NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Assoc. Prof. Nguyn Văn Nhn
Engineering Thermodynamics
(Textbook Compiled for Students
at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering)
NHA TRANG - 2008
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Assoc. Prof. Nguyn Văn Nhn - Engineering Thermodynamics - 2008
Our modern technological society is based largely on the replacement of
human and animal labor by animate, power-producing machinery. Examples of such
machinery are steam power plants that generate electricity, locomotives that pull
freight and passenger trains, and internal combustion engines that power automobiles.
In each of these examples, working fluids such as steam and gases are generated by
combustion of a fuel-air mixture and then are caused to act upon mechanical devices
to produce power. Predictions of how much energy can be obtained from the working
fluid and how well the extraction of energy from the working fluid can be
accomplished are the province of an area of engineering called thermodynamics.
Thermodynamics is based on two experimentally observed laws. The first is
the law of conservation of energy, familiar to the student from the study of classical
mechanics. Whereas in mechanics only potential and kinetic energies are involved, in
thermodynamics the law of conservation of energy is extended to include thermal and
other forms of energy. When an energy transformation occurs, the same total energy
must be present after the transformation as before; in other words, according to the
first law, all the different types of energy must be accounted for and balanced out
when a transformation occurs. For example, in an internal combustion engine, a
specific quantity of thermal energy is released due to the combustion of gasoline in
the engine cylinders. Some of this energy goes out the tailpipe as heated exhaust gases
and is lost; some is converted to useful work in moving the car; and some is dissipated
to the air via the cooling system. Whereas the distribution of these various types of
energy is clearly of important to the engineer, who wants to obtain as much useful
work as possible from a given quantity of fuel, the first law merely states that energy
can be neither created nor destroyed; it does not provide information as to the ultimate
distributions of the energy in its various forms.
The second law provides further information about energy transformations. For
example, it places a limitation on the amount of useful mechanical work that can be
obtained from combustion of the fuel in an internal combustion engine. The first law
states that energy must be conserved. Thus, according to the first law, all the thermal
energy available from combustion of the fuel could be converted to useful mechanical
work with no losses. Intuitively, however, we know that thermal and other losses are
present in the engine. The second law provides a quantitative prediction of the extent
of these losses.
An understanding of thermodynamics and the limitations it imposes on the
conversion of energy from one to another is very relevant to what is going on in the
world today. With limited supplies of conventional energy resources of oil and gas,
and with increased demands for an improved standard of living and an accompanying
increased demand for energy, it is important that we obtain the maximum utilization
of our oil, gas, and coal reserves. Conversion of the chemical energy available in these
fuels to usable form should be done as efficiently as possible. Further, we must
examine the potential of new sources of energy, such as the sun and the oceans.
Again, thermodynamics will be used to evaluate new energy sources and methods of
converting the available energy to useful form.
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Assoc. Prof. Nguyn Văn Nhn - Engineering Thermodynamics - 2008
REFERENCE
1. Bùi Hi, Trn Thế Sơn (2002), K thut nhit, NXB Khoa hc và K thut, Hà
Ni
2. Phm Lê Dn, Đặng Quc Phú (2003), Bài tp cơ s K thut nhit, NXB Giáo
dc.
3. Trn Quang Nh, Bùi Hi, Hoàng Đình Tín, Ng. Hoài Văn (1978), Bài tp Nhit
k thut, NXB Đại hc và THCN.
4. William L. Haberman, James E. A. John, Engineering Thermodynamics with
Heat Transfer, ISBN 0-205-12076-8.
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Assoc. Prof. Nguyn Văn Nhn - Engineering Thermodynamics - 2008
Chương 1
High-temperature reservoir (T
1
)
High-temperature reservoir (T
1
)
KHÁI NIM CƠ BN
1.1. THIT B NHIT
Thiết b nhit là loi thiết b có chc năng biến đổi gia nhit năng và cơ năng.
Thiết b nhit được chia thành 2 nhóm : động cơ nhitmáy lnh. Động cơ
nhit (ví d : động cơ hơi nước, turbine khí, động cơ xăng, động cơ diesel, động cơ
phn lc, v.v.) có chc năng biến đổi nhit năng thành cơ năng. Máy lnh có chc
năng chuyn nhit năng t ngun lnh (ví d : phòng lnh) đến ngun nóng (ví d :
khí quyn).
13
4
2
Q
out
Q
in
W
out
Low-temperature reservoir (T
2
)
Heat Engine
Q
out
Q
in
W
out
H. 1.1-1. Nguyên lý hot động ca turbine hơi nước
1- Ni hơi, 2- Turbine, 3- Thiết b ngưng t, 4- Bơm nước
13
4
2
Q
out
Q
in
W
in
Low-temperature reservoir (T
2
)
Refrigerator
Q
out
Q
in
W
in
H. 1.1-2. Nguyên lý hot động ca máy lnh và bơm nhit
dùng tác nhân lnh là cht lng d bay hơi
1- Giàn lnh, 2- Máy nén, 3- Giàn nóng, 4- Van tiết lưu
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Assoc. Prof. Nguyn Văn Nhn - Engineering Thermodynamics - 2008
1.2. H NHIT ĐỘNG
H nhit động (HNĐ) là mt vt hoc nhiu vt được tách riêng ra khi các vt
khác để nghiên cu nhng tính cht nhit động ca chúng. Tt c nhng vt ngoài
HNĐ được gi là môi trường xung quanh. Vt thc hoc tưởng tượng ngăn cách h
nhit động và môi trường xung quanh đưc gi là ranh gii ca HNĐ.
H nhit động đưc phân loi như sau :
Rigid
vessel
System
boundaries
Water
vapor
Liquid
water
Cylinder
System
boundaries
Gases
Piston
Electrical
power in
Water
pump
a) b)
c)
H. 1.2-1. Hê nhit động
a) HNĐ kín vi th tích không đổi
b) HNĐ kín vi th tích thay đổi
c) HNĐ h
H nhit động kín - HNĐ trong đó không có s trao đổi vt cht gia h
và môi trường xung quanh.
H nhit động h - HNĐ trong đó có s trao đổi vt cht gia h và môi
trường xung quanh.
H nhit động cô lp - HNĐ được cách ly hoàn toàn vi môi trường xung
quanh.