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Giáo trình "Văn minh Anh - Mỹ" được biên soạn dành cho bậc học cử nhân với mục tiêu cung cấp cho sinh viên sự hiểu biết tổng quát về đời sống nhiều mặt của nước Anh cùng như nước Mỹ. Sách được chia thành 2 phần, mời các bạn cùng tham khảo nội dung phần 1 cuốn sách.

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a_Ê VĂN sự Giáo TRìnH Văn Hlỉnh mn-im tmim Gồm: Geography GI-108T History Culture 2011 | PDF | 169 Pages buihuuhanh@gmail.com NHÃ XUẤT BẢN THÔNG TẤN
LÊ VĂN Sự Giảpg viên Tiêng Anh Trường Cao đẳng Sư phạm Đồng Nai Trường Đại học Dân lập Lạc Hổng GIÁO TRÌNH VĂN MINH ANH - MỸ BRITISH - AMERICAN CIVILIZATION Gồm: GEOGRAPHY HISTORY CULTfcttỄ0C [trung ĩtì THỒNgm - THƯ VIỆN Số:........ AWt,.. NHÀ XUẤT BẢN THÔNG TẤN 2001
PREFACE This course of British - American Civilization is prepared for the B.A programme, and aims at providing the students with a general understanding of the multi-faceted British and American life. The lectures are concentrated on these three domains: 1. GEOGRAPHY: with some insights into the topography or natural regions of the British Isles and the U.S.; and some general views of other related fields, namely: climate - population - industry - agriculture - transport and cities. 2. HISTORY: with some main facts from the history of Britain and America alongside with the political and social institutions of each country. 3. CULTURE: with typical lectures on education - tradition - customs - sports - entertainment and prominent people. This material should be dealt with in reference to the test format which usually comprises these two common parts: ® Identification of geographical, historical and cultural items. • Essay writing on one of the burning issues concerning British and American civilization. The students, therefore, are expected to ensure regular class attendance, make a summary of what they have learnt and practise writing on significant matters. In this way we bet they will achieve success in the course. Last but not least, we hope to hear all the hearty remarks and suggestions from the users of this coursebook. LE VAN SU Dong Nai Teachers’ College Lac Hong University 5
LOI NOI DAU Giáo trình Vàn Minh Anh - Mỹ này được biên soạn dành cho bậc học cứ nhân với mục tiêu cung câp cho sinh viên sự hiểu biết tổng quát về đời sông nhiều mặt của nước Anh cũng như nước Mỹ. Các bài giảng tập trung vào ba lãnh vực sau đáy: 1. ĐỊA LY: với những khái niệm về địa hình hay các miền tự nhiên của Đáo Anh Quôc và Mỹ Quốc cùng với cái nhìn tổng quan về những lãnh vực khác liên quan như là: Khí hậu - dân sô' - công nghiệp - nông nghiệp - vận tải và các thành phố. 2. LỊCH SU: với một vài sự kiện chính về lịch sử Anh - Mỹ, cùng với những định chê chính trị xã hội của mỗi nước. 3. VĂN HÓA: với những bài giảng tiêu biểu về giáo dục - truyền thông - phong tục - thế’ thao - giái trí và những con người kiệt xuất. Giáo trình này nên được sứ dụng có tham khảo đêìi dạng thức đề thi với hai phần thường gặp: - Phần nhận biết các sự kiện địa lý, lịch sử và văn hóa. - Phần tự luận về một trong những vấn đề nóng bỏng liên quan đến văn minh Anh - Mỹ. Vì vậy sinh viên phải đảm bảo việc tham gia đều đặn các giờ giảng, tóm tắt những điều đã học và luyện viết về những vấn đề đáng quan tâm. Bằng cách này chúng tôi tin họ sẽ thành công trong khóa học. Điểm cuối cùng nhưng không kém phần quan trọng là chúng tòi hi vọng nhận được những nhận xét và đóng góp chân tình từ các bạn đọc. LÊ VĂN Sự Trường CĐSP Đồng Nai Trường Đại Học Lạc Hồng 6
MỤC LỤC PREFACE..................................................................................................................................... 5 LỜI NÓI ĐẨU............... ................................................................................................................ 6 MỤC LỤC............................................................................................................. ?.......................7 BOOK1: BRITISH CIVILIZATION........................................................................................... 11 Part One : GEOGRAPHY............... 12 Lecture 1: ENGLAND IN THE BRITISH ISLES..................................................................... 13 Lecture 2: SCOTLAND IN THE BRITISH ISLES................................. 16 Lecture 3: WALES IN THE BRITISH ISLES.......................................... 17 Lecture 4: NORTHERN IRELAND IN THE BRITISH ISLES............................. 19 Lecture 5: INDUSTRY OF BRITAIN....................................................................................... 20 Lecture 6: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION......................................................... Lecture 7: AGRICULTURE IN GREAT BRITAIN....................... 23 Lectures: TRANSPORT..........................................................................................................24 Lecture 9: CLIMATE - THE ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION............... ......................... 26 Lecture 10: THE WEATHER IN ENGLAND..................... 27 Lecture 11: POPULATION AND THE CITY OF LONDON....................................................28 Lecture 12: LONDON, THE CAPITAL OF THE UNITED KINGDOM................................... 30 Lecture 13: OXFORD & OXFORD UNIVERSITY.................................?.................................32 Lecture 14: THE GREAT OF LONDON FOG......................................................................... 33 Lecture 15: CAMBRIDGE.........................................................................................................34 Lecture 16. EDINBURGH..........................................................................................................35 Lecture 17: MANCHESTER......................................................................................................36 Lecture 18: THE COUNTIES AND COUNTY TOWNS OF THE BRITISH ISLES............... 37 Part Two : HISTORY............................................................................................................ 43 Lecture'19: OUTSTANDING DATES IN THE HISTORY OF BRITAIN................................ 44 Lecture 20: THE ROMAN TIMES IN BRITISH HISTORY.....................................................47 Lecture 21: THE ENGLISH KINGDOMS................................................................................48 Lecture 22:' KING ALFRED THE GREAT...............................................................................49 Lecture 23: ENGLAND UNDER FOREIGN KINGS...............................................................50 Lecture 24: THE GREAT CHARTER (1215) AND THE BEGINNING OF THE ENGLISH PARLIAMENT............................................. 51 ' Lecture 25: THE PEASANTS' REVOLT IN THE 14th CENTURY........................................52 Lecture 26: FRANCIS DRAKE (1540-1596).......................................................................... 53 Lecture 27: THE ENGLISH BOURGEOIS REVOLUTION AND THE 7
COMMONWEALTH (1629-1660).................................................................................... 56 Lecture 28: THE PLAGUE....................................................................................................... 57 Lecture 29: THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON........................................................................ 58 Lecture 30: CHARTISM (1832-1848)..................................................................................... 59 Lecture 31: THE RISE & FALL OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE................................................ 60 Lecture 32: POLITICS IN BRITAIN..................................... 62 Part Thr ee: CULTURE..................................................................................... 64 Lecture 33: SCHOOLS IN BRITAIN....................................................................... 65 Lecture 34: THE STONE OF DESTINY..................................................................................67 Lecture 35: THE THEATRE ROYAL...................................................................................... 68 Lecture 36: FIREPLACES.........................................................................................................69 Lecture 37: BIG BEN................................................................................................................ 69 Lecture 38: AN EISTEDDFOD................................................................................................. 7? Lecture 39: A ROBIN HOOD DANCE..................................................................................... 72 Lecture 40: GUY FAWKES DAY.............................................................................................73 Lecture 41: THE FIRST OF MAY.'..........................................................................................74 Lecture 42: BANK HOLIDAYS IN BRITAIN........................................................................... 75 Lecture 43: CALENDAR OF SPECIAL OCCASIONS...................................................... 76 Lecture 44: ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727)........................................................................... 78 Lecture 45: CHARLES DICKENS.......................................................................................... 79 Lecture 46: GEORGE STEPHENSON (1781-1848)............................................................ 80 Lecture 47: HARRY POLLITT (1890-1960)........................................................................... 81 Lecture 48: BENJAMIN BRITTEN (1913-1977)...................................... ■............................ 83 Lecture 49: SPORTS IN BRITAIN............................................................................................84 Lecture 50: THE HISTORY OF FOOTBALL.......................................................................... 85 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................................87 BOOK 2: AMERICAN CIVILIZATION..................................................................................... 88 Part One : GEOGRAPHY.................................................................................................... 89 Lecture 1 NATURAL REGIONS.............................................................................................90 Lecture 2: A TRIP FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO NEW YORK............................................ 91 Lecture 3: THE MAIN GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE PACIFIC........................................................................................................................93 Lecture 4: POPULATION & MAIN CITIES..............................................................................97 Lecture 5: WASHINGTON...................................................................................................... 99 Lecture 6. NEW YORK........................................................................... 101 Lecture 7: NEW YORK. THE CITY OF THE YELLOW DEVIL........................................... 102 8
Lectures: CHICAGO ............................................................................................................ 104 Lecture 9: SAN FRANCISCO................................................................................................ 105 Lecture 10: THE AMERICAN ECONOMY............................................................................106 Lecture 11: INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE.................................................................... 108 Part Two : HISTORY.......................................................................................................... 110 Lecture 12: THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.................................................................. 111 Lecture 13: OUTSTANDING DATES IN THE HISTORY....................................................113 Lecture 14: INDIANS IN NORTH AMERICA....................................................................... 116 Lecture 15: THE COMING OF THE WHITE MEN TO NORTH AMERICA........................117 Lecture 16: THE BOSTON TEA PARTY .............................................................................118 Lecture 17: THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE................................................................... 119 Lecture 18: SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES...............................................................120 Lecture 19: THE CIVIL WAR BETWEEN THE STATES(1861-1865)................................121 Lecture 20: THE POLITICAL SYSTEM................................................ 122 Lecture 21: AMERICAN SYSTEM........................................................................................124 Part Thr ee: CULTURE..................................................................................................... 127 Lecture 22: THE AMERICAN PEOPLE................................................................................128 Lecture 23: THE MELTING POT: MANY NATIONALITIES............................................... 130 Lecture 24: THE COLOUR PROBLEM................................................................................. 132 Lecture 25: THE CHURCH IN AMERICA..............................................................................134 Lecture 26: AMERICAN FAMILIES...................................................................................... 135 Lecture 27: NICKNAMES OF THE STATES....................................................................... 136 Lecture 28: LEISURE, ENTERTAINMENT & SPORTS...................................................... 138 Lecture 29: AMERICAN SPORTS AND GAMES................................................................139 Lecture 30: BASKET BALL (1)..............................................................................................140 Lecture 31: ON THE INVENTION OF BASKET BALL (2)................................................. 141 Lecture 32: AMUSEMENT FOR THE MASSES..................................................................142 Lecture 33: PUBLIC HOLIDAYS IN THE U.S.A (1)........................................................... 144 Lecture 34: A SUMMARY TABLE OF SPECIAL DAYS IN THE U.S.A (2)........................146 Lecture 35: AMERICAN SCHOOLS (1)................................................................................147 Lecture 36: AMERICAN SCHOOLS-(2)................................................................................149 Lecture 37: SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES...................................................................... 151 Lecture 38: YOUTH ORGANIZATION IN THE U.S.A.......................................................... 153 Lecture 39: AMERICAN ENGLISH...................................................................................... 154 Lecture 40: THE CELEBRATION OF MAY 1 IN AN AMERICAN SCHOOL..................... 155 Lecture 41: HALLOWEEN - OCTOBER 31...........................................................................157 Lecture 42: ST. VALENTINE'S DAY - FEBRUARY 14....................................................... 158 9
Lecture 43: APRIL FOOL'S DAY - APRIL 1 ........................................................................ 159 Lecture 44: NIAGARA FALLS...............................................................................................160 Lecture 45: ABRAHAM LINCOLN.........................................................................................162 Lecture 46: THOMAS EDISON............................................................................................. 163 Lecture 47: BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706-1790)................................................................164 Lecture 48: LUTHER KING................................................................................................... 165 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................................167 CÙNG TÁC GIẢ SÁCH ĐÃ XUẤT BẢN................................................................................168 1 10
BOOK 1 BRITISH CIVILIZATION I 11
Part One GEOGRAPHY 12
Lecture 1: ENGLAND IN THE BRITISH ISLES I. GENERAL NOTIONS 1. Britain can be referred to in several different ways: Britain, Great Britain, the British Isles, the U.K. 2. The British Isles is the name given to England, Scotland, Wales and the whole of Ireland in the geography books. 3. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the name of the land the Queen reigns over. The U.K is its shortened form. 4. Britain - or Great Britain - is England, Scotland and Wales, but it is often used to include Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is also referred to as “Ulster”. 5. The Republic of Ireland is Southern Ireland. It is independent and has its own government in the capital city, Dublin. It is called Eire. 6. The United Kingdom can be divided into four large historical areas ENGLAND; SCOTLAND; WALES; NORTHERN IRELAND . II. ENGLAND England is often sub-divided into three parts: 1. The South: including the South-West. 2. The Midlands. 3. The North. HI. THE SOUTH OF ENGLAND A. Some special features: 1. The climate is warmer than in the other areas. 13
2. The landscape is most varied. There are hundreds of miles of sea coast which vary from flat, sandy or stony beaches to high rocky cliffs. Inland, the landscape is gentle and green. The farmland is like a vast park with trees. The Thames Valley is a reminder that you are never far from a river in England. 3. The coastal resorts of the south are famous for holidays. 4. London spreads its influence over much of the area. London’s suburbs stretch for miles, around the capital. 5. Transport between Britain and the continent of Europe is provided largely by ferries from ports in the south: Dover, Portsmouth, Southampton, Plymouth... across the English Channel (the sea between England and France). 6. In general, the south is wealthier and the price of goods and houses is higher than in other areas of Britain. B. Sonic places of interest.: 1. Stonehenge: a prehistoric stone monument on Salisbury Plain. 2. Eton: the famous public school founded in 1440. 3. Canterbury: the cathedral and the residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury, who is the religious head of the Church of England. 4. Bath: a beautiful town in the West Country. 5. Oxford and Cambridge: the oldest university towns in Britain. IV. THE MIDLANDS A. Sonic special features: 1. The climate is cooler and wetter than in the South. The Midlands do not have so much sea coast. 2. The Midlands have large indurstrial areas which are very distinct from the rural area. The Black Country of the West Midlands is one. It is the area where the Industrial Revolution began in Britain. 14
However, the Midlands also have much farming land. 3. Birmingham is the chief city of the Midlands. It is the second largest city in the U.K. It IS famous for car production. 4. The East Midlands has the most productive pits in the British coal mining industry. 5. Farming in the Midlands is varied: the keeping of animals and the raising of crops. BpSome places of interest: 1. Stratford-on-Avon: the birth-place and burial place of w. Shakespeare. 2. Coventry: the fine modern cathedral. V. THE NORTH OF ENGLAND A. Some special features: 1. In general, it gets colder the further north-east you go, and wetter in the west. There is almost always snow in winter. 2. There is a great contrast in the North between the beautiful open, hilly countryside and the industrial towns and mining villages. 3. Some famous industrial centres are: Manchester, Sheffield, Leeds, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 4. The North has coal fields in almost all its counties. 5. The chemical industry is well established in the North. B. Sonic places of interest: 1. The Roman Wall, Hadrian’s Wall: a huge fortification all along the Scottish border. 2. The Lake District. REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Explain the different names of Britain. 15
2. What are the four large areas of the United Kingdom? 3. Describe the three parts of England: special features and some places of interest. Lecture 2: SCOTLAND IN THE BRITISH ISLES I. SOME SPECIAL FEATURES 1. Scotland was once an independent kingdom. In 1603 the king of Scotland inherited the English throne. He ruled as James I of England and James VI of Scotland. 2. In 1707 the Scottish parliament was merged with the English parliament, and Scotland lost its political independence. 3. The Scots are a proud, independent people. They have some freedom from the rule of the central government in London, especially in running their educational, legal and local government systems. 4. There are three large geographical areas in Scotland: the Highlands, the Lowlands and the Islands. Five million people live in Scotland. Three-quarters of them live in the Central Lowlands. Edinburgh is the capital. The regions of Scotland are administered from Edinburgh. Glasgow is the chief industrial and commercial city. 5. The bagpipes: the Scottish national musical instrument. 6. Religion: At the Reformation in the 16th century, many Scots became protestants. But in places like Glasgow the Roman Catholic Church is very strong. 7. The landscape: Scotland is a large country. It is beautiful. It has 16
mountains (the highest = Ben Nevis, 1342 metres), lakes (called “lochs”), forests, hundreds of kilometres of seashore and hundreds of islands. II. PLACES TO VISIT 1. The Edimburgh Festival for music and drama. 2. The Western Isles for the beauty of their highland and wide seas. 3. Loch Ness, to catch a glimpse of the monster? REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Cite the history of Scotland in a few lines. 2. Summarize the geographical features of Scotland. 3. Name some places-to visit in Scotland. Lecture 3: WALES IN THE BRITISH ISLES I. SOME SPECIAL FEATURES 1. For centuries, Wales was a rebellious Henry Tudor, became king of his. sonTHeHry^ilTTinited, England and Wales under ojie JtRUNG ĨẪỐ THONG TIN. THU VIỆN 2. The capital is Cardiff. Số:.... .................. There are 2.8 million inhabitants in Wales. The highest number live in the industrial areas of South Wales. The main Welsh industries have been coal-mining, iron and steel making, tin-plate manufacturing. 3. The architecture of the towns and mining villages can be very ugly but the Welsh countryside is beautiful. 17
4. Wales is popular with tourists. IL SOME SPECIAL POINTS OF INTEREST 1. The Welsh love to sing. Choirs are established in villages, in pubs, in working men’s clubs, in chapels. Wherever the Welsh meet, they sing. 2. Welsh folklore and the language strengthen each other. Every year a national festival of traditional poetry and music is held: it is called the EISTEDDFOD. There is a competition for the best new poem in Welsh. 3. There are a lot of Welsh people with the same family names: Jones, Evans, Lloyd, Hughes. This can be confusing so they are sometimes called, according to their jobs: ® Jones the post (postman) » Jones the meat (butcher) • Jones the milk (milkman) ® Jones the song (choirmaster). REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Talk about Wales from the political and geographical points of view. 2. What do you know about the Welsh festival “EISTEDDFOD”? 3. What is special about the names in Wales? 18
Lecture 4: NORTHERN IRELAND IN THE BRITISH ISLES I. HISTORICAL FEATURES 1. The whole of Ireland, sometimes called “The Isle of Érin”, used to be under the British monarchy. It was ruled from London. It had a long history of rebellion until 1921. 2. In 1921, Southern Ireland became independent. It is called Eire. Northern Ireland remained united with the rest of Britain. Northern Ireland is a province. It is often called by the name of the province ULSTER. It is also referred to as the Six Counties. It is now governed directly from London. 3. Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland. Dublin is the capital of the Irish Republic (Southern Ireland). 4. The settlers were protestants; the native Irish were'Catholics. The protestants are determined to remain politically united with Britain. The Catholics feel under-privileged. Many of them look to the Republic in the South for support. The Republic in the South is mainly Catholic. The protestant community controls the economic and political life in the North. The Catholics resent this. 5. The hope is that the Northern Irish will agree to share power amongst themselves. They can then run their country peacefully through a reformed parliamentary system; direct rule from London will end. A II. GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES 1. The landscape of Northern Ireland is gentle. It is green because it rains a lot. 19
2. The mountains roll gently down to the sea. 3. Northern Ireland is a land of lakes, rivers and a varied sea coast. It is never more than an hour’s car drive to get to the sea from any point in the province. It is a great place for outdoor sports, and for tourism. Above all, the Northern Irish people are friendly and generous. St Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland. REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. What happened in Ireland in 1921. 2. Why does the religious devision still remain in Northern Ireland? 3. State the geographical features of Northern Ireland. Lecture 5: INDUSTRY OF BRITAIN I. NATIONAL INDUSTRY 1. The Midlands have large industrial areas. The Black Country of the West Midlands is one. It is the area where the Industrial Revolution began in Britain. 2. The East Midlands has a thriving coal-mining industry. Coal is used to produce electricity. 3. London does not at first look like an industrial city. Indeed, industry has been encouraged to move out of London, particularly during the last ten years. Nevertheless, manufacturing and the service industries still provide Londoners with jobs, especially if they are skilled workers. 4. Still nationalized industries are: coal, railways, nuclear research and development, nuclear fuel, postal services. 5. Birmingham is the second largest city in the United Kingdom. It is 20
famous for engineering, especially car production. 6. Other famous industrial centres are Manchester (making textiles, engineering), Sheffield (steel-making), Leeds (textile), Newcastle-on- Tyne (ship-building and repairing). IL PRIVATE INDUSTRY 1. A private agency is run by individuals or companies for profit. Both the employer and the job-seeker often have to pay for its services. A private agency usually specializes in one kind of employment. 2. Some of the privatized industries: • British Gas • British Telecom • British Airways o British Airports Authority • British Aerospace ® Rolls Royce Engineering ® National Freight Corporation ® Coach Transport. REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Which area of Britain occupies the large part of the British industry? Support your answer with evidence. 2. What are the nationalized industries in Britain? 3. Name some privatized industries in Britain. 21