Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT USING WEAVER ANTS AS A MAJOR COMPONENT FOR CASHEW
Project title: Implementation of the IPM program using weaver ants as a major component for cashew growers in Vietnam
Project code: CARD 029/05/VIE
Author(s): Prof. Keith Christian1, Dr. Renkang Peng1, La Pham Lan2 and Nguyen Thanh Binh2
Project Implementing organisations:
1 Charles Darwin University, Australia
2 Institute of Agricultural Science of South Vietnam
SUMMARY
Cashew is a very important crop in Vietnam, and the government has designated cashew development as a national priority. Productivity of cashew has increased since 2002, but the extensive use of pesticides has caused health problems to farmers, their animals and the environment. The cashew IPM programs using weaver ants as a key element developed at Charles Darwin University (CDU) do not involve high toxic insecticides, but result in high yield and nut quality. This project is to use the CDU cashew IPMs to develop and implement an integrated cashew improvement (ICI) program that will work under Vietnamese conditions.
An ICI manual and an ICI photo book that work in Vietnam have been developed at 500 and 3000 copies, respectively, and used in the TOT and FFS training, and the positive comments on the materials are received. The project has produced 113 competitive TOT trainers, who have successfully conducted 98 FFSs, resulting in 2,448 knowledgeable farmers. Demonstration orchards produced 13% more net profit in the ICI plot than in the farmers’ plot. Over 95% of farmers were pleased with the FFS training contents, methods and the results of demonstration orchards. The project has produced benefits for small-holders and farm health and crop aspects of capacity building, and improved farm environment, sustainability. There is a high demand of FFS training by local cashew growers.
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1.
Introduction
is and crop has in Vietnam, designated
consider on cashew orchards in Australia and Africa, this project was proposed with the aim of increasing cashew yield and improving nut quality. Specific objectives are (1) to conduct TOT training in cashew IPM for TOT trainers to conduct FFSs in their local region, (2) to develop an IPM cashew curriculum and a series of illustrative posters based on the cashew IPM programs developed in Australia that will work in Vietnamese conditions and (3) to assess the effectiveness of the FFS model in increasing farmer knowledge and reducing pesticide use in cashew production. such as
2.
Research contents and methods
2.1. Research Contents of
are involved
has identified hemipterans cashew plants and
A Start up workshop was held on 5 May 2006 the Institute of Agricultural Science of at Southern Vietnam (IAS). A total of 38 experts who in Vietnam cashew production were invited, they came from plant protection departments, research institutions, universities, non-government organizations, agricultural services and rural departments, an insecticide company and media corporations.
practice. trainees enable to
Scientists
Guinea Papua New
an Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) the important government cashew development as a national priority. The area growing cashew is about 430000 ha located in Central Highlands, South Central Coast and South East region. Cashew is planted mainly in inverse soils that are low in fertility and with low precipitation. For years, cashew plants were considered as a forestry plant so that the any intensive growers did not techniques fertilization or plant protection (David, 1999). When the decree of Prime Minister signed in 7 May 1999 on the cashew production was development released, the growing area of this plant for exports expanded rapidly in Southern Vietnam. However, the productivity of cashew is low because of serious damage from insect pests and inadequate farm management. Insect pests of that are lepidopterans predominant (An, 2003; Lan et al., 2002). Generally the use of insecticides is a common practice by farmers to control insect pests. In some cases the efficacy of insecticides was not proven due to misuse and farmer use of insecticides as a preventive tool. To achieve high yields most growers rely heavily on insecticides, resulting in increased costs, pest resistance, environmental pollution and the reduction of natural enemies and pollinators. The suggestion of using a biological agent as weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) instead of insecticides is not new but has potential as a control measure. In the Mekong Delta the application of weaver ants can control insect pests in citrus orchards and also give fruit with few blemishes. The use of weaver ants as a insect pests is biological control agent of common in the Mekong Delta (Barzman et al., 1999). from Charles Darwin University found that an IPM program that used weaver ants as a key element had been in successfully used by cashew growers Australia, and Mozambique (Peng and Duncan, 1999; Peng, 2000, 2001, 2002; Peng et al., 1999, 2004).
Organization of Training of Trainees (TOT) classes: Two TOT courses were organized. One TOT was held at the sub-PPD of Binh Phuoc province, and the other at the Hung Loc Agricultural Research Center belonging to IAS located in Dong Nai province. Two TOT courses have resulted in 60 trainees (30 each), who are currently IPM trainers in rice and vegetables in provincial sub-PPD. Because cashew trees are perennial, the period from flowering to harvesting is more important than other periods. The TOT courses ran from flowering to harvest. At each site, one demonstration cashew orchard was established Each to demonstration orchard is 1.2 ha, divided into two treatments. One treatment was managed by the orchard owner with his current farming practices including insecticide sprays. The other was managed by the IPM program. The two TOTs of 1st year have been completed, the two TOT of the 2nd year are currently running. A total of 120 cashew IPM trainers will be available at the end of the project.
Based on the successful examples on citrus orchards in the Mekong Delta (Vietnam) and 177
Keith Christian, Renkang Peng, La Pham Lan & Nguyen Thanh Binh
above each the of insecticides before the FFS training, 24% fewer farmers used insecticides after the FFS training (Table 1 and 2). In addition to this, over 92% of the farmers showed a full understanding of the principles and tactics of farming conducting activities.
Table 1. Number of people who used insecticides before and after the FFS training.
Total
Organization of Farmer Field School (FFS) classes: After finishing the course 60 TOT trainees will become cashew IPM trainers. The 60 IPM trainers will be divided to 30 groups (2 for each group), and each group will run one FFS. Each FFS will take 25 farmers. A total of 30 FFSs will be completed in the 1st year and a total of 750 cashew smallholders will be trained in cashew IPM. In the 3rd year, each group of “old trainees” (2 trainers) will run 2 FFSs, and each group of “new trainees” (2 each) will run one FFSs,
Before FFS 180 17 197 After FFS 133 64 197 313 81 394
Insecticide spray Yes No Total Pearson Chi-square statistics χ2 = 34.329; P < 0.001; df = 1. A Base line survey was conducted in the target provinces of this project Binh Phuoc, Dong Nai, Binh Duong, Binh Thuan, Ba Ria Vung Tau, Dak Lak and Dak Nong provinces.
3.
Research results and discussions
Total
3.1 Baseline survey - Effectiveness of the FFS model in increasing farmer knowledge and reducing pesticide use in cashew production Before FFS 152 44 196 After FFS 147 49 196 299 93 392
Table 2. Number of people who used insecticides and herbicides before and after the FFS training. Herbicide use Yes No Total Pearson Chi-square statistics χ2 = 0.352; P = 0.553; df = 1.
knowledge insect about
The effectiveness of the FFS training on farmers’ knowledge and farming skills has been assessed against baseline data. Of 197 questionnaires collected from the first year FFS farmers, over 95% of farmers were happy with the FFS training contents, with the training methods, and with the results from FFS demonstration orchards. More that 80% of the farmers were sure that weaver ants could the main cashew insect pests and control would improve cashew yield and nut quality. Over 80% of farmers knew how to use weaver ants, would use weaver ants, and would tell their friends and other farmers to use the ants. Farmers’ pests, diseases and their natural enemies as well as general farming skills has been significantly improved (Peng et al., 2009).
In the baseline survey, farmers, on average, could only recognise < 1 insect pest species, and 37% of them could not recognise any insect pests. After the FFS training, on average, farmers could recognise 3.3 species. More than 85% of the farmers could recognise tea mosquito bugs, branch borers and stem- root borers, and over 20% of farmers could recognise thrips, shoot borers, branch borers, red caterpillars and mealy bugs, which are the major insect pests in cashew orchards. In our baseline survey, farmers could only recognise < 1 disease, and 37% of them could not recognise any disease. Besides, farmers, on average, could recognise 2 diseases. After the FFS, 92% of the farmers could recognise the most important disease ‘anthracnose’. In the baseline survey, a majority of farmers had no knowledge of the natural enemies of the pest species. After the FFS training, farmers could recognise an average of 2.2 species of natural enemies, and 100% of the farmers knew weaver ants very well.
Farmers’ knowledge about the general farming activities has been significantly improved. farmers Compared to the proportion of conducting each of these farming activities before the FFS training, 35%, 49%, 28%, 31%, and 18% more farmers conducted weeding, mulching, irrigation, pruning and fertilizer application respectively after the FFS training. Compared to the proportion of farmers using With regard to the reduction of insecticide use, 91% of the farmers used insecticides before the FFS training, but after the FFS training, only
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3.2 TOT training in cashew IPM for TOT trainers to conduct FFSs in their local region
regions, local
A total of 113 TOT trainers have graduated from our two-year TOT training (56 in the first year and 57 in the second year (Peng et al., 2008e), and they are very competent in FFS training (Peng et al., 2008c). These TOT trainers have successfully conducted 98 FFSs in their resulting in 2,448 farmers having graduated with improved knowledge and farming skills in relation to the cashew ICI program (Peng et al., 2009).
symptoms during or 67% of the farmers used insecticides, resulting in a 24% reduction (Peng et al., 2009). This was because insect pest damage was greatly reduced after using weaver ants in their orchards. However, with the application of the ICI program, it would expect that the current level (67%) of farmers using insecticides will decrease further when farmers get more and more experience using weaver ants. Besides this, 92% of the farmers demonstrated a full understanding of when and how to use insecticides in their orchards (Peng et al., 2009). In contrast, in baseline survey, 80% of the farmers experienced various kinds of poison the after insecticide operations (Peng et al., 2006a).
TOT Field work in cashew garden Opening a TOT course in Binh Phuoc
3.3 experiments in the (November to March), Field demonstration orchards
3.3.1 Binh Phuoc orchard
(Helopeltis sp.), antonii), leaf miners the aphids, leaf During the period of pre-flowering flush to nut development the damage level of cashew flushing shoots, flowers or young nuts by tea mosquito bugs, shoot borers, leaf miners, aphids and leaf rollers was similar between the farmer’s plot (P > 0.05; Table 3). and the IPM plot However, the average level of developmental nuts damaged by the fruit-nut borer was lower in the IPM plot than in the farmer’s plot (P = 0.018; Table 3). Based on the monitoring data, the common insect pests in this orchard were tea mosquito borers shoot bugs (Acrocercops (Alcidodes apple-nut borer syngramma), rollers and branch (Nephopteryx sp), borer.
Leaf rollers Leaf miner (Acrocercops syngramma)
Red tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis antonii)
Blue shoot borer (Alcidodes sp.)
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Table 3. The mean % shoots damaged by insect pests in the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot of the demonstration orchard at Binh Phuoc province, Vietnam. 2008.
2 = 0.400; df = 1; P
Pest name Treatment Friedman two–way ANOVA Mean % shoots damaged /tree + SD Rank sum Statistic
2 = 0.400; df = 1; P
Tea mosquito bugs Shoot borers
2 = 0.111; df = 1; P
The leaf miner
2 = 0.111; df = 1; P
Aphids
The fruit-nut borer* Leaf rollers* Xr = 0.527 Xr = 0.527 Xr = 0.739 Xr = 0.739 U = 29405.0; df = 1; P = 0.018 U = 28372.5; df = 1; P = 0.933 Farmer IPM Farmer IPM Farmer IPM Farmer IPM Farmer IPM Farmer IPM 6.5 + 3.8 6.7 + 3.2 8.3 + 7.0 7.9 + 5.1 1.8 + 1.6 1.8 + 1.5 11.5 + 11.9 12.4 + 11.8 0.11 + 0.69 0.01 + 0.15 0.4 + 1.2 0.7 + 3.4 14.0 16.0 14.0 16.0 15.5 14.5 14.5 15.5 57608.0 56395.0 56575.5 57427.5 *, Mann-Whitney U test is used.
than in the farmer’s plot. However, the average level of shoots with aphids was more in the IPM plot than in the farmer’s plot (Table 4). During the cashew dormant or leaf flush period (April to July), the damage on flushing shoots by tea mosquito bugs, shoot borers and leaf miners was significantly lower in the IPM plot
Table 4. The mean % shoots damaged by insect pests in the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot during the tree dormancy or leaf flush period at Binh Phuoc province, Vietnam.
2 = 8.000; df = 1; P
Pest name Treatment Friedman two–way ANOVA Mean % shoots damaged /tree + SD Rank sum Statistic
Tea mosquito bugs Xr = 0.005
2 = 8.000; df = 1; P
Shoot borers Xr = 0.005
2 = 4.500; df = 1; P
The leaf miner Xr = 0.034
2 = 8.000; df = 1; P
Aphids Xr = 0.005 Farmer IPM Farmer IPM Farmer IPM Farmer IPM 6.5 + 11.2 2.4 + 4.3 5.0 + 2.0 2.4 + 0.9 1.2 + 1.0 0.5 + 0.3 9.0 + 5.9 13.3 + 9.6 16.0 8.0 16.0 8.0 15.0 9.0 8.0 16.0
3.3.2 Hung Loc Centre orchard
Based on regular monitoring, the main insect pests in this orchard are tea mosquito bugs, leaf miners, aphids and branch leaf rollers, borers. The minor pests are shoot borers and mealy bugs. The mean damage level on cashew flowers and young nuts by each of these pests was similar between the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot (Table 5).
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Brown aphids Damage on shoots Mealy bug damage on nuts Weaver ants farm mealy bugs
Table 5. The mean % shoots damaged by insect pests in the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot of the demonstration orchard at Hong Loc Centre, Dong Nai province, Vietnam. 2008
2 = 3.000; df =
Pest name Treatment Friedman two–way ANOVA Mean % shoots damaged /tree + SD Rank sum Statistic
Tea mosquito bugs The shoot borer*
2 = 0.333; df =
Leaf rollers
2 = 2.000; df =
The leaf miner
Mealy bugs*
2 = 1.000; df =
Aphids Xr 1; P = 0.083 U = 2788.5; df = 1; P = 0.135 Xr 1; P = 0.564 Xr 1; P = 0.157 U = 2295.5; df = 1; P = 0.088 Xr 1; P = 0.317 Farmer IPM Farmer IPM Farmer IPM Farmer IPM Farmer IPM Farmer IPM 1.25 + 2.64 2.49 + 3.40 0.64 + 1.79 0.26 + 1.06 3.13 + 3.85 3.42 + 3.93 2.75 + 3.83 2.65 + 4.49 0.69 + 2.03 1.96 + 5.49 0.75 + 2.47 1.96 + 4.33 6 9 5273.5 5166.5 7 8 7 5 4780.5 5659.5 6.5 8.5 *, Mann-Whitney U test is used.
The average number of nuts per tree were similar between the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot (P = 0.206; Table 6). The nuts were cleaner and shinier in the IPM plot than in the farmer’s plot.
the crop 2008-2009,
the
shoot borers, leaf rollers, leaf miners, mealy bugs and aphids. The mean damage level on cashew flushing shoots, flowers or young nuts by shoot borers, leaf rollers and leaf miners was similar between the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot. Although tea mosquito damage was higher in the IPM plot than in farmer’s plot, the damage caused by tea mosquito bugs was < 5 %, which is lower than the control threshold determined by Peng et al. (1997). The damage caused by mealy bugs and aphids was higher in the IPM plot than in the farmer’s plot, but the average damage was <1% and <2% for mealy bugs and aphids respectively (Table 7). In the season demonstration orchard at Hung Loc Centre of the IAS has also been successfully completed. The weaver ant abundance was over 50% from November 2008 to May 2009, ant populations were stable during the period of cashew flowering and fruiting (January – March). Regular monitoring showed that the main insect pests are tea mosquito bugs, the
Table 6. The number of cashew nuts per half canopy in the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot of the demonstration orchard at Hung Loc Centre, Dong Nai, Vietnam. 2008.
Plot (Treatment) Rank sum
Number of nuts per tree (No. + SD) 179.2 + 104.7 177.9 + 143.9 17 13 Farmer (use insecticides) IPM (use weaver ants only) Friedman two–way ANOVA Xr2 = 1.600; df = 1; P = 0.206
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2 = 4.500; df =
Friedman two–way ANOVA Treatment Table 7. The mean % shoots damaged by insect pests in the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot of the demonstration orchard at Hong Loc Centre, February 2008 – May 2009, Dong Nai province, Vietnam. Mean % shoots Pest name damaged /tree + SD Rank sum Statistic
2 = 1.000; df =
Tea mosquito bugs The shoot borer
2 = 0.333; df =
Leaf rollers
2 = 1.000; df =
The leaf miner
2 = 4.000; df =
Mealy bugs
2 = 13.000; df =
Aphids Xr 1; P = 0.034 Xr 1; P = 0.317 Xr 1; P = 0.564 Xr 1; P = 0.317 Xr 1; P = 0.046 Xr 1; P < 0.001 Farmer IPM Farmer IPM Farmer IPM Farmer IPM Farmer IPM Farmer IPM 2.89 + 5.22 4.28 + 5.82 1.51 + 3.84 1.95 + 4.72 3.25 + 7.19 4.08 + 7.47 1.31 + 3.39 2.10 + 4.88 0.08 + 0.92 0.34 + 2.37 0.18 + 1.17 1.75 + 4.36 19.5 25.5 18.5 20.5 19.0 20.0 22.0 23.0 17.5 21.5 17.5 30.5
shinier in the IPM plot than in the farmer’s plot. The average yield of cashew nuts per tree were similar between the IPM plot and the farmer’s plot (Table 8), but the nuts were cleaner and
Table 8. The average yield of cashew nuts per tree in the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot of the demonstration orchard at Hong Loc Centre, 2009 Dong Nai, Vietnam.
Rank sum Plot (Treatment)
15.5 14.5 Yield (kg /tree + SD) 3.8 + 1.4 3.7 + 1.7 2 = 0.111; df = 1; P = 0.739 Farmer (use insecticides) IPM (use weaver ants only) Friedman two–way ANOVA Xr
3.3.3 Trang Bom orchard
forage on flushing shoots, flowers and food developing nuts. No competition for between weaver ants and ghost ants was observed. The average number of flushing shoots and flowers was similar between the IPM plot and the farmer’s plot.
The main insect pests in this orchard are tea mosquito bugs, the shoot borer, leaf rollers, leaf miners, mealy bugs and aphids (Table 9). The mean damage level on cashew flowers or young nuts by each of these pests was similar between the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot, with the exception of aphids that the damage level was higher in the IPM plot than in the farmer’s plot. However, the average aphid damage was < 2% (Table 9).
In Dong Nai demonstration orchard, the third year experiment (crop season 2008-2009) has been successfully completed. After the ghost ant was identified as the major factor to be responsible for the failure of the main insect pest control by weaver ants in the first and the second year (Peng et al. 2008d), to avoid a strong competition between ghost ants and weaver ants, existing weaver ants colonies on the orchard boundary were used, together with the management of boundary trees. This method was successfully to keep weaver ant populations high and stable on cashew trees. The weaver ant abundance was over 60% from November 2008 to May 2009, and the ant populations were stable during the period of cashew flowering and fruiting.
field observations showed that,
The average yield of cashew nuts per tree were higher in the IPM plot than in the farmer’s plot (Table 10). Also, the nuts were cleaner and shinier in the IPM plot than in the farmer’s plot. in Regular contrary to the results of the previous two years (Peng et al., 2008d), weaver ants behaved normally, and they were active to
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Table 9. The mean % shoots damaged by insect pests in the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot of the demonstration orchard at Mr Bi’s orchard, 10 November 2008 – 10 April 2009, Dong Nai province, Vietnam.
2 = 3.000; df =
Pest name Treatment Friedman two–way ANOVA Mean % shoots damaged /tree + SD Rank sum Statistic
2 = 1.000; df =
Tea mosquito bugs The shoot borer
2 = 1.000; df =
Leaf rollers
2 = 1.000; df =
The leaf miner
2 = 2.000; df =
Mealy bugs
2 = 10.000; df =
Aphids Xr 1; P = 0.083 Xr 1; P = 0.999 Xr 1; P = 0.317 Xr 1; P = 0.999 Xr 1; P = 0.157 Xr 1; P = 0.002 Farmer IPM Farmer IPM Farmer IPM Farmer IPM Farmer IPM Farmer IPM 3.70 + 6.09 2.42 + 3.97 1.37 + 4.07 0.89 + 2.63 5.35 + 8.40 5.12 + 7.82 1.75 + 4.33 1.46 + 3.39 0.01 + 0.15 0.09 + 0.55 0.07 + 1.00 1.68 + 6.30 18.0 15.0 16.5 16.5 16.0 17.0 16.5 16.5 15.5 17.5 11.5 21.5
Nuts in the IPM plot Nuts in farmer’s plot
Table 10. The average yield of cashew nuts per tree in the farmer’s plot and the IPM plot of the demonstration orchard at Mr Bi’s orchard, 2009 Dong Nai, Vietnam.
Group t test t = -2.068; df = 75; P = 0.042 Plot (Treatment) Farmer (use insecticides) IPM (use weaver ants only) Yield /tree (kg) + SD 13.3 + 2.2 14.3 + 2.0
different growing periods, and 3.4 Development of an IPM cashew curriculum and an IPM cashew photo book
cashew harvest, a checklist of the ICI program four at appendices of guidelines for TOT and FFS training and for monitoring pest damages and
It
The cashew curriculum has been developed based on long-term field experiments and field surveys in major cashew growing provinces (Peng et al., 2008d). is entitled “The integrated cashew improvement (ICI) program using weaver ants as a major component - Manual for ICI program trainers and extension officers in Vietnam”. As planned, the manual includes up-to-date information about cashew botany, breeding, culture practice, diseases and their control, insect pests and their damage, natural enemies, integrated pest control, the role of weaver ants, weaver ant keeping,
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Reference
shifting
structure
weaver ant abundance (Peng et al., 2008a). This book was published in 500 copies.
2.
yellow ant
the
of
covers cashew variety
1. An, Tran Thi Thien. 2003. Preliminary results of study on the cashew pests in Binh Phuoc Province. Paper presented at the Workshop on Plant protection serving to the policy of cultivation in Central Highland and Southern Region. Vung Tau, 24-25 June 2003. Barzman, Marco S., Nick J. Mills, and Nguyen Thi Thu Cuc. 1999. Research on the effect (Oecophylla smaragdina) on citrus fruit quality. In: Van Mele Paul and Nguyen Van Huynh (Eds) Proceedings of the 2nd symposium on Fruit production in the Mekong Delta focusing on integrated pest management. Vietnamese – Belgium IPM in Fruit Production Project. CanTho, Vietnam, 1999.
An ICI cashew photo book has also been based developed long-term field on field surveys and laboratory experiments, rearing (Peng et al., 2008d). The ICI photo book selection, advanced farming practice, major diseases, major insect pests, the main natural enemies, the integrated pest control methods, role of weaver ants, weaver ant keeping techniques, and the summary of the ICI programme (Peng et al., 2008b). This book was published in 3000 copies.
4.
Conclusions and recommendations
3. Davis, Kristin.
1999. Cashew. ECHO
4.
report of
5.
using -
Total of 113 TOT trainers have graduated from our TOT training, and they are very competent in FFS training. These TOT trainers have successfully conducted 98 FFSs in their local regions, resulting in a total of 2,448 ICI program farmers with improved knowledge and farming skills.
6.
in Vietnam has
the
to
7.
second
stage
An ICI manual for TOT trainers and extension officers in Vietnam and an ICI photo book for been cashew growers developed and used by our TOT trainers in the FFS training. These manual were published in 500 and 3000 copies, respectively.
8.
the major
the percentage of After the FFS training, farmers who used insecticides, reduced to 24%. The current level (67%) of farmers using insecticides is expected to decrease further when farmers get more and more experience using weaver ants. 92% of the farmers demonstrated a full understanding of when and how to properly use insecticides in their orchards.
report
Project,
9.
the
for
Technical Note. http://www.echonet.org/. Lan, L.P., H.X. Quang, V.T.T. Hoan, N.V. Quoc, N.M. Hung and N.P.D. Huyen. 2002. Insect pests and diseases of cashew trees, populations dynamics, and some methods to control. Final the project KN 06.04.NN. Peng, R.K. 2000. The control of cashew insect pests in cashew plantations and small holder ants, Oecophylla red plantings first smaragdina. of stage The implementation. A report to the Livestock Development Corporation, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, August 2000, pp20. Peng, R.K. and Duncan, I. 1999. The control of cashew insect pests in cashew plantations and small holder plantings using red ants, Oecophylla smaragdina. - Preliminary survey – Feasibility study of the utilization of red ants to control the main cashew insect pests. A Livestock Development report Corporation, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, August 1999, pp46. Peng, R.K., 2001. The control of cashew insect pests in cashew plantations and small holder plantings using red ants, Oecophylla of smaragdina. – The implementation (Final). A report to the Livestock Development Corporation, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, March, 2001, pp33. to Peng, R.K., 2002. Use of weaver ants, control cashew insect pests, Helopeltis and Pseudotheraptus, in the central Nursery and smallholder orchards in Maganja Da Costa, Zambezia Province, Mozambique. to ADRA Cashew A consultant Reforestation Mozambique, September, 2002. Peng, R.K., Christian, K. and Gibb, K. 1997. Control tea pernicialis mosquito
analysis Helopeltis
threshold bug,
Over 95% of farmers were happy with the FFS training programs, with the training methods, and with the results of demonstration orchards. There was high demand for the FFS training of the ICI program by cashew smallholders who have not been trained because of the positive impact of the FFS farmers.
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smaragdina
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(Hemiptera: Miridae) and preliminary results of the control efficiency by the green ant, (Hymenoptera: Oecophylla Formicidae) Australia. International Journal of Pest Management, 43, 233-237.
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11. Peng, R.K., Christian, K. and Gibb, K. 2004. Implementing ant technology in commercial cashew plantations. RIRDC Publication No. W04/088, May 2004, ISSN 1440-6845. 12. Peng, R.K., Christian, K., Bien, P.V. and Lan, L.P. 2006a. Baseline survey report to CARD. Charles Darwin University, Australia and Institute of Agricultural Science for South Vietnam, Vietnam, 28 August 2006, pp12. 13. Peng, R.K., Christian, K. and Lan, L.P. 2006b. First 6-monthly report to CARD. Charles Darwin University, Australia and Institute of Agricultural Science for South Vietnam, Vietnam, 28 August 2006, pp23.
17. Peng, R.K., Christian, K., Lan, L.P. and Binh, N.T. 2008b. Cashew nut ICI curriculum II “Integrated cashew improvement program using weaver ants as a major component – ICI Photo Book for cashew growers in Vietnam”. Charles Darwin University, Australia and Institute of Agricultural Science for South Vietnam, Vietnam. October 2008, pp69. 18. Peng, R.K., Christian, K. and Lan, L.P. 2008c. to CARD. Competency evaluation report Charles Darwin University, Australia and Institute of Agricultural Science for South Vietnam, Vietnam, December 2008, pp11. 19. Peng, R.K., Christian, K., Lan, L.P. and Binh, N.T. 2008d. Research and technical report to CARD. Charles Darwin University, Australia and Institute of Agricultural Science for South Vietnam, Vietnam, 31 July 2008, pp28. 20. Peng, R.K., Christian, K. and Lan, L.P. 2008e. Fourth 6-monthly report to CARD. Charles Darwin University, Australia and Institute of Agricultural Science for South Vietnam, Vietnam, 28 February 2008, pp22.
14. Peng, R.K., Christian, K. and Lan, L.P. 2007a. Second 6-monthly report to CARD. Charles Darwin University, Australia and Institute of Agricultural Science for South Vietnam, Vietnam, 20 April 2007, pp28.
21. Peng, R.K., Christian, K. and Lan, L.P. 2008f. Fifth 6-monthly report to CARD. Charles Darwin University, Australia and Institute of for South Vietnam, Agricultural Science Vietnam, 7 November 2008, pp28.
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