli often colonize the small intestine by means of adhesion factors and produce one or several disease-causing toxins [1]
F4/ Paa/STa/STb/LT/EAST1
5
Detection of virulence
F4/Paa/STb/LT/EAST1
5
F4/Paa/STb/LT/EAST1
2
if an E. coli
F4/STa/STb/EAST1
1
F4/STa/STb/Aero
1
factors by molecular techniques such as DNA hybridization and PCR has been shown to be the most effective tool to evaluate isolated obtained from diseased pigs is pathogenic and to provide suitable measures of control and prevention [2]
F5/Paa/STa
2
OBJECTIVES
F18/STa/STb
2
F18/STa/EAST1
1
F18/AIDA-I/STa/STb
3
F18/Paa/AIDA-I/STa/Stx2
2
To screen for the presence of 19 virulence factors (F4, F5, F6, F17, F18, F41, EAE, P factor, Paa, AFA, AIDA-I, STa, STb, LT EASTI, Stx1, Stx2, CNF, Aero) in ETEC and ETEC/VTEC strains obtained from pig with diarrhoea in Vietnam
F18/AIDA-I/STb/Stx2
1
MATERIAL AND METHODS
F18/LT/Stx2
1
F18/AIDA-I/STa/STb/Stx2
4
F18/Paa/AIDA-I/STa/STb/Stx2
3
E. coli strains (n=18 from pre-weaning and n=41 from post-weaning piglets with diarrhoea) from different provinces in Vietnam
F18/Paa/STa/LT/Stx2
13
Paa/STa/LT/Stx2
2
ETEC or ETEC/VTEC were confirmed by primary multiplex PCR (F4, F5, F6, F41, F18, STa, STb, LT, VT2e)
Paa/STa/STb/LT/EAST1
4
AIDA-I/STb/EAST1
1
AIDA-I/STb/LT/EAST1
1
DNA hybridization and PCR were further applied to detect for the presence of 19 virulence factors according to the protocol of The Escherichia coli Laboratory, Faculte de Medicine Veterinaire, Universite de Montreal
STa/STb
1
STb/EAST1
1
RESULTS
LT/Stx2
2
Table 1: Prevalence of individual virulence gene
REFERENCES
Source of isolates (%)
Virulence factor
PrWD (n=18)
PWD (n=41)
F4
9 (50.0%)
6 (14.6%)
1. Bertschinger HU, Fairbrother JM. Escherichia coli infections. In: Straw BE, D'Allaire S, Mengeling WL, Taylor DJ, editors. Diseases of Swine. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press; 1999. p. 431-468.
2 (11.1%)
F5
30 (73.2%)
F18
13 (72.2%)
25 (61.0%)
Paa
2. 2. Wray C, Woodward MJ. Laboratory diagnosis of Escherichia coli in infections. In: Gyles CL, editor. Escherichia coli Domestic Animals and Humans. Wallingford, England: CAB International; 1994. p. 595-628.
AIDA-I
2 (11.1%)
13 (31.7%)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
STa
14 (77.8%)
31 (75.6%)
(Vietnam), National
STb
16 (88.9%)
20 (48.8%)
LT
12 (66.7%)
23 (56.1%)
This work was supported by Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Australian Government (AuAID) under Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program
STx2
28 (68.3%)
EAST1
14 (77.8%)
7 (17.1%)
Aero
1 (5.6%)
2
DEVELOPMENT AND EFFICACY TESTING OF A VACCINE
FOR THE CONTROL OF PRE-WEANING COLIBACILLOSIS
IN VIETNAM
Cu HP1, Fahy VA2 , Driesen SJ2, Moore K2, Vanderfeen A2, Do NT1, and Trott DJ3 1National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam 2National E. coliReference Laboratory, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Epsom, VIC 3554, Australia 3School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072
INTRODUCTION
The cost of pork production in Vietnam could be significantly reduced by the widespread use of locally made
efficacious vaccines to control endemic diseases such as neonatal colibacillosis.
1. VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
Table 1: E. coli strains used for the preparation of vaccine
Designation of strains
Virulence determinants
CARD-VN1
O8:5F-/STa/STb/LT
CARD-VN2
O149: K91:F4/STa/STb/LT
CARD-VN3
O64: F5/STa/STb/LT
1 ml of inactivated whole cell vaccine contains 7.5 x 109 bacteria
2. SAFETY TESTING
3. EFFICACY TESTING
Table 2: Summary of ELISA results on pre- and post-
Naïve sows each received 2 ml of vaccine
vaccination sera samples
(approximately 1.5 x 1010 bacteria) at 9 and 12 weeks
of gestation
Treatment group
Mean (OD value)
Table 1: Recorded criteria on safety study
Control
0.2260a
Litterguard
0.8129b
Recorded criteria
Group 2 (8 sows) (NIVR)
Group 1 (8 sows) (Litterguard)
0.9406b
EcoVac
82
80
Piglets born alive
NIVR
0.8695b
4
3
Stillbirths
a, b: p<0.005
2
2
Mummies (or died before
High antibody titers to F4 antigen were detected (as
parturition)
assessed by ELISA) for all three vaccines (p>0.1)
Deformities eg splay legs
5
4
compared
to an unvaccinated control group
Abortion
0
0
(p<0.005).
There was no significant difference between the
No local or systemic reaction to the vaccine was
antibody response elicited (as demonstrated by OD
observed and all sows gave birth at the correct stage of
values) by Litterguard, Ecovac or NIVR vaccines.
gestation to an average of 10 healthy piglets per sow
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
(Vietnam), National
This work was supported by Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Institute of Veterinary Research Development (NIVR), Australian Government for (AuAID) under Collaboration Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program
3
Some technical solutions suitable for development of smallholder pig production in Quang Tri province Duyen T.T.B1, Coi N.Q1, C Cargill2, VA Fahy3, DJ Trott4. 1National Institute of Animal Husbandry, Hanoi, Vietnam; 3South Australian Research Development Institute, 2Victorian Department of Primary Industries; 4School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Australia.
Table 1: Reproductive physiology and performance of MC and F1 sows
MC
F1
Criteria
X
mx
X
mx
6.59
4.52
Age of First farrowing (day) Litters/sow/year (litter)
304.7 1.88
334.00 2.05
Number born alive/litter (head)
11.72
0.72 0.65
10.48
0.57 0.58
Weaning number/litter (head)
10.13
0.68
8.78
0.51
Weaning weight/litter Weaning period (days)
59.45 37.28
2.13 1.3
54.96 34.86
1.62 1.22
Table 2: Reproductive performance of MC and F1 sows in Feeding experiments.
Introduction √ Quang Tri province is located on the coast of Central in Vietnam, where always adversely affected by extremely harsh climate. Almost of the total pig population in Quang Tri are raised in traditional smallholder systems. Therefore, suitable technical solutions for development of pig production under household condition are necessary and should bring benefits for farmers. This subject was funded by CARD project 004/05VIE.
Criteria
Experimental group
Control group
MC
F1
MC
F1
8.83a
10.10a
8.75a
10.2a
Weaning piglets/litter (head) Weaning weight/litter (kg)
Number of piglets at 60 days (head) Weight at 60 days of age/litter (kg)
57.54a 8.50a 120.69a
59.64a 10.00a 141.07a
59.96a 8.50a 128.49a
56.89a 9.80a 125.66a
Total cost/litter (1000VND)
Objectives √ To select suitable science technology in order to develop pig production under household condition in Quang Tri
Total income/litter (1000VND)
Profit/litter (1000VND)
1628.33a 2051.73a 423.40b
1617.1b 2010.62a 393.53a
1792.98a 2257.12a 464.14a
1658.00a 2184.27a 526.27a Within a row, values with different letters are significantly different (P<0.05)
Table 3: Testing of house selection for MC and F1 sows
Modern style
Traditional style
Criteria
MC
F1
MC
F1
Number born alive/litter (head)
11.50a
11.00a
11.00a
10.00b
Piglets at 21 days of age/litter (head)
9.75b
11.30a
10.75a
10.75a
Weaning number/litter (head)
11.00a
10.71a
10.27a
9.25b
Alive weaning rate (%)
95.65a
97.38a
93.36a
92.50a
Materials and Methods The animals in the experiment were Mong Cai sows (MC) and F1 crossbred (Mong Cai x Yorkshire). The experiment was conducted at 30 households in Hai Phu and Hai Thuong communes . Implement technical solutions that were selected, Evaluate performance and economical efficience of pig production through applying technical solutions.
Table 4: Warming technique and training piglets to eat start feed
Experimental group
Control group
Criteria
F1 (MCxY)
F2 (F1xY)
F1 (MCxY)
F2 (F1xY)
Number of piglets for raising/litter (head)
11.00a
9.75a
11.33a
10.00a
Results Overall, with new technical solutions: Breeds, feeding, using creep box for warming piglets and training piglets to eat “Start feed” brought high economical efficience.
Birth weight/head (kg) Number of piglets at 60 days Weight at 60 days of age/head (kg) Alive piglet rate at 60 days of age (%) Income/litter (1000VND)
0.75a 10.25a 14.08a 93.98a 2290.80a
1.09a 10.00a 15.10a 97.58a 2573.80a
0.76a 9.67a 13.07a 86.11a 2006.93b
1.07a 9.33a 14.83a 94.31a 2346.00a
