Me GIAO DVC DAO T40 TRUONG DANI HQC THANG LONG
--o0o-
ICHOA LUAN TOT NGHItP
VAN DE NANG LIMNG TRONG 1VIANG WIRELESS SENSOR
GIAO VIEN HUONG DAN: Tim. HOANG TRQNG MINH
SINH VIEN THIJC HIEN : NGUYEN HUNG CUONG MA SINH VIEN (cid:9)
CHUYEN NGANH (cid:9)
: A13570 : MANG MAY TiNH VA VIEN THONG
HA NQI - 2013
MtJC LVC
2
CHUONG 1. TONG QUAN VE MANG CAM BIEN KHONG DAY (cid:9)
2
1.1. Gild thieu mong cam Min killing day (cid:9)
2
1.2. Nan tang ghat trim mgng (cid:9)
2 1.2.1. Mong Ad hoc khong day (cid:9)
5 1.2.2. Nen tang cong nghe (cid:9)
7
1.3. M8 to ha thing (cid:9)
7 1.3.1. MO to he thong tong qudt (cid:9)
8 1.12. He tang WISENET (cid:9)
11
1.4. T6ng quan ye Ian tree mgng (cid:9)
13 1.4.1. Ldp sing dung (cid:9)
15 1.4.2. Lop giao van (cid:9)
15 1.4.3. Lop aging (cid:9)
16 1.4.4. Lien kit lien mgng (cid:9)
16 1.4.5. Lop lien kit so lieu (cid:9)
19 1.4.6. Lap vat lir (cid:9)
19
1.5. Dec diim cfia mgng Wireless Sensor (cid:9)
19 (cid:9) 1.5.1. Kich think vat ly nh6 va lieu thy tong salt tap
20 (cid:9) 1.5.2. Hogt ddng diing thai vbi dd tap trong cao
20 (cid:9)
20
21 1.5.3. KM nang lien kit vat ly va pan alp dieu khien bon chi 1.5.4. TInh da dgng trong thiit a va sit dung (cid:9) 1.5.5. Hogt Ong tin cdy (cid:9)
21
1.6. 'Ong dgng cis mong Sensor (cid:9)
21 1.6.1. eing dung trong qudn sv (cid:9)
23 1.6.2. ling dung ve mot trtrang (cid:9)
24 1.6.3. ring dung trong y ti (cid:9)
24 1.6.4. ling dung trong gia dinh (cid:9)
25 1.6.5. Cdc sing dung thuang mot ;cat (cid:9)
27
CHUONG 2. NANG LONG TRONG MANG WIRELESS SENSOR. (cid:9)
27
2.1. Tinh dee the cilia mgng (cid:9)
27 2.1.1. Hon chi pan fling (cid:9)
28 2.1.2. Mai trudng hoot ?tang (cid:9)
29 2.1.3. Mai Mien truyin din (cid:9)
30
2.2. Sy. Wu thy ning Ivgng (cid:9)
31 2.2.1. Nang luang cho nhiem vy cdm Min (cid:9)
31 22.2. Nang luang cho truyin thong (cid:9)
32 2.2.3. Nang Wang cho xu III (cid:9)
32
2.3. Cie giii phip fiat kiim ning hrqng (cid:9)
32 2.3.1. Gidi phdp djnh tuyin (cid:9)
40
2.4. Gild phip tray nh$p mai trwirng Irwin din (cid:9)
44 2.4.1. Quanli nguan cong suit (cid:9)
48 (cid:9) 2.4.2. Tan dung ctic nguan ?tang ligmg trong ty nhien
CIlliONG 3. GIOI THI$U PHAN MEM M6 PHONG NANG LUVNG CHO 51 MSNG WIRELESS SENSOR (cid:9)
51
3.1. Ma hlnh hol ma phang (cid:9)
51
3.2. M8 hinh npon fling Iwyng (cid:9)
52
3.3. Thiit Id plan mim ma phang myng Wireless Sensor (cid:9)
3.3.1. Phan ndm NS-2 (cid:9) 52
55 (cid:9) 3.3.1. Ca sa phdt triin mo phong man Sensor tren nkt NS-2
56 3.3.1 Cdc djnh clang mai trong NS-2 (cid:9)
3.3.4. Thay dal trong NS-2 (cid:9) 58
60
3.4. M8 phang mpg Wireless Sensor (cid:9)
60 - 14.1. Myc dinh mo phdng (cid:9)
61 3.4.2. Tiger hien ma pitting (cid:9)
14.1 Kit qua (cid:9) 64
67 3.4.4. Danh gid (cid:9)
10ET LUAN (cid:9)
69
TM lien tham khio (cid:9)
70
DANH MVC CAC HINH ANH, BANG
7 Hinh U. M45 hInh then khai cic not Sensor (cid:9)
8 Hinh 1.2. Cic Minh phin dm nut Sensor (cid:9)
Hlnh 1.3. Su d6 he thong WISENET (cid:9) 9
10 Hinh 1.4. TrInh to hoot Ong cia Server (cid:9)
Hinh 1.5. Cic thinh phin trong but Sensor (cid:9) 11
12 Hinh 1.6. Ngin xep giao thik mpg Sensor (cid:9)
Hinh 2.1. HiOu qui Wing luqng trong djnh tuyEn (cid:9) 33
35 Hlnh 2.2. VI du ye tap hqp sa lieu (cid:9)
37 fah 2.3. Giao thirc SPIN (cid:9)
40 Hinh 2.4. VI du ye truyen tin djnh Song (cid:9)
Minh 3.1. C&u tnic chucmg trInh NS-2 (cid:9) 53
54 Hinh 3.2. Tinh dOi ngiu girm C++ vu Otcl (cid:9)
54 Hinh 3.3. Kien frac btong quan caa NS-2 (cid:9)
55 Hinh 3.4. Cic giao thik dirge h6 trq trong NS-2 m8 phong mpg khong dAy (cid:9)
56 HInh 3.5. Ca s?; ziy dung m8 hinh mpg Sensor stir dung NS-2 (cid:9)
HInh 3.6. HInh Anh me ti mang Sensor. (cid:9) 58
Hlnh 3.7. Su d6 b6 sung vi chinh sit NS-2 (cid:9) 59
60 Hinh 3.8. Kjch ban then khai twang Sensor trong m8 phong (cid:9)
65 Hinh 3.9. DO thi suy hao Ming luqng cis cic nut sensor (cid:9)
66 Hinh 3.10. D6 thi tic dO giam Ming lacing trung binh cia mang (cid:9)
Hinh 3.11. T6c de, giam fling luqng (cid:9) 67
Bing 1.1. T6ng quan ye lap mpg (cid:9) 16
Bing 1.2. Phin loui giao thirc MAC (cid:9) 17
Bing 2.1. Cic dii tin dinh cho cic img dung ISM (cid:9) 29
Bimg 2.2. T6rn tit ck giao they MAC cho mang Sensor (cid:9) 43
Bing 3.1. Suy hao Ming luqng cis cic nut sensor (cid:9) 65
66 Bing 3.2. T6c dO giim Ming limn (cid:9)
67 Bing 3.3. TOc dO giim Ming luqng trung binh cis mang (cid:9)
DANH MIJC WET TAT
ADC
Analogue/Digital converter
AODV
Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance- Vector
API
Application program interface
BO chuyen dei tucmg to / so Djnh tuyen dva vao chu8i chi htrang theo yeu ciu tom then HO giao tiep lap trinh ling thing
ARC
Dieu khien tic dO truyen din thick Ong
Adaptive transmitssion rate control
ARQ
automatic repeat request
BER
Bit error rate
CSMA
Carrier sense multiple access
Cu chi salt 16i Wing yeu au lap lei to dOng TS, le I8i bit Da truy nhap theo cam bien luu luang
DSDV
Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector
Djnh tuyen theo chu8i chi hung voi dich tuin to
DSR
Giao thirc dish tuyen nguin dung
Dynamic Source Routing
FDMA
Da truy nhap phan chic theo tin so
Frequency division multiple access
FEC
Forward error correction
Ca the mks 18i truOc
GPS
Global Possition System
He thong djnh vi tom ciu
HTTP
HyperText Tranffer Protocol
Giao thin truyen sieu van ban
ISM band
Industrial, Scientific and Medical band
Dili tin sa dung cho cac Ong dung c8ng nghiep, khoa hoc va y hoc
LEACH
Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy
Phan cep cum thfch ling WA nting luang thip
MAC
Medium access control
MANET Mobile ad hoc network
Dieulchien truy nhap med twang truyen an Mang di Ong ad hoc (tom died, !thong co cot so ha ting)
ME
Minimum energy
Nang Itrang tieu tho cvc tieu
MECN
Minimum energy communication network
MH
Minimum hop
NAM
Network AniMator
Mon truyen thong voi tiling Wong cot tieu S6 busk nhby cuc tieu M8 to mpg bing hinh anh dung
NS-2
Network Simulator version 2
Phin mem m8 phOng mang phien ban2
Otcl Object-oriented tool command language Ng8n ngit &in khien bing lenh hueng did tuvng
PA Power available Mire 'ding lucmg hien tai
QoS Quality of service Chit luvng djch vki
REQ Request message Ban tin yeu cm
RERR Route error packet G6i bao 18i tuyin
RREP Route reply packet G61 dap img yeu cm tuyen
RREQ Route request packet
Serial Radio Link - 232 G61 yeu cilu tuyen Lien kit v8 tuyin n6i tiep theo chum RS-232
SAR Sequential assignment routing Djnh tuyin chi djnh lien tvc
SMECN Small minimum energy communication network
SMACS Self Organizing MAC for Sensor network Mang truyin thong voi nang luqng cvc du loci nhe Giao thin MAC tv t6 chirc cho mang sensor
SMP Sensor management protocol Giao thirc quan 1S, sensor
SPIN Sensor protocols for information via negotiation Clic giao thfrc thong tin sensor thong qua thda thufm
SQDDP Sensor query and data dissemination protocol Giao Vic truy yin sensor vi 06 hien so lieu
SQL Structure Query Language Ng8n net truy yin theo city tnic
SQTL Sensor query and tasking language Ng8nngd truy van vi d#t nhiem Ai sensor
SSF Ca ciu m8 phang met rung Scalable Simulation Framework
TADAP Task assignment and data advertisement protocol Giao thik phin nhiem Ai vi quang do se lieu
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Giao thirc dieu lchiin truyin din/giao that Internet
TDMA Time division multiple access
TORA Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm Da truy nh#p phan chia theo tit gian Djnh tuyen bang thujt town dm duang turn ty theo thei gian
WINS Wireless Integrated network sensors Mang cac thiet bj cam hien tich hqp thiit bj thu phit khong day
WISENET Wireless SEnsor NETwork
He thing mung sensor lchong day WISENET
WLAN
Wireless local area network
Mang cvc b0 kW:mg day
WSN
Wireless sensor network
Mang cam bits khong day
Leg Nen EAU
Trong nhitng am gin day sg phat then mph me mkt cling ngha th8ng tin, c8ng nghe vi mach dian tfr va van th6ng dac Wet la trong Iinh vtrc ver tuyen &I dem lei nhieu on dung m6i, cho phep chting ta c6 the de clang thu the') thong tin 6 bit ky dieu kign va vOng dja ly Mo. C6 nhieu phucmg pluip khac nhau cho phep cluing ta thu the!) thong tin, trong de mang Wireless Sensor hien dang duqc dung phi bien teen' the gaol va dang din xam nhap vao nutk ta.
C6 nhieu van de dat ra cho mang Wireless Sensor nhu van de &mg lugng, van di ding b0 sensor, van de mer rung mang... Nang lugng luarn la Ott t6 quan tang dui bit ca cac loci mang. V6i mpg Wireless Sensor do tlnh dac the cua mang la hp chi vi phin cling va img dung 6 luau yang dja If phtic tap nen van de tiling lugng cang tri len quan trying.
Truoc thgc to My, dugc su hiring din cua Thac sy Hoang Trang Minh, em da
chgn di tai chuyen de: "Vin de ruing lugng trong mm Wireless Sensor".
Muc dich cua chuyen de nay le tim hieu cic van di lien quan ten Wing lugng trong mpg Wireless Sensor, to di dua ra cac gbh phap tilt kiem sing Itnyng trong mang vi tan dung cac nguon ming lugng sach trong to nhien.
Chuyen de gim 3 chuong:
—Chuang I : Ting quan vi mang Wireless Sensor —Chuang II : Nang hiving trong mang Wireless Sensor —Chuang III : Phin mem m8 phing cho mpg Wireless Sensor
Do con han chi vi kiln thitc vi tiding luc nen chuyen dl khong Minh kW:4 thilu
sot. Mong dugc svr gip y cua thiy c8 va ban be.
Em xin chart thanh cam an thiy girl() ThS. Hoang Trying Minh da huOng din em
vi chuyen man cling nhu phuong phap lam vies dl em co thl hoax) thank chuyen de.
HO (cid:9) net), 01 fining 07 nom 2013
Sinh vien
Nguyin Hong Cu Ong
Trang 1
CHILICING 1. TONG QUAN VE M4NG CAM BIEN KHONG DAY
1.1. Giai thieu mong aim Min Wiling dly
Cac thiet bj cam bien (Sensor) duct kit noSi thinh mang, phOi hqp voi nhau de thqc hien cac nhiem vp vii quy mo lem, duqc at nhieu by vong !grim cach mang h6a trong Rah Arc thu thap thong tin 6 bit Id digu kien vi viing dja ly nio. Mang cum hien kheong day (Wireless Sensor Network) bao gem mOt top hqp cac thiet bj calm bien sir dung cac lien ket khong day (v8 tuyin, hiong ngog hocquang hoc) a phid hqp thuc hien cac nhiem vu cum bien phan tan ve doSi Wong muc tieu. Mang nily 0 the lien kit hvc tiep v6i nut quoin 1y ctia giam sit vien hay gian tiep thong qua mOt diem thu (Sink) va m8i hieing mang tong tang nhu Internet hay ye tinh. Cac nut Sensor Ichong day c6 the dirge trier khai cho cac muc dich chuyen dung nhu giam sat vi an ninh; kiem tra m8i truing; too ra kheong gian thong minh; khko sit, chinh zac h6a trong ming nghiep; y th;... Lqi the chit y611 ctia chung 11 kha clang trier khai hku nhu trong bit ki log hinh dja 15, nao, ke ca cac mid truing nguy hiem !thong the sir dung mang Sensor 0 day truyen thOng dirge.
Viec ket hop tic bO cam bien thanh mang Wen nay nay a too ra Mien kha ging nu% cho con ngubi. Cie bO vi cam bien v6i bet th IS, gin trong voi cac thiet bi vo tuyen hoan town c6 the gin trong mOt kith thuac rat nh6. Chang 0 the hog doing trong mOt m8i truing clay dac v6i Icha firing thc da cao. Do d6, yeti mang cam hien Ichong day ngay nay, ngtrin to da 0 the khIm phi Sail hien Wong rat Iche thay truck day.
Ngay nay, cac mang cam bien kheong day dirge (mg dung trong nhieu linh vrc nhu cac ciu true chiong lai dja chin, nghien thu vi sinh v#t Wen, giam sat viec chuyen chi cac chit gay o nhigm, kiem tra he sinh thai vi m8i tiring sinh vet phirc
1.2. Nen tang phit trier mang
Viec phift trien mang Wireless Sensor duct tren Ong nghe mang Ad hoc kW:mg
day va dugc thuc diy bed hai yen t6 IA nhu ciu (mg dung va cac tien b0 cOng nghe. 1.2.1. Along Ad hoc khang day
Mang Ad hoc Meng day II kieu mang kheong c6 co s6 ha tang nen tang, dirge trier khai cho cac muc dich sit dung tam thei can thiet lop nhanh cheng, thu$n tien nhu de tim kiem vi thu hO, phut Ai lien lac cho cic thinh vien trong mOt cuOc hop,.v.v. Mang Ad hoc kh8ng can can thinh phin co set ha tang nhu tong dui, tram thu phat gsfic hay bit Id mOt trung tam dieu khien nil°. Tit cu cac nut di doing trong mang Ad hoc duct lien ket doing v6i nhau mOt each tujr y, !dieing a5 bit Id sir dieu khien nao tir ben ngoai. Tit ci cac nut nay deu 0 the hog dung nhu mat bO djnh tuyen nha khi rung
Trang 2
tim vi duy 1r1 djnh tuyin tai the net khac trong mpg. Ck giao thirc djnh My& trong mang Ad hoc c6 the chia thenh hai
—Ccic giao that djnh tuyin theo being: mai nut mpg se duy tri va cap nh$t
thong tin djnh tuyen tai mai nut mang khic;
—Qic giao thus djnh tuyin theo yeu cdu• Viec djnh tuyen chi doge thin hien
khi to yeu caw chuyen gai, nhe ca the tim dubng.
Hien nay to ben giao thin djnh tuyen doge sir dung trong mang Ad hoc:
a) Dinh tuyen theo chu6i chi huerng vii dich Man ty
Trong Dinh tuyen theo chuei chi Wing tied dich tuin to (Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector - DSDV), mai tram di dOng deu c6 mat bang dint) tuyen trong de ghi the dich hien tai, s6 cac Were nhay de den dugc dich vi so this to doge gin cho not dich. S6 the to nay dugc sir dung di phan biet the tuyen va nhu vay tranh dirge sir hinh thanh the yang lap. Cie tram djnh lc5r gin bang dinh tuyen ctia n6 cho the nut lan can cita n6. MOt tram ding giri bimg djnh tuyen neu mot thay del ding ke trong bang so vii Ian gdi Op nh$t cuoi cling dirge phut hien. Nhu vOy, viec Op nh$t dirge thtrc hien ca theo then gian vi theo sr kien.
Cie bang dinh tuyin c6 the dugs giri Op nh$t theo hai each: chuyen toan b0 ("full dump") hay Op nh$t phen gia tang. Theo each chuyen toan Ns, bang djnh thy& se doge gfri trgn vcn den the nut Ian On vi n6 c6 the bao gem rdau geoi tin. Ngugc theo each cap Slot phin gia tang, chi nhemg mve ghi men elm bang djnh tuyen so vii lin cop nh$t cu6i ming mai dirge gfri di va phii visa trong mot gOi tin. Kid mpg Wang dei 6n dinh, cic DM cap nh$t phen gia tang duce sir dung di trinh viec km lugng tang cao va viec chuyen toan b0 (full dump) it dugs sir dung han. Trong the mang thay dei nhanh, se ltrung cac gOi Op nh$t phin gia tang c6 the trer len nit Ian nen_ vies chuyen tom b0 bang doge thgc hien thueng xuyen han.
b) Dinh tuyen bang thu$t toan tim throng tan ty theo then gian
Dinh tuyen bang thu$t toan tim throng then qr theo then gian (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm - TORA) la mot giao thirc dinh tuyen tren ca so mot thu$t torn "dao lien ket" ("Link Reversal"). NO dugc thief ke de tim cac tuyen dueng theo yeu eau, cung cap Mau tuyen tai mot &eh, thiet 1#p tuyen nhanh va giant tai mire ter thieu phan phy tai (overhead) bang thu$t toan khoanh yang cheng lai tic thay del ve hinh trang mpg c6 the say ra. Viec tai uu djnh WA' (dm throng ngin nhat) doge coi la thin yeu vi viec djnh tuyen vii the duerng dal han dirge sir dung thuerng xuyen de trinh pha ► phu tai khi tim throng mai.
Trang 3
Host Ong cea giao thirc TORA duqc hinh dung gi6ng nhu dua ntrec chity dOc xueing qua mOt mang cac dubng Ong vi huang tai mOt diem dich. Cac dubng Ong me to ck lien kit gifts cac nut mang, cic diem noi cac dubng Ong nay m8 to cac nut mang va nuec chay trong the Ong m8 to cac g6i tin duqc djnh tuyen huang ten dich. M6i not mOt dO cao so yea dich duqc firth toil' boi giao thirc djnh tuyen va dO cao gam din
tren tuyin, nhb v#y 0 the chuyin g6i tin mOt cach twin ttr de tai dich.
c) Giao thirc djnh tuyEn ngu8n dOng
Diem ca ban tha giao thirc djnh tuyin ngu6n dOng ( Dynamic Source Routing - DSR) la viec se dung djnh tuyin nguen. Tic 11, nai giri nhon biet duqc hohn toan tuyen dubng dont cac lien kat din tai dich. Cic tuyen dubng nay duqc luu trong bO nha djnh tuyin (Route Cache). Cic g6i de lieu mang theo thong tin djnh tuyen ngu6n trong tieu di gel !Chi met nut trong mpg Ad hoc muAn giri mOt gel tin tai met dich ma no chua then hitt duqc tuyen dubng, n6 se se dung mOt tier With tim dubng (Route Discovery) de xic djnh mOt tuyen. Tien trinh tim dubng se giri tan Ian vio trong mang cac g6i you au tuyen (Route Request-RREQ). Mgi not then duqc RREQ lai tiep tic quAng bit no, trir khi not de II not dich ho#c c6 met tuyen tai dich duqc luu trong bO nhe djnh tuyen. CAc net nay tra Ibi do g6i RREQ bang cac g6i h6i am djnh tuyen (Route Reply-RREP). Cac g6i nay duqc djnh tuyen tra lai ngu6n. Cac g6i RREQ Nth RREP ding duqc djnh tuyen theo ngu6n. Cite g6i RREQ lep len met thy& xuyen qua mpg. Gel RREP djnh tuyen tra lai nguOn bang each di nguqc tra lai theo tuyen dubng nAy. Thong tin ve tuyen duct mang tr6 lai bing g6i RREP vi ductc km tai ngugn de se dtmg.
Neu mOt lien ket tren mOt tuyen bj se 0, net ngutin duqc thong bit° bang mOt g6i Igi (Route Error-RERR). Ngugn se xoa tuyen nay trong b0 the djnh tuyen vi bit d'au met tier tint' tim dubng mei niu tuyin nay con can duet. Trong DSR Itheng can met ca chi tl#c bit nit) de phit hien cic vong 1#p djnh tuyin.
d) Djnh tuyen dip vao chugi chi huang theo yeu ciu tam thbi
Djnh tuyin dtra vac, chugi chi huang theo you (cid:9) tam thbi (Ad hoc On-Demand
Distance- Vector Routing - AODV) c6 diem giong DSR la n6 cling tim cac dubng yeu eau th8ng qua mOt bang mOt tien trinh ten diking tucmg ti. Tuy nhien, AODV sa dtmg mOt ca chi rat khic de luu gift th8ng tin djnh tuyen. NO sir dung cic bang djnh tuyen truyen thong, m6i mac la met dich. Day IA diem nguqc lai DSR (DSR 0 the I= gift nhieu mac cho m6i dich). Kitting c6 djnh tuyin ngu6n, AODV dtra vAo do mac trong bang djnh tuyen a truyen mOt RREP trb ve ngu6n va sau de,duqc sir dung de djnh tuyen cac gel so lieu duqc tai dich. AODV sir dung cac s6 the ti duqc luu tai m6i
Trong 4
Bich de xic djnh tinh mai cis thong tin din]) tuyen va chong loi cic yang l#p djnh tuyen. Tit ci cic &Si deu mang theo cic se the ty My.
MOt d#c diem quan tong curt AODV Ii lint gift cic tong thai djnh gib can ban trong m8i nut de ten dung cic num trong bang djnh tuyen don. MOt muc trong bang djnh tuyen c6 the bj xoa nett n6 khang duqc se dung trong th6i gian gin.
Giao thirc DSDV la giao thin djnh tuyen theo bang, cic giao they DSR, TORA,
AODV thuOc loci giao thee djnh tuyin theo you diu.
1.2.2. Nin tong ang nghf
Cac den b0 trong cong nghe chi too cic thikt bj dien ti rat nh6 gia re vai cOng suit thip va phan Ma chit nang cao, cic but den trong c8ng nghe mong khang day vi trong linh virc vi dieu Mat de too m dem Sing to 16n trong linh Arc cam Wen va thu th#p de lieu. Viec sir dung cic bO vi dieu lchien ding suit thip tich hqp kb& thu phat vo tuyen vi cic duet bj dun bien tuong Ur, so khic nhau cho phep mOt mong cic thiet bj cam bat khong day hoot dOng bing ngu6n acquy c6 the thu th#p de lieu ve Sol trubng trong phom vi 16n. De lieu nay c6 the duqc tai den mOt may tinh vi duqc km trong ca s?r de lieu. Sau do, c6 the duqc phfin tich thong qua mOt phin mem ling dung. Ket qui c6 the duqc truy xuit trqc tiep hdic obi mOt trinh duyet Web chuin 6 bit cir din tren Internet. Cic mong Sensor ngiy nay c6 Stang cii lien ding ke so vOi cic Sensor truyin thong theo hai huOng:
—Cic Sensor c6 the d#t 6 xa hien num, tic la cic th8ng tin ve hien tiro% c6 duqc nh6 riling lye cam bien vi phan tich. Theo huOng nay, yeu au cic Sensor lan sir dung mOt s6 ky thuitt phirc top de nhen hie& duqc cic dich ti cic top am moi twang 6 khoing cich xa;
—Nhieu Sensor chi yeti chi hoot dOng cam bien duqc then khai. Vi tri cic Sensor va hinh tong th8ng tin duqc firth town can then. Ching duqc lien kit thanh mOt mong de truyen th8ng tin ve cic dign bien cia hien tucmg duqc them d6 tai cic nut trung tam, nai tiep nh#n va xi 1± du lieu.
MOt mang Sensor bao gem mOt s6 !wag lon cic nut (tut then khai day d#c ben trong d6i Wong can thin' do hdic 6 rat gin no. Vi tri cis cic Sensor }tilting can phii djnh tart. Dieu My cho phep hien khai nglu nhien trong cic vimg khong the tiep din ho#c trong cic hoot dung tninh sq nguy lam. Dieu My ding c6 nghia Ii cic thu$t Wan vi giao thirc phai c6 khi niing to to chirc. MOt d#c trung nfta ciut mong Sensor la khi Wing cling tic cia cic Sensor. Cic Nit Sensor phii c6 bO xi ly gin trong. Thay vi chuyen cic dit lieu th8 din cic nit co nhiem vu xi iSr, de nut Sensor se sir dung khi neng tinh tam cis n6 de thqc hien cic xti. 1Sr din gian va chi chuyen di cic de lieu duqc yeu ciu vi dit qua xir IST sa b0.
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Cac dac diem tren dua den met pham vi ting dung lan dui mang Sensor. MOt s6 Arc duqc limg dung la y te, club sir vi an ninh. VI du nhu the Mc si se kiem tra Ut xa cat du lieu ye sixth 1ST benh nhan. Dieu My yen thuon tier cho benh shin vita gifip cac bac si hieu rb hot ve tinh trong benh than. Mang Sensor con duqc se dung de phat hien citc tic nhan hea hac trong kitting khi vi nu6c. Chting giup chi ra kieu, stir co lai va vi tri cue the chit. Ve ca ban, the mang Sensor cung ap cho ngtrei sir dung sir hieu test hen, thong minh hen ye mei trtemg. Chang to c6 the thay ring trong tucmg lai, ac mang wireles Sensor se 11 met plan kheng the thieu trong cuOc sting, gieng nhu may tinh ci nhan Men nay.
Cac (cid:9)
dung thvc to cult mang Sensor yeu au phai se dung cling nghe mang Wireless Ad hoc. Mkic de vay, c6 nhieu thu$t Wan vi giao that da duce se dung cho the mang Wireless Ad hoc truyen thing nhung chting kheng phi hqp lim vei the dac tinh va you eau ting dung cue mpg Sensor, De minh hoe diem nay, sv Ichac nhau gifts mang Sensor vi mang Wireless Ad hoc duce phic hoe dual day:
—S6 luqng net Sensor tong mpg Sensor c6 the dirge yeu au 6 mire len hen
rat nhieu so Arai the mang Ad hoc;
—Ck nut Sensor duqc trien khai van mat de 16n han; —Cac not Sensor thuong gap trot trac; —Hinh trong mang Sensor thay dei rat thutng xuyen; —Cac net Sensor thuong sir dung me hlnh thong tin quing bai nguqc lai the
mang Ad hoc sit dung truyen thong diem- diem;
—Cac nut Sensor c6 han chi ve tong xuat, kha nang tinh Wan vi be nha; —Cac not Sensor c6 the kitting c6 nhan clang toan cue do se lugng nut Sensor
16n.
VI met se lugng 16n nut Sensor duqc trien khai day 4c net talc net Mn can c6 the rat gin nhau. Do d6, truyen thong da lien kit (Multihop) dirge chen de Gong suit sir dung thAp hen so vol tray& thong don lien kit truyen thong (Single hop). Han nib, tong suit truyen dAn c6 the gift a mire thap, dieu my nit can cho the host dung ngAm. Truyen thong da lien kit con c6 met se hieu quit truyen tin hieu test hen so WA truyin th6ng khoing catch xa.
MOt han the quasi trqng rift& mitt the not Sensor la yeu au phai RIM thieu tang suit tieu thu. Cac nut Sensor chi tich trft duce nguen rang luqng han the vi Wong dirge thay the. VI voy, tong khi the mang truyin thing ludo dat mire tieu cung cap chat lugng djch (QoS) cao thi the giao thec trong mang Sensor phiti chit trqng den str bao Mn nguon nang lugng. Ngu&i se dung phai chqn gifts tool thq ant mang vii han the ve thong lugng hay de to truyen din 16n.
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1.3. M8 tit bf thong
1.3.1. Mo td he thing ling quit
Cic nut Sensor duqc then khai trong mOt truemg Sensor (Sensor field) duqc mirth hqa tren hinh 1.1. Mei nut Sensor duqc phat tan cet khit nang thu thap thong se se lieu, djnh tuyen so lieu ve b0 thu nhAn (Sink) de chuyen ten ngubi dimg (User) vi djnh tuyin cic ban tin mang theo lenh hay you du ttlr nut Sink den cac nut Sensor. SO lieu &cc djnh tuyen ve phis be thu nhfin (Sink) theo du truc da lien kit kh8ng c6 co kr hit tong nen fling (Multihop Infrastructureless Architecture), dm la khong o5 cac tram thu phat gec hay cac truing tam dieu khien, nhtr trong hinh 1.1. BO thu nhan to the lien lac tnrc tiep v6i tram dieu hanh (Task Manager Node) caa ngtriti dimg ho(ic gian dap th8ng qua Internet hay ye firth (Satellite).
User
Ifinh 1.1. M8 hinh trier khai cac nut Sensor
MOt nut Sensor duqc tao len tir ben think phin co ban lit: b0 cam bien, be xfr it, be thu phat kh8ng day va nguon. Tut theo ling citing cy the, nut Sensor con c6 the c6 cat thank phAn be xung nhu he thong tim vj tri, bet sinh riling luqng va thiet bj di dung. Cic thanh plain trong mOt nut Sensor duqc minh hog tren hinh 1.2. BO cam bien thueng thuerng gem hai don vj thanh phiin lit thief bj dm bien (Sensor) vi b0 chuyen deli Prong Vise (ADC). Cac tin hieu twang to c6 duqc tir cac Sensor trill co so cam bien cac hien tucmg duqc chuyen sang tin hieu se bang bO chuyen di ADC, rei mei duqc dua tai be xAr 19. BO xar lt , thtremg kit hqp voi met be nher the, phan tich thong tin dm in& vi quan It cac thu tuc Ong tic vei cat nut khic de phei hqp thyt hien nhiem vv. BO thu phat dam bio th8ng tin eta nut Sensor va mpg bang kit ad kh8ng day, c6 the la v8 tuyen, hung ngoai hok bang tin hieu quang. MOt thanh phAn quan
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twig ctia nut Sensor la bO ngu6n. BO ngu6n, c6 the la pin ho(ic acquy, cung cap Ming luqng cho nut Sensor vi kh8ng thay the duqc nen nguan nang Ituyng dm nut thueng 111 giOi han. BO ngu6n c6 the duqc ha trq bed cic fiat bj sinh niing luqng, vi dv nhu cic tam pin m#t tan the.
Hiu het cic ding nghe djnh tuyin trong mpg Sensor vu cic nhiem vy cam bien you ciu phai c6 sir nh$n biet ye vj tri vOi de chfnh xic cao. Do de, cic nut Sensor among phai c6 he thing tim vj tri. Cic thiet bj di gong den khi cling can thiet de di chuyen oic nut Sensor theo you tin di dim bio cic nhiem vµ duqc phan c8ng.
He thing tim vj tri
Thiet bj di dung
Rd aim hiin
Rd _cd• hi
4_-_;Thiet bj za
ADC
Sensor
Thiet bj nhe
BO ngute
(cid:9)141 BO sinh Ming luqng
Bp thu phdt
Hinh 1.2. Ctie thanh phizn etia nut Sensor
De minh hoa re hop ye mpg Sensor lcheng day trong thvc te, phan tiep sau day
se giei thieu met he thing mang Sensor dien hinh. DO la he thing WISENET. 1.3.2. He thling WISENET
a) Geri thieu he thing WISENET
WISENET (Wireless Sensor NETwork) la he thing thu nhon dit lieu ye moi twang nhu tinh sang, nhiet de vi dO km ttY met mang gem cic thiet bj cam bien kh8ng day c8ng suit thip duqc gqi la cic "hat cam Bien" (Sensor motes). De lieu nay dirge chuyen ten met may ch6 vi duqc luu trong met ca se de lieu. Met chuang trinh Web se nii#n de lieu phan tich vi hien thj tren trinh duyet Web.
Mai hat Sensor duqc tich hqp bOi met vi dieu khien, met be thu phat ve, tuyin, cic phin ter ciun bien mei trubng vi nguen nuoi. Met he dieu hinh thai gian thvc duqc gqi li TinyOS (Tiny Operation System) duqc s>f dvng de tan thieu cling suit lieu thy ma van cung cap !chi niing dieu the ding suit cao vi cho phop cic haat dung t#p trung deg thin.
b) Sa d6 he thing WISENET
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He th6ng WISENET gam hat h¢ thong con chinh la phan tich so lieu (Data Analysis Subsystem) va thu nhen so lieu (Data Acquisition Subsystem), ba thanh phin chinh la tram chit (Server), tram ngtrei clang (Client) va mang cac hat Sensor (Sensor mote network).
(cid:9) (cid:9)
CUBIT
SERVER
SENSOR MOTE NETWORK
DATA ANALYSIS SUBSYSTEM
j. DATA ACQUISITION SUBSYSTEM
j
. (cid:9)
.
Hinh 1.3. Sa do he tang WISENET
Cac he thong con chinh la:
- He thOng con phan tick so ` lieu: He thong con nay chi gam phan mem . Nd dva tren ca sec ha tang Internet vi Web hien tai (HTTP) de truyen th8ng tin gifts may firth chit (Server) va may truy 4p (Client). Nhiem vtr cern he thong con nay la chip ley cac de lieu m8i tnrbng thich hqp chug duqc xir ly , co duqc nh6 he thong thu nhen de lieu, phfut tich va girt ket qui den ngtr?ri ding theo yeu au.
- He thimg thu nhOn so lieu: Mix inch ctia he thong con nay thu thap se lieu m8i trtemg vi luu frit trong ca s6 de lieu de sau do he thong ph& tich se xir ljr. He thong con bao g6m mpg cac Sensor duqc ket hqp vai may tinh chit duqc cai philn mem he thong (TinyOS Daemon).
Cac thanh phim chinh cda he thong bao gam:
- Trgm ngicai dung (Client): Client IA thanh phen can thiet nhtmg 11 thanh phan ben ngolti. CO nghia la chi can Client la bet cfr may firth nio co trinh duyet Web (Web browser) va duqc not mang Internet. Nd chi deng vai fro la giao dien cM ngtrai se dvng den vai he thong phfin tich s6 lieu. Nd dim ra yeu clu s6 lieu cM ngubi sir dung vai tram chd vu thu 'Ay cac s6 lieu dA yeu ciu.
- Trgm chi (Server): DAy 11 thAnh phen then chOt cM he thong, 11 m6i lien lac gift hat he thong con thu nh$n va phAn tich s6 lieu. va met phan tich so lieu
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ne le mOt may chit HTTP (HTTP Server) mang mOt ting doing Web (Web program). Khi nh#n duqc mOt yeu ciu ye trang Web, may chit HTTP gqi (mg dung Web My nhon so lieu tar ca sa do lieu (SQL Database), phan tich vi due lei trang theo you ciu den may firth ngubi thing (Client). ye phis he thttng thu nh#n dO lieu, c6 mOt trinh tien Ich hoot ding ngAm (Daemon) duqc gqi la wiseDB de trio d6i thong tin a ding yeti mang Sensor. WiseDB dam nhon viec gfri cic lenh qua lien ket not flip 8232 den c6ng giao tiep (gateway mote) de chuyin tee mang Sensor. N6 cOng dim nhen viec thu th$p se lieu tir mpg Sensor (ciing thong qua gateway mote). 56 lieu due den duqc 361 lgt rat it vi duqc chuyin vao ca se do lieu. Nhu v$y, ca sa dtt lieu SQL la au an gilts hai he thong thu nhfut vi xir ly set lieu. Vi ca sa do lieu SQL lien lac th8ng qua TCP/IP nen chi tram chef HTTP vi chtrcmg trinh Web an phai duqc d#t trong Mng mOt to chtic vet lg. Tram chti HTTP, ca sa dn. lieu SQL, wiseDB co the dtit trong cic t6 chirc vet lt khic nhau vi ket nei thong qua Internet. Trinh to host ding dm Server duqc tom tit nhu sau:
Mint tra cic tham s6 dieu lden hqp le.
Girl trang Web din Client
Client yeu cau so lieu yeti cac dieu kien Nh#n s6 lieu tfr ca sa chit lieu, tut theo ring buOc ctia tram khich Tao (cid:9) trang (cid:9) Web vii (cid:9) de lieu (cid:9) da duqc (cid:9) yeu ciu
HMI: 1.4. Trinh to hoot tong mia Server
— Ming ccic ho t Sensor: Mang cic Sensor la thanh phin tong tam dm he tilting. Cac Sensor dim nhen viec thu th$p so lieu mei truing vi chuyen cic sti lieu nay den tram chit. NO can phai nh#n elk lenh tir tram chi, co the 11 you ciu ve s6 lieu hay tai chtrcmg trinh mai. C6 hai phin tir thuOc thinh phin nay. Thter nhAt la cic hat thong thubng (Standard mote). Cale hat My co nhiem thu th$p cic th8ng tin cam bien tim m8i trtrang, bao gem anh sing, nhiet do, dO Am vi truyen cic s6 lieu ntly den gateway. Cluing truyen thong tin qua lien ket v8 tuyen Ong suit thip a dii tan ISM 900 MHz vi dim him tat ci Mc goi du duce dua tai Gateway. Cluing can ce phin cimg hieu chinh vi gum sit ding suit nguOn. Hut c6ng (Gateway mote) la phan hi di* hai cue mang Sensor motes. Muc (Itch chinh cue ne la lien lac gitta tram chit vi mang Sensor qua lien ket vo thy& RS-232 vi chuyin tit ci cic &Si so lieu tin WiseDB. Ca hai
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phlin hi' Standard mote vi Gateway mote deu c6 cang phin cimg vi phin mem, ching chi khic nhau ve chirc nang.
SCUM MOM
Hinh 1.5. Cric thinh plain trong hot Sensor
Ck thinh phin tong hat Sensor throe minh hog tren hinh 1.5, bao gam: —Ck Sensor cim Bien inh sing, dO Am, nhiet do (Light, Humidity, Temp); cic
LED tang thii;
—Mach thu phit v8 tuyen, mach giao tiep RS-232 (UARTS), cic be chuyen Wong to-so (ADC), vi zit 15, 18i 8051, be nh6 SRAM vi FLASH (chins he dieu hinh TinyOS, phtm mem) dirgetich hop ten vi mach CC1010;
—Phan mem he thong (drivers) giao tiep RS-232 (chi trong gateway), be thu
phit vo tuyin vi antent;
—BO nguon nueii (Om acquy, mach giim sit nguOn).
c) Cic tieu chuin dirge ip dung
—Giao that truyin sieu van bin (HTTP); —Ng8n ngit truy yin then eau true (SQL); —Lien ket vo tuyin not tiep RS-232; —Lien ket not tiep vi dieu lchien (I2C); —Quy djnh FCC (dii tin deg nghiep, khoa hoc, y to ISM).
1.4. Tong Ewan vi loan frac meng
Ngan xip giao thtc throe so doing trong be thu nh$n (not Sink) vi tat ca the nut
Sensor dirge minh hod tong hinh 1.6.
Ngan zip giao thim nay phOi hop eac tinh Win ve djnh tuyen vi nang luting, kat hop se lieu v6i the giao thirc mang, truyen tin veri hieu quit vi Wing Wong th6ng qua
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mai twang khong day vi tang cterng sv hqp tic gifts Mc nut Sensor. Nan xlp giao that bao gem 16p 1mg dung (Application Layer), lop giao von (Transport Layer), 16p mpg (Network Layer), 16p lien ket s6 lieu (Datalink Layer), 16p v#t 19 (Physical Layer), mat bang quart 19 Wing ltryng (Power Management Plane), mat bing quip 19 di dung (Mobility Management Plane) vi mat bang quin 19 nhiem vp (Task Management Plane).
Appikadon Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physkal Layer
Hinh 1.6. Nen xip giao that mom Sensor
TuS, then nhiem cam Bien, dc kik phin mem frng dung c6 the duqc xay dung vi sir dung tren 16p (mg dung. Lop giao von &up duy tri dang s6 lieu khi cic *rig dung dm mpg Sensor yeu cau. Lop mpg top trung vio viec djnh tuyen so lieu duqc cung cAp bari lop giao von. Do mai trutmg c6 nhigu vi cuc Mt Sensor c6 the di dung duqc, giao Daft MAC phai duqc tinh tour ve Ming luqng vi tdi thieu has va chum trong viec phit quing bi vei cic nut Ian con . Utp vot 19 stl dung cac ky thult die'u che, truyin vi nh#n cin thiet don giin nhung mph me. Them vio de, cic mat bing quirt 19 ming luqng, di dOng vi nhiem vu dieu khien sr phan ph6i Wing luqng, phOi hqp di chuyin vi nhiem vp gifts cic nut Sensor. Cic mat bing niy glop cho cic nut Sensor c6 the phai hop trong nhiem vu cam Wen vi giim duqc thng &Mg luqng tieu thy.
Mat bing quin 19 tiling luqng quin 19 viec mOt nut Sensor stl dung &Mg luqng ctia n6 nhu the nio? Vi du, nth Sensor ce the tit bO phen sau khi nh$n mOt bin tin M. mOt trong Mc nut Ian On. Dieu My c6 the tranh duqc viec nh#n ban tin teri hai Ngoii ra, khi mitt Wing luyng caa nut Sensor thip, nut Sensor se thong bio ten tit cu cic nut lan On ring mirc Wing luqng thip cua no &I thip nen n6 khang the tham gia vio viec djnh tuyen cho cic bin tin. Nang luqng can 10 duqc dv tilt cho viec cam
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bien. Met bing quin 19 di dung d6 tim vi ghi lai chuyin dOng dm nut Sensor, vi the mOt tuyen dutmg Wong ten nut user luon dirge duy tri vi cie nut Sensor co the theo dei dirge cic nut Sensor Ian c$n. V6i viec nhen biet dirge cic nut Sensor Ian c$n, nut Sensor co the can bing gifts nhiem vu vi Ming lugng sla clung. Met bang quirt 19 nhiem vu can bang vi sap xep nhiem vu cim bien cho mOt vfmg cu the. Khong pith tin ci cic Sensor trong vfmg d6 dirge yeu ciu thgc nhiem vu cim then tai cling mOt thbi diem. Ket qua la mOt vii nut Sensor thgc hien nhiem nhieu hop cic nit khic tu9 theo mire ning lugng ctla chung. Nhftng met quail 19 nay rat can thiet, nhu vay, cic nut Sensor ce the lam viec ming yeti nhau de c6 hieu qua ve met nang lugng, ce the djnh tuyen se lieu trong mOt mang Sensor di dung vi chia se UM nguyen gitta cic nut Sensor. Neu kitting, mgi nit Sensor se chi lam viec mOt each don le. Xuat phat quan diem xem xet trong tan mang Sensor, se hieu qui hon neu cic nut Sensor c6 the hoot dOng NT tic vol nhau, nhu the cling c6 the keo dii Si thg cult mpg.
1.4.1. Lop eng dyng
Mgc db nhieu linh we ling dung cho mang Sensor dirge vach r8 vi dugs de xuit, cic giao thirc lerp ling dung con dem tang cho ming Sensor van con li mOt vOng rung 16n chua dirge Icham phi. Trong phin nay, chting to se khio sit ba giao thirc 16p Ong dung quan Ming li giao tithe quin 19 Sensor (Sensor Management Protocol-SMP), giao thirc phan nhiem vu vi quing cio s6 lieu (Task Assignment and Data Advertisement Protocol-TADAP), giao thfrc truy van Sensor vi phe hien se lieu (Sensor Query and Data Dissemination Protocol-SQDDP), rat can thiet cho mpg Sensor tren co set nheng so a dirge de mat ce lien quan ten nhltng 16p khic vi cic Milt vtrc (mg dung mang Sensor. Tat ci cic giao that lop Ong dung nay deu la nhttng van de nghien cfru c6 firth mer.
a) Giao thfrc quail 19 Sensor
Viec thiet ke mOt giao Ogre quin 15, 16p Ong dung c6 nhieu thuen Igi. Mung Sensor ce nhieu linh we ling dung khic nhau vi viec truy nhop den cac Sensor th8ng qua cic mang ram Internet duqc djnh htreng tong mOt se the dtr an hien nay. MOt giao thine quip 19 lap Ong dung lam cho phin cling vi ph& mem cis cac 16p thap tat len trong su6t vdi the ling dung quail ly mang Sensor. Tut li, viec sir dung cac phin clang vi phan mem nio cho lop thip khong inh Sang tOi hoot dung ctia cic ling dung (plan IY mang Sensor.
Cic nhi quin tri he theng tic dOng tOi mung Sensor nhb sir dung SMP. Khang nhu nhieu mpg khac, mpg Sensor bao gem cac nut Icherng as cac se than dung ID (IDentify ) tom cue vi chUng thubng khong ce co se. ha tang mang. VI the SMP can
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phai truy nh$p tei cac nut bing each sir dung d#t ten thuOc firth ca sa va danh die chi v1 tri ca se.
SMP la met giao thirc quan 13"/ cung cap hoot dOng phen mem cAn thiat de thoc
hien nhiem vp quin tr1 mpg sau:
—Dua ra cac guy tic lien quan tea viec t#p hap se lieu, d#t ten thuOc tinh car so,
t#p hap cac nh6m nut Sensor there), cum;
—Trao dui so lieu lien quan tel cac thing tan tim vi tri; —Deng b0 thei gian cho cuc nut Sensor; —Di chuyen cac nut Sensor ; —Bet va tit ac nut Sensor ; —Truy van chiu hinh mong Sensor vi trong thai nut, dinh Bang loi au hinh mong
Sensor ;
—Xac Wien, phew phOi Um% va bao met trong truyen thong se lieu.
b) Giao thirc phan nhiem vu va gang cao s6 lieu
Met hoot dOng quan tang lchac trong mpg Sensor la ph6 hien you au ve se• lieu. NguOi sir dung c6 the girl yew au nay tei met nut Sensor, ten met mong con ho#c tel than mang. Yeu au nay c6 the la ve met thuOc tinh mlo de ciut hien Wang mot lieu hotic met so kien clang quan tem. Sau de, cac Sensor lien quan se girl cac s6 lieu duqc you au tai ngutii sir (long. MOt phucmg phap Ichac la quimg cao cac se lieu c6 sin. Trong phuong phap nay, ac nut Sensor quang cao ac sO lieu c6 sin cho ngtrei dung va truy van ngtrei sir (long ve s6 lieu ma ha quan tam tel . MOt giao thirc lop img citing cung cap cho nerei clang phin mem yeti giao dien cho viec truyen dot you au h6 trq rat hieu qua cho cac hoot dung cim lop thip han, nhu dinh tuyen.
c) Giao thirc truy van Sensor va ph6 bien sO lieu
SQDDP cung cap cho nerei sir dyng nherng img (long bao gem giao dien truy van, phan h6i truy vim vi thu thep phitn hei gui tei. Can Iuu 9 rang hAu het citc truy vin khan dirge dua ra cho thug nut rieng. Thay vao de, viec det ten thuOc firth co so va vi tri ca ser duqc sir (long nhieu han. Vi do: "vitt ciut nhttng nut ma cam bien duet nhiet dO cao han 70 du F " la met truy van thuOc tinh ca se. Tuang to nhu vey, "nhiet do dac ra bOi nhttng not trong vang A" le met vi do d#t ten v1 tri ca so.
Neon net truy van Ira ttAt nhiem vu Sensor (Sensor Query And Tasking Language-SQTL) la met ing (long cung cap met t$p hap len dich vu. SQTL h6 trq ba loci so kien duat dinh nghia bing hY khea receive, every and expire. Tir khea receive dinh nghia cac so kien duqc to ra bei nut Sensor khi nut Sensor nhem duqc met ben tin (Message); ttY khea Every dinh nghia tic so kien xiy ra dinh kjr theo met b0 dinh
Trang 14
thei gian (Timer), fir kh6a Expire djnh nghia cic sir kien xAy ra khi mOt b0 djnh thei gian khong con hieu lye. Neu mOt not Sensor nhon dirge mgt thong bao dinh cho n6 vi bao g6m mOt ?loon mA lenh, nut Sensor se thuc hien doon lenh de. Ngoili SQTL, cic lo3i SQDDP khic c6 the phit trier cho nhttng CEng dung khiic nhau. Cic SQDDP c6 the duqc sir dung duy nhat cho tang img ding.
1.4.2. Lap giao v9n
Lap giao von cung cap cic dich vu t6 chirc lien loc dsu cuii tir cic nut Sensor c6 bao coo can chuyen thi not thu nhon (Sink) vi nut ngtrei sir dung. Lep giao yen d#c biet can thief khi he thing c6 ki hooch truy nhijp thong qua Internet hok nhttng mang ben ngorli khic. Giao dike TCP vei ca chi con s6 truyan din chug phu hqp vei trung ciut tad trueng mang Sensor hien nay. Do do5, viec thiet lop mOt lien kat tau cuii tir the nut Sensor tr► c tiep den not quip ly cua ngueri star dung la Wing hieu qui. Phuong phip phan tech TCP lil can thiet de mang Sensor tuong tic vei cue mpg khic vi du nhu Internet. Trong phucmg phip nay, kit noi TCP duqc sir dung de lien lac gitta not quan 15, cua ngtrei sir dung vi nut thu nhon (Sink) vi mOt giao thee lop giao von pha hqp vei m8i truimg mang Sensor dirge sir dung cho truyan thong gifta not thu nhon vi cic nut Sensor. Kit qui la truyan thong gitta nut nguei sir dung vi nut thu nhOn c6 the sir dung giao thirc UDP ho#c TCP thong qua Internet hok qua ye tinh. Met khic, viec truyan thong gifts not thu nhon vi cic nut Sensor chi sir dung hoa ► tour cic giao thee kik nhu UDP, bei vi cic nut Sensor c6 b0 nhe Milt cho.
Kh8ng gi6ng the giao thee kieu nhu TCP, cic phtrcmg phip truyan thing tau cu6i (end to end) trong mang Sensor khong dja chi toin cic. Cic phi:mg phip nay dya tren viec d#t ten thutjc tinh co s?r de chi ra diem dich cos g6i s6 lieu. Cic nhan tO nhtr tieu thu Wing lugng, khi nAng me rung vi cic d#c flung nhu djnh tuyen top trung s6 lieu khien cho mang Sensor can phiti c6 nhttng ca chi khic trong 16p giao von. Yeu au nay nhin mph sir an thiit coo nhftng log giao thirc mei h lep giao 4n. 1.4.3. Lap mgng
Cic nut Sensor duqc phan b6 day do trong mOt trueng h Sri hooch ngay ben trong cic Men tugng nye tieu nhu trong hinh 1.1. Giao thee djnh tuyen kheng day da buck phu hqp gifts nut Sensor vi not Sink li can thiit. Icy thuot djnh tuyen trong mpg ad-hoc thong thu?mg kh8ng pha hqp nhttng you cau ciut mon Sensor. Lop mang ctia mang Sensor duac thiet ke theo nhimg nguyen t e sau:
—Hieu suAt nAng lugng luton la yku to quan tong; —Hiu het cic mang Sensor li s6 lieu top trung; —Viet top hqp s6 lieu chi ductc dux thi khi n6 Itheng cin tre hog dOng hqp tic
cua cic nut Sensor;
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— MOt mang Sensor ly twang phai nhen but duqc viec Anti dja chi thuOc tinh cc
sa vi vj tri.
1.4.4. Lien kh lien ming
MOt chtic nAng quan trqng khic ells 16p mang la cung cap sir lien ket mang v6i cfic mang ben ngoai nhu cic mpg Sensor khic, clic he thong phut lenh vi dieu khien hay Internet. Trong met me hinh mpg, cac net Sink duce sir citing nhu met Ging (Gateway) din cac mpg Wm. Trong met me hlnh mang khac, met dubng tine duvc tao ra bang viec kit not citc not Sink yen nhau vi then trim nay duqc truy nh$p ten cac mang khic thong qua met Gateway.
SMECN
To met kw d6 con all ming Sensor gem duong ME
Trait
Quang ba se lieu ten tit ci clic nut len can ma Ichong quan tam din
viec chimg di nhan no hay chua
Day truyin
Gill so lieu tel met nut Ian can duerc Ilya chon nett nhien
SPIN
Chi gui cac se lieu tei cac nut Sensor nett chimg dirge yeu au; c6 3
lo3i bim tin : ADV, REQ vi DATA
SAR
Tao nhanh nhieu nhanh cay yeti gec ells mtii nhinh cay li met by& ted nut len can tfr nut Sink; chon met cay cho so lieu de djnh tuyen tr6 lai be nhan theo tai nguyen niing Wong vi viec do QoS bit.
LEACH
To cac clue (Cluster) de t6i thieu h6a lieu thp Sing Wong
Truyen tin c6
Thiet lap ate chi hwfmg cho se lieu tir ngu6n tel nut Sink trong qui
djnh hmfmg
trinh phe bien sy quan tem
Bang 1.1. Ring quan ve lop mgng
L4.5. L6p lien kit .4 lieu
Lop lien kit se lieu chili trach nhiem ghep kenh cho cac clang s6 lieu vi tech khung s6 lieu, dieu khien truy nh$p men trubng vi sira lei. NO dim bao sir tin 4y cho kit not diem -diem (Point to Point) va diem - da diem (Point to Multipoint) trong mang truyen thong. Hai phin duel se trinh bay ye chi& luqc truy nh$p mei trubng truyen din vi dieu khien sera lei cho mpg Sensor.
a) Dieu khien truy nh$p mod trubng truyen din
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Giao thirc MAC trong mang Sensor to t6 chirc da bu6c !thong day (Wireless Multihop Self-organizing Sensor network) phi .' dot duqc hai intic lieu. Thin nhAt la phii tao ra co s6 ha tang mang. Vi hang nghln nut Sensor de phan b6 day d#c trong mOt trtemg Sensor nen giao thirc MAC phii Mitt lop de Wiling lien ket thong tin de truyen s6 lieu. Viec nay se 1#p ten co set ha Ling nen tang can thiet cho truyen thong IMOng day da buck va tao cho mang Sensor khi nang to t6 chfrc. Nhiem vu thfr hai 11 chia se tai cac nguyen th8ng tin mOt cich hieu qui va can bling gifts cac nut Sensor. Clic giao that MAC truyen thong ce the duqc phan loci doct tren cac co chi phan b6 tai nguyen. Bimg 2.3 cung cep mOt so phan tich cac uu, nhuqc diem va pharn vi ling dung cfm cac loci nay.
Phan bi c6 djnh dugc xac djnh fru& Khong hieu qui v6i ltru leg cao Chi djnh rieng hay ph& b6 c6 djnh Thich hqp v6i luu leg lien tic vi cung cap hp chi tri
Cali
Dtra tren nhu Tuy the vio nhu hay yeu (cid:9) cna ngtreci
dung Hliu ich dOi vet toe dO Bien dii vi luu Mpg da phuang tien Lam tang phu tai (Overhead) vi trg do lien trinh Bang ki fru& lid nguyen
Truy nh$p ngiu nhien
Tranh danh kenh khi can chuyen gel Phil hqp v6i Iuu leg cao Khong hieu qua yeti luu Mpg nhay aim v6i tre (dull tren tranh)
Bang 1.2. Phan lopi giao their MAC
b) Dieu khien sus 16i
Mgt chin Ming quan tong khic caa 16p lien ket so lieu la dieu khien sira 16i cho s6 lieu truyin din. Hai phucmg phap dieu khien sfra quan tong trong mang truyen thong la suit 16i truck (Forward Error Correction-FEC) va yen au lop lai to dOng (Automatic Repeat Request-ARQ). Phuang phis') ARQ chug duqc ap dung trong mang Sensor m#c du d8 c6 nhieu dung ARQ c6 kha nang tich ling vi hieu qua da dugc ap dung cho cac mang di dOng khic. KM Ming (mg dung ciia phucmg phap ARQ trong mang Sensor bj hart chi do viec tang chi phi truck khi truyen din vi phi tai. M#t khic, do phirc tap trong ma hot% cern plurong phip FEC tang theo Ichit Wing hieu chinh Xet ve m#t My, vies su dung cac ma dun gian 111 giii phip tot nhat cho mang Sensor. Trong thiet ke cua phuong phap nay, van di quan tong la phai xem xet kg luring doc diem dm kenh va Icy thuot ma. Phan flip theo se trinh bay dOng loc ling dung vi co s6 thiet ke thu tic FEC theo yeu (cid:9) colt mpg Sensor. Trang 17
FEC: DO tin c$y cart lien kit la tham s6 quan trong trong thiet ki bit ki mOt ming kh8ng day nao, dieu nay dug quan trqng ham veil ming Sensor do tinh chit gay _git va !thong On dinh caa sy dung dO kenh trong cac ting dung Ichic nhau. MOt si cac ling dung nhu giam sat di dOng vi dieu hanh may mac dbi hOi dO chinh xic s6 lieu cao. Ty s6 16i bit (BER) la tham s6 quan trung de danh gia dO tin cay ctia lien kit. BER ty 10 thuon vei toe dO ki hieu R, va tY 10 nghich vai ty si tin hieu tree nhieu SNR (E, / No) vi mire cong xuit phat P. Gil su mOt phuong phap ma hod vai tY 10 R duqc sir dung. Neu tic dO truyin ki hieu s6 lieu ducrc gift khong di so yeti tnrec khi ma hoa thi tee dO truyen ki hieu t6ng phii tang din R, / IL Ngoai ra, neu cling suit truyin din khong thl rang luqng thu duqc tren mOt ki hieu giim din RE,. BER do duqc h diu vito b0 gill ma, BER dm tin hieu chug duqc xi: 1Y, Ian harp BER cim tin hieu sau giii ma. Dieu nay c6 duqc nhir b0 giai ma bing each khai thic phin du thira vi ciu true cua b0 ma de hieu chinh mOt sa 16i dubng truyen. Trong thyc ti, mOt ma sirs 161 tait duqc danh gia qua mire de giam BER vi dO lqi Chung. DO lqi ma duqc dart gia bang cong suit phat them via an thiet trong truing him khong clang ma sirs 16i de dit duce cling BER aia tin hieu sau giii ma.
Viec truyen th8ng s6 lieu mOt each tin 4y ca the dirge cung clip biing each tang cong xuit phat ra (Pow) ho#c sir dung cc chi FEC pha hqp. Vi mOt nut Sensor c6 ngu6n Wing luqng giai hin nen viec tang cong suit phat la khang khi thi. Do de, phai t#p trung vao FEC vi FEC ca thi gam Clang ke BER von bit ki gia tri P dirge cho. Tuy nhien, cling phiti tinh din cong suit ictl 1* tang them do ma hoa va giii ma. CEng suit xi 19 My gay bit lqi do gi6i hart nguOn Ming luqng cua cac nut Sensor. Dieu nay rat quan frog dOi vol ming Sensor m(ic du c6 the khang ding ke yeti ac ming kherng day khac. Neu cong xuit )(if 1y phat sinh nay lhn ham dO lqi ma hofi thi ci qua trinh nay la khong hieu qua ve 'tang luqng vi he thong ching can phai ma hoa dm 16i. M#t khac, FEC la rat quan trong vhf ming Sensor neu tang cling suit ma boa va gill ma nh6 ham cong suit phat tilt kiem dirge.
Gil thiet met kenh c6 Fading Rayleigh ch#m khong chip 19c tin s6 va sir dung ma hoa coin de hieu chinh 16i. Cac phan tich da dua din kit lu$n ran fling lugng tieu thu trung binh cho mOt bit c6 ich tang ham mu theo do dai hart the ciut ma vi khong phu thuOc vio tY 10 ma. Ngoii ra, FEC thuang kitting hieu qui neu giai ma bang mOt vi xir ly vi nghien thu My gist:1'i thieu mOt 1,0 gill ma Viterbi chuyen dyng gin tre'n bang mach. Cac kg thu$t ma don gian c6 the giii quyet yin de hieu qua nang luqng cho mpg Sensor.
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1.4.6. Lop gilt
Lap v#t 19 chju Mich nhiem bra chon tin s6, to tin s6 mang, tich song, dieu chi va m8 hoa s6 lieu. V* tan tan s6 va tach song thuOc pham vi thiet ke phin cting va b0 thu phut nen se Icherng duqc xem xet 6 day. Cac phin titp theo se chi tong ve cuc hieu ting phut song, hieu xuit fling luong vii cuc phuang phap dieu chi trong mpg Sensor.
Hien nhien IA truyin th8ng v8 tuyen vii khoang each xa IA rat teal kern xet ca ye Ming Wong va dO phtic tap ctia hoot dOng. Trong khi thiet ke lap vet 19 cho mang Sensor, viec tai thieu hoa nang luting duqc coi la rat quan tong, ngoai ra con cac yin de ve suy hao, phut tan, v#t can, phan nhiiu, cac hieu ling fading da dueng. Thong thueng, ding suit du ra toi thieu a chuyen mOt tin hieu qua mOt khoitng cach d tjr le vii trong d6 2 5 n < 4. Se me n gin 4 volntent tent thip va cAc kenh gin mat dit di& hinh trong mpg Sensor. Nguyen nhan la do sir triet lieu met phin tin hieu ben tia phan xa nAit dit. De giui quyet van di nay, ngubi thiet ke phai hieu re cAc d#c tinh da (king c6 hifu va khai thac cluing met cach triet de. Vf du, truyen th8ng qua thieu buerc nhity trong mang Sensor c6 the vtrqt qua mOt each hieu qua cac vitt chin va cac hieu fmg suy hao throng truyen neu mat dO nut mang du 16n. Ttrcmg tu, trong khi suy hao throng truyen va dung luting kenh hart chi dO tin c#y ctia s6 lieu thi nhe de to c6 the su dung lai tin s6 theo khang gian.
Viec Iva chqn phuung thtic dieu chi tot de la yin de quyet djnh den von stir tin c#y trong truyen thong ctia mpg Sensor. Phtrcmg phi" dieu chi co s6 M c6 the giant then gian truyen din bing viec gfri nhieu bit tren mOt ki hieu thI no lai lam tang de phfrc tap Oa mach dien va tang tong suit v8 tuyen. Vol dieu kien deg suit kheri kich vtrqt trOi thi phtrcmg phap dieu the co s6 hai c6 hieu qua ve rang luqng km. VI the, phucrng phap dieu chi co se M chi c6 lqi vol cAc he thong c6 Gong suit kheri kich thip.
Thiet bj bang tin cue rOng (Ultrawideband-UWB) hay v8 tuyen xung (Impulse Radio-IR) tUng duqc su dung cho he thong radar xung bang tin g6c va cac he thong do khoang cach, Om day duqc chtl y trong cac ting dung th8ng tin dac biet la cac mpg Idiong day trong nha. UWB truyen din veri bang tin gee nen khemg can cac tin s6 mang hotic trung tin. ThOng thueng, dieu chi vi tri xung duqc se dung. Uu diem chinh cua UWB la khit Wing mau phuc hei vol doi vol hien turyng phut da dusting. Viec se chin ding suit truyen thong thip va thiet ke mach don gian di lam cho UWB rat thich hop vol cac mpg Sensor.
1.5. 14c dam cila along Wireless Sensor 1.5.1. Kick Shut vitt ly nka vd tilu thy ling sulk Ship
Trong bit k9 huerng phut trier c8ng nghe nao, kich thtrac va ding suit lieu thu luOn chi phei kha nang xu 19, luu MY va ttrcmg tfic cua cac thiet bj cc set. Viec thiet ke Trang 19
cic phtm ding cho mang Sensor phii chit trgng den giim kich ca vi ding suit tieu thy yeti yeu eau nhAt dinh ye khi fling hog dung. Viec sir dyng philn mem phil tao ra the hieu quit de hi lai cic han chi cult phAn ding.
1.5.2. Hopi dpng ding thu vii t1p trung cao
Phuong thirc hoot dOng chinh tits the thiet 131 trong mang Sensor lit cim hien vi von chuyen ck ding th8ng tin vii lch6i lugng xt1 ly thip, gem the hog dung nhan mOt lenh, ding, phin tich vi dip ling lg. Vi dy, th8ng tin cam bien ce the dirge thu nh#n dtang thin beri cic Sensor, duct thao tic vi truyin len mang. Hoc de lieu co the dirge nut Sensor nhon ifs the nut Sensor khic vi dirge huOng hfri djnh tuyin da lien ket hay lien ket au. Vi dung lugng 130 nh6 trong nh6 nen viec dem mOt !the& lugng 16n &I lieu gills ding vio vi ding ra lit khOng 'chi thi. Hon Mira, mai ding lai tao ra met se lugng lin the stir kien mire thip xen vio hog dung xir ly mire cao. Mitt so hog dOng xt1 15r mire cao se ken dii tren nhieu stir kien thin gian thtrc. Do do, cic nut mang phii thyc hien nhieu c8ng viec thing thtri vi an phii ci stir top trung xir 15, cao dO. 1.5.3. Khd ndng liin kit 4115 vd phdn cip thiu khiIn hprs chi
Sts lugng cic b0 dieu khien dOc lap, cic khi niing cis b0 dieu khien, stir tinh vi cim lien ket xir 15? - km trtt - chuyen mach trong mang Sensor thip han nhieu trong cic he thOng thong thubng. Dien hinh, hi) cum bien (Sensor) hay 130 truyen dOng (actuator) cung cap mOt giao dien don gian true tiep ten mOt b0 vi dieu khien chip don. Ngugc lai, cic he thing th8ng thubng, vdri cic hog dOng xu 1y phin tin, ding thin kit hgp yen mOt log cic thiet bj tren nhieu mire dieu !chi& dirge lien he biri mOt cAu true bus phic top. Cic han the ve kich thu6c vi Ong suit, khi Ming dinh hinh vet 1ST tren vi mach 13i giOi han c6 chieu hum/mg an h8 trg quin ly ding doing thin, top trung nha b0 xir 1ST ket hgp.
1.5.4. Tinh da dung trong thin ki vd sir dpng
Cac thiet bj Sensor dirge nil mang ce khuynh huOng dinh rieng cho ung dyng cy the, rim lit m8i log phin ding chi h8 trg rieng cho ung dyng cis ne. VI co mOt pliant vi img dung Sensor rat rung nen ding c6 the ce rat nhieu kieu thiet bj vet 15, Ichic nhau. Val mai thitt bj Hong, dieu quart trgng IA phii de cling top hgp cfic thinh phin phAn mem de ce dirge temg dyng to cic think phan plan cung. Nhu v4y, cic loci thiet bj niy can mOt stir dieu chinh phAn mem 6 mOt mire do nio di de ci dirge hieu qui sir dyng phin cling cao. M8i truing phit hien chung lit can till& de cho phip cic img dyng rieng ci the xiy dyng tren mOt top the thiet bj mi kb/mg can giao dien phi= tap. Ngoii ra, ding c6 the chuyen d6i gift pham vi phtm ding vai phan mem trong knit ning deg nghe.
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1.5.5. Hoyt ifPng tin c2y
Cac thiet bj c6 se lucmg Ian, duqc tan khai trong pham vi rang voi mOt img dung cu the. Viec ap ding cac ky thu$t ma h6a sea 16i truyen thong nhim tang dO tin c#y dm cac don vi rieng le bj giai han Uri kich thy& vi cang sulk. Viec tang dO tin c#y dm cac thiet 1)1 le la dieu cot yku. Them vao do, chimg to c6 the tang de tin c#y dm img dung bang Ida Ming chip nh#n va khac phuc duqc so hang Mc cart thiet b1 don le. Nhu v$y, he thong host Ong tren tang nut don Wong Mang math me ma can a clang phat trien cac img ding phan tan tin ch. 1.6. ling dyng curl mpg Sensor
Mang Sensor c6 the gem cac ldeu cam bien khac nhau nhu dOng dit, tir truing vii tec dO lay mitt chap, nhiet dO, hinh anh, hang ngoM, am thanh va de vo tuyen (radar) qua de ce the kiem tra duqc nit nhieu tinh chat dm mai truing xung quanh Mu:
- Nhiet de; - DO am; - Sr di chuyen dm xe c0; - Ck tang thai chap nhofing; - Ap suit; - Thanh phan Mt trbng; - Mac tap am; - Cac thilnh phan hien dien hay yang mat cast dei Mpg; - Cac mac img suit ciut cac del Wong tiep xac veri nhau; - Cac d#c tinh tire thbi nhu tec de, phuong huong vi kich thu6c dm mOt del
Mpg.
Ck nut Sensor co the duqc sir dung de them de lien Mc, phat hien sir kien, nh$n dung six kien, am bien ye vj tri ho#c de dieu khien. t tuang ve vi cam bien va ket nei vo tuyen gifts cac nut mpg Ma hen nhieu rmh voc 1mg dung mai. CO the phan lcmi cac ling dung theo MAI voc cork so, y te, mai twang, gia dinh va cac img dung thuong mai Ichk. CO the ma rang so phan chia nay vii nhieu loci khac nhu them de khang gian, xar 15, Ma hoc, giam rai ro.
1.6.1. Ong dyng trong guars sp.
Ck mpg Wireless Sensor IA met phan kh8ng the thieu trong cac 1mg dung quan so ngay nay WA cac h'e thong menh lenh, dieu Ichien, thu thOp tin tire tinh bao truyen thong, tinh town, theo dai ke tinh nghi, trinh sat va tim raw lieu. Cac d#c tinh then khai nhanh chOng, to to chat va kha Ming chill dung 16i curt cac mpg Sensor cho they day
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li mOt ding nghe diy trien vong trong link voc quail syr. VI the mong Sensor dtra tren ca sa trien khai cliy d#c vai cac nut gia r8 vi chi dimg mOt lan, viec bj dich phi huy mOt so Mt khong Anh htrang ten hoot dung chung nhu cac Sensor truyen thong nen chting tiep can chien trtrang tot han. MOt so ling dung tha mang Sensor li: hem tra lye lugng, trang bi, don dirge, giam sit chi& twang, trinh sit yang vi lye Wong djch, dm mpc tieu, dinh gia thiet trfain dank, trinh sat vi phat hien cac vii khi Ma hoc - sinh hoc - hot nhan (NCB).
—Kam tra hoc lugn& trang bi, don digit: Cie lanh doo vi chi huy c6 the kiem tra thubng xuyen firth tong cua quan dOi, dieu kien vi khi nAng sin sang chi& au ctia cac trang bj, don dirge trong mOt chi& trtrang bing viec sr dung the mang Sensor. Mai ngtrai linh, xe cO, trang bj deu dirge gin mOt Sensor di dieing bao tong thai. Cac thong Mo nay aunt top hgp ad mOt nut thu (Kt lieu (Sink) vi duct gai tot ngtrai chi huy. Cac so lieu My c6 the dirge hueng tot cac cap cao han trong phial cap chi huy cling vii cac s6 lieu tir cac din vi Ichic toi mai cap;
—Theo doi chilli 'twang: Tai tae yang quan tong, cac wen flip c$n , the con throng vi eo hien, the mpg Sensor c6 the doge trien khai nhanh thong de theo doi hoot dOng cua doi phuong mOt cash r8 ring, bi met. Khi bin dti tong tic da dirge chan bj, the mong Sensor ce the doge trien khai bat cu Mc nio di theo dOi doi phuong;
—Trinh sat Wing va Arc Wong doi phuong: Khi the mpg Sensor dirge trien khai to cac yang chien huge, the thong tin tinh bao ce gia trj, chi tiet vi kjp thai c6 the doge thu thop trong mOt vii phut Wu& khi bj doi phuang nan chOn;
— Tim Mi4C dell: Cie mong Sensor c6 the dirge kit hop ch#t the veri cac he thong
htrOng 40 trong cac quern trang thong minh;
—Dinh gib thiet hot cua tran dcinh: Ngay tuft ho#c sau khi tan tong, the mang Sensor co the dirge trien khai trong yang moc lieu di top hgp the so lieu dash gia thiet hoi trong trOn dinh;
—Trinh sat va ph& hien cac vu kid Ma hoc, sinh hoc, hgt nhon: Trong cac cuOc chi& tranh sinh hoc vi Ma hoc, viec phit hien chinh xac vi kjp thai cac tic nhan li dieu nit quan tong. Cic mong Sensor doge thin khai trong siting chitin deng vi dirge sir dung nha cac he tilting cinh bao vu khi sinh h6a c6 the cung cap cho quan dOi the thong tin ye cac tic Man ce the gay nguy hien, thuang vong. Cac mong Sensor can dirge dung de giim sit chi net sau khi the tan deg sinh, has vi hot than dirge phit hien. Ngtriii to c6 the c6 dirge sa
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trinh sat ve vii khi but nhan mi kitting phii dua cic dOi trinh sit vio yang Ink xu nguy hiem cum.
1.6.2. ("mg dpng vI mill Theft
MOt so cic Ong dung ve moi trutmg cim mpg Sensor bao gam theo dOi str di chuyen ala cic loii chim, loii thu nh6, con tong; hem tra cic dieu kien moi trutmg inh hiking ten mils ming vi vet nu8i; tinh tang ntrec tmli; cic ding cu vi m8 cho viec giim sit met dat 6 pliant vi rung vi than hiem cic hanh tinh; phit hien has hoc, sinh hoc; tinh town trong n8ng nghiep; kiem tra m8i trutmg khong khi,dit tong, bien; phit hien chiy rung; nghien ciru khi tuqrig vi dirt 19; phit hien Hi hit; ve ban dfi sinh hoc phirc tap ctla moi trutmg vi nghien dm o nhigm mai throng.
—Phtit hien chdy ring : VI cic net Sensor cb the trien khai diy chic, hr do 6 cic vj tri can thiet non cluing c6 the cung cup tin tut chinh xic ye nguan g6c phit lira tram khi thong phit tin rung khOng kiem soft &cc. Hing nghin nut Sensor ce the duqc trien khai vi tich hqp nhtr cic he thong quang vi cic tan s6 vo tuyen. Ngoii ra, cic nut Sensor con duqc trang bj cic phtrcmg phip thu nang ltrqng, vi du nhu &rig pin nip ten, de cic Sensor c6 the tyr duy tri trong Mau thing th#m chi nhieu nam. Cic nut Sensor se cung tic vii cic nit khic de phi n tin su ciun bien vi chang lui cic tar ngui nhu cic mirth cay, khai di lim cin trtt dun shin Gua cic Sensor;
— Ve ban do sinh hpc pink kw ctia mai :ming: Viec lap bin eta sinh lux cart mai twang dOi had phii dip cOn mOt rich tinh vi de kit hqp cic thong tin qua cic truc khOng gian vi thZri gian. Cic den bu kg thuot trong lihh Arc cam Wen tir xa vi thu th$p dit lieu hi dOng cho phdp dO phan glib khOng gian, quang ph6 vi thai gian cao tai mOt don vj dien tich. Din vio Gong nghe hien nay, de nut Sensor c6 the duqc kit non Internet, dieu My cho phdp ngutri sir dung tir xa the dieu khien, kiem tra vi theo dOi cic thinh phan sinh hoc trong m8i outing. —M#c du cic he thong ciun hien ye tinh vi tren may bay rat hem ich cho viec theo dOi tinh da dung sinh hue vi m8 nhung chung khong du tinh vi de dip On cic thinh phial sinh hqc ce ldch car nh6. Do def cim thiet phii su dung mpg Sensor de theo dOi chi tiet cic thinh phiin sinh hpc mOt cich day du;
—Phdt hien la lyt: mOt vi du ve img dung phit hien ICI hit li he thong ALERT duqc trien khai tui My. Nhieu Id& Sensor duqc trien khai trong he thgng ALERT li cic ciun Wen ve luqng mua, =lc ntrec vi thtri tiet. Cic Sensor My cung cup th8ng tin cho he thong to so dit lieu trung tam. cat do lieu My duqc filth town, phin tich de dua ra du bio ve Unit hinh nguy co Hi hit;
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- Cdc tinh man cho Wang nghiep: met sto tic he trq trong Wing nghiep la kiem tra, tlnh toan kip thai mac dO main benh trong nurtrc u6ng, mac do x6i mon (Lit vi mac dO 6 item.
1.6.3. eng dyng trong y
MOt s6 ung ding trong y ti ciut mpg Sensor la cung cap khi nitng giao tikp cho ngutri khuyet t#t; kiim tra firth tang cita benh !thin; chart doan; quart 19 duqc phim trong benh vien; kiem tra sy di chuyin vi cic co the sinh hpc ben trong cua con tang vi cac log sinh vet nh6 khk; kiim tra tb xa cac sb lieu ve sinh 15, con nguiri; giam sat, hem tra cac Mc si va berth thin ben trong benh vien.
- Kam tra tuxa cac si lieu ve sinh if , con nguat Cac so lieu ve sinh ly thu th$p duqc biing cac mang Sensor c6 the duct km tra trong thin gian dui vi c6 the duqc sum (twig de Idtho sit y hpc. Mang Sensor con duqc sir dyng de kiem tra vi phat hien tinh tang cita ngtrai cao tuei nhu sir det quy. Ck oat Sensor nhe nay cho phdp cac dei Wang cep the di chuyen ty do trong pliant vi ring vi cac bac si c6 the phat hien cac trieu chimg &Km dinh nghia fru& mot cacti a ding. Cac ming Sensor nay tao thu$n Iqi han cho cac benh nhin so vol viec den cac trung tim dieu trj. MOt nhOm c6 ten la "Health Smart Home" duqc t6 chile tai khoa y hpc dm Grenoble - France de danh gia, Ong nIgin tinh lchi thi cita cac he thting niy;
- Gidm sat va kiem tra cdc bcic si va benh nhcln ben trong benh vien: Mai
berth than co cac nut Sensor nhe va nhe duqc gin vat hp. Mei nut Sensor c6 met nhiem vu rieng. Vi du, met nut c6 the theo d6i nhjp tim, trong khi mot net khac theo dtSi huyet ap. Cac Mc si ding ce the mang theo cac nut Sensor de cac bac si khk biet dtrqc vj tri curt hp tong benh vien; Quoin ly (kw philm trong benh vien: Cac berth nhin duqc gin cac nut Sensor c6 the nhen biet cac di img thu6c vi cac duqc phim can thiet. Nhu voy, c6 the giam t6i da cac sai sat trong viec ke dart thu6c vi sir dung thu6c coa benh than.
1.6.4. 64 dyng trong gia dinh
- Tv tong hoa trong gia dinh: Vai cac tien ber ky thuot hien nay, cac nut Sensor va cac b0 dieu ldnen th8ng minh ce the dirge gin trong cac thiet bj gia dinh nhu may but byi, 16 vi sang, tit lath, Cac nit nay ce the Prong tic vol cac nut 'chic vi ming ben ngoai thong qua Internet hoc ve tinh. Nha voy, nguai sir dyng c6 the Warn sit, dieu khien cac thiet bi gia dinh tir xa met cich de ding;
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—Mot trtremg thong minh: med truerng th8ng minh duqc thiet ke c6 the gom hai khai khic nhau la phan con nguiri (human- centered) it phan ky thu$t (technology — centered ) (G.D. Abowd, J.P.G. Sterbenz, Final report on the interagency workshop on research issues for smart environments, IEEE Personal Communications (October 2000). Trong phlin con ngtrtri, mei truing thong minh phii dip ling cic you cau ala ngtr6i sir don thong qua giao dip vito/ra. \fa phin Icy thu$t, cite kg thu$t phan ming, cic giiti phip mang vi cic dich vu phAn son (middleware) duqc phit trier. Cac nut Sensor ce the duqc gin vio cac Q0 dung va thiet bj gia dlnh va chting ce the th8ng tin yen cac nut khic va tram chit can phong (room Server). Cic room Server cling c6 the lien lac WA nhau dl trao d6i cic deg viec can phii lam hoc can duqc h8 trq Stu viec in An, quet lath vi fax. Cic room Server vi CAC nut Sensor kit hqp yeti cic thiet bj trong gia dinh tra thinh mOt he thOng thich nghi yeti khi nling to t6 chirc va to dieu chinh tren ca so cac truing dieu khien.
1.6.5. Cac fang dyng dewing nsfi khdc
Cac wig dung thuong mai ce the duqc ke den la : hem tra so met mei ca the; xAy thing cac ban phim ao; quart N so kiim Ice; kilm tra chit luqng sin phAm; xay dung cac kitting gian lam viec th8ng minh; dieu khien med throng trong cac tol nha cong so; citc robot dieu khien vi chi dao trong cic mi3i throng the to to dOng; do choi tuong tic; cac bao tang th8ng minh; nha may ditu khien to dOng; hem tra cac yang nguy lam; kiln tree th8ng minh vdi cac nut Sensor gin trong; cac may char dolin; in tai; kiem tra vi phit hien vo trOm xe; gian sat xe c0;
—Dieu khan mai trtremg trong cac toa nha cong sa: cac trong thai khong khi vi nhiet dO ctia hAu het cac c8ng so. dugc dieu khiln duqc tir met trong dm. Bea vAy, nhiet dO trong mOt can phong c6 the duqc thay doi trong met pharn vi n116, nai nay ce the ce nhiet dO Am hon met nai khic vi chi ce mOt b0 dieu khien trong mOt can phong ma d6ng kh8ng khi chiy tir mOt he thong trong tam lai Ichong duqc phan b6 long dau. MOt he thlng mang Wireless Sensor phAn tan c6 the duqc thiet I$p di dieu khien kh8ng khl vi ?Ali@ de tai cac phin khic nhau ciut can phong. KT thu$t Olin tan My giarn duqc rat nhilu chi phi nAng Itrqng cho dieu hoe kh8ng khi va giam ding ki luqng carbon sink ra; —Bao tang twang tdc thong minh: trong tuong lai, tre em c6 the tuong tic v6i cic dli ttrqng trong bito tang di hieu hon va chimg. Cac dOi ttrqng My c6 the phis ling lei cac va cham hay 16i n6i. Ngoai ra, tre em con co the tham gia vito cac thi nghiem nguyen Sian - kit quit theo theri gian thoc de hoc lap vi lchoa hoc va rad truinig. Them vio do, cac mang Wireless Sensor ce the cung dip
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thir ty vi sy djnh vi ben trong bio tang. MOt vi du la bio tang thim hiem San Francisco Exploratorium, trong bily ket hpp su do luting s6 lieu vi cic thi nghiem nguyen nhin — ket qui;
—Ph& hifn trdm cap xe hat: Cac nut Sensor co the dirge then khai de phit hien vi nhen ra ke trem trong Wing dja vi thong bio cho chu nhan thong qua Internet;
— Quin lj sv !dim Ice: mai this" trong kho dirge co the gitn met Sensor. Ngutri sir dung co the tim they chinh xic vj tri cue cila del tircing vi kiem ke so inqng cue cac d6i tugng can lord. Neu ngutti sir dung mu6n them met sy kiim ke mei thi phii lien lac veil the nut Sensor finch hqp. Qua do co the giant sit vi djnh vj cac del tucing trong ban ke bet al lrie nio;
— Gicim sat vi theo dot xe co: co hai phuang phap giiun sit vi theo dOi xe ce. Thu nhit, throng di Oa xe dirge xic djnh trong cic cum vi dupe chuyin ten tram g6c, thin hai li the se lieu chin qua x>i brr tir cac nut Sensor duce chuyin ten train g6c, tai diy ching duge pit tich de xic djnh vj tri cac xe.
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CHUtING 2. NANG LUVNG TRONG M4.NG WIRELESS SENSOR
2.1. Tinh d$c the cuss mong
2.1.1. Hen chi plain ming
Tit cal cic thanh phin cult nut Sensor phai dk1t vira vio trong mOt khOi. Thong thu?mg kich cer duqc yeu ciu nhe han 1 centimet kh6i, d8i khi, phai du nhe de c6 the treo tren kheng trung. Ngoai cic yeu ciu ye kich c0, khOi lugng, viec thiet ke cic nut Sensor can bj han chi ben cic yeu ciu nghiem ng#t khac la:
- Cong suit tieu the phii v8 cling thip; - Hoot dOng trong met dO the tich cao; - Gia thanh sin twit thip va cdo the III b6 qua ma klyang anh Wang tai toxin
mang;
- C6 the to dOng to chirc, quail tri va hoot dung Ichong can can thiep; - Thich nghi dugc vgi m6i twang.
Vi cic not Sensor thutmg khong flip c#n throe nen thbi gian ton tai cita mOt mong Sensor phi thuOc vao tu6i tho nguon Wing lugng cria nut. Nang lugng cling la tai nguyen hiem do b0 nguOn c6 kich cer glen hon. VI do, tong nang lugng do trit trong mOt hot Sensor th8ng minh la 1J. Trong mang Sensor tich hop vo tuyen (WINS), ding dien trung binh cung cap phiti nhe han 30 tuk de dam bao thbi gian song dai. Cac not WINS duge cung cap ning lugng tar pin lithium (Li) tieu chuan hinh (king xu (dirtmg klnh 2.5 cm day I cm). Ngoli ra, c6 the tang thbi gian song can mang bang each tam liy nang Wong tar mtoi truing. Cac 8 pin met trbi la mOt vi do.
BO thu phit cria cic not Sensor c6 the la cic thiet bj quang the dOng ho#c tich coc hoac cic thiet bj ver tuyen (RF). Truyen thong tin s6 v8 tuyen yeu ciu dieu che, b0 loc thong dai, giiti dieu chi va ghdp kenh lam cho chimg ter len dit va phirc top. Ngoli ra, suy hao &Ong truyen tin hieu giita hai nut Sensor ty le theo lug thira bSc 136n cila khoing each do cic nut Sensor sir dung antent ding htrOng. Tuy Mien, truyen thong v8 tuyen throe quan tan' trong hiu het cic do an nghien ciru vi cic gen tin truyen trong mang Sensor c6 kich thutc nhe , toe dO s6 lieu thip (thutmg nhe han 1 Hz) va ilia nang sir clung lai tin s6 cao do khoing each truyen thong ngin. Cac d#c diem My too ra cho thay he s6 sir dung hO thOng v8 tuyen la thip. Tuy nhien, viec thiet ke cic mach v8 tuyen co hieu qua ve Wing lugng vi he so sir dung thip van can IA mOt thich thirc cling nghe. Cac Icy thuot v8 tuyen thuang moi hien nay van kh8ng dirge nhcr mong mu6n vi chi n% con tieu the nhiau ruing
M#c du dA c6 the b0 zit c8ng suit tlnh mkt cao vgi kich think nhe nhung hien tai charm vin chtra dirge ph6 bien. Vi do, mOt vi hat thong minh (smart dust mote)
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nguyen Walla met be vi dieu khien 4 MHz Mkt AVR 8535 yeti 8 Kb be nha tee do cao, 512 byte RAM vi 512 byte EEPROM (ROM lap trinh bang dien). He dieu hi nh TinyOS dirge sir dung trong by xir 19 nay, v6i 3500 byte !thong gian chira ma OS vi 4500 byte khong gian c6 sin. BO xir 19 caa meat net Sensor nguyen ban khan, goi 11
'AMPS (p-Adaptive Multi-domain Power aware Sensors-Vi cam bien !Mon biet nang luqng da mien thich irng), cb met vi xil 19 59 — 206 MHz SA — 1110 sir clang he dieu hanh da nhiem g-OS.
Hau ha can nhiem vp cam hien yeu cau c6 meat sir hieu biet ve vj tri. Vi cac nut Sensor thinnig dirge trier khai ngiu nhien va host dung W. dOng, nen cluing can phi i c6 meat he thong tim dubng. He thong nay cling dirge yeu eau Wri nhieu giao thirc djnh tuyen. Thong thubng, the nut Sensor can dugs trang N he thong djnh vi toan eau GPS c6 dO chinh xitc nh6 hen 5m. Nh6 vey, chung c6 the to dOng tim vi tri thich hop va c6 kha Ming djnh vi chinh xitc cac hien tugng dich.
2.1.2. Mei trithng hoot dOng
Ck nut Sensor duce trien khai day dac rat gin hoac true tiEp ben trong hien tugng de quan sat. VI die, chung thireng hot dOng to dOng t i cac vAng each xa. Chung c6 the lam viec trong cac mei the:mg sau:
—Trong can phan flip giap; —Ben trong cac bU phen 16n; —Day hien; —Ben trong can hien tugng phirc tap ; —Tren ma bien, trong meat thug I8i; —Cac yang 8 nhiem sinh holt; — Cac yang chien six; —Cac nen nhil hay toil nha 16n; —Clic nhi kho 16n; —Gan vio cac con thn; —Gan vilo xe c0; —Trong cac throng Ong hay deng s8ng theo dung chiy.
Nhu v$y, can nut Sensor phii lAm viec yeti cac dieu kien rat kh6 khan: dm% Ap suit cao duel day hien; 6 cac m8i trubng khic nghiet nhu yang chien sir hay cac dOng dO nat; duel sire meng hay dO lath; trong cac mei tnrimg tap am 16n. Vol mai loth phii c6 met ke hoach thief ke thich
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2.1.3. Mai Wang truyin din
Trong mOt myng Sensor da lien ket, cac nut mpg thong tin v6i nhau qua moil truing !Nag dAy. Cie lien ket nay ce the la song vo tuyen, hOng ngoyi hay cac tin hieu quang. Viet chip m8i truing thong tin lien quan den you au nhiem vu cim mpg va chimg phai dam bao cac quy djnh quoc to ye th8ng tin trong !thong gian de to the hog dOng dirge 6 mgi non.
Lien ket ve tuyen sir dyng the dii tin c8ng nghiep, khoa hoc va y tigc (Industrial, Scientific and Medical-ISM). Cac el& tin nay dirge thong tin to do trong hiu het the nue/G. Bang phan phoi dui sO quk to nom trong khoan S5 trong quy djnh tin sO chi m mOt s6 dal tin danh cho cac ling dyng ISM (Bang 2.1).
(cid:9)
(cid:9) (cid:9) (cid:9) (cid:9) (cid:9) (cid:9) (cid:9) (cid:9) (cid:9) (cid:9) (cid:9) (cid:9) Frequency band 6765-6795 kHz 13,553-13,567 kHz 26,957-27,283 kHz 40.66-40.70 MHz 433.05-434.79 MHz 902-928 MHz 2400-2500 MHz 5725-5875 MHz 24-24.25 GHz 61-61.5 GHz 122-123 GHz 244-246 GHz Center frequency 6780 kHz 13,560 kHz 27,120 kHz 40.68 MHz 433.92 MHz 915 MHz 2450 MHz 5800 MHz 24.125 GHz 61.25 GHz 122.5 GHz 245 GHz
Bang 2.1. Cac dai din danh cho cac sing dyng ISM
MOt so cac diti tin nay di dirge sir dyng cho cac he thong dien thoyi cam tay va myng n0i 130 khong clAy (Wireless LAN). Clic mpg Sensor sir dyng bo thu phat kich cb nh6, gia r8 va c8ng suit tieu thu eye thip. Do ac hen the ve phi') cling va sir cAn bring era hieu qua antent va cling suit tieu thu giai ban nen phai bra then song mang thuOc dai tin rot cao (UHF). Cac 130 thu phat sir dung dai tin 433 MHz ISM 6 chau Au va 915 MHz 6 Bic My. ThuOn iqi chinh cure cac dai tin ISM la sir dung ty do, pht• rung va th8ng dyng. Chimg khong ving khei the tieu bring, do de c6 the phi him vii cac ke hooch fiat hem ming lugng. Mot khac, con c6 cac hyn the khac nhu giii hen cling suit va nhigu gay hai cac img dung dit thin khai do cac Mr tin ISM kh8ng dirge quan 19.
MOt kik truyen th8ng khac trong myng Sensor la si dyng hOng ngoyi. Thong tin hOng ngoyi dirge sir dyng to do va co kha Wing chOng nhigu ti• the thiet bj dien. Cie b0 thu phat hang ngoyi c6 gia thanh r8 va a chi Mo. New nay, cac may tinh xach tay, may tinh am tay va dien tho3i di dung dlu c6 ding giao tiep hong ngoyi. Tri ngai
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chinh cua viec sir dung hing ngoai lit yeu eau phiii c6 mOt dutmg nhin thing giffa nai giri vu nai nhan. Dieu nay lam cho hing ngoai Ithe duqc sir dung trong trang hqp mpg Sensor.
MOt hutmg phitt trien clang quan tam IA the vi hat thong mirth (smart dust mote), mat he thing aim hien, firth town vA th8ng tin ty dung, sir dung mai twang truygn din quang hqc. CO hat phtrcmg phap truyen thong tin: thir nhat lk truyen thong thy dOng su dung mOt may phim chieu c6 ding tam then chit nhat (Comer-cube-retroreflector (CCR)); thu hat la buy& thong tich eye sir dung the diode lazer vu the guang chuyin dOng. Hien nay the diode lazer tai nai phut dugc gin tren bang mach, c6 the chuyen dung lai chum sang vao chinh xac nai nhan.
Cic Ong dung dk biet doi hai mai twang truyen din phac tap hon. Vi du, vii cud img dung duel hien thl mai truang truyen din lk mai twang nuoc. Do dtt phki sir dung bac n butm sang did de di xuyen trong nuttc. Vol the yang khi hau khic nghiet hay cac yang Chien stir, thl phki vucrt qua dupe the sai 18i vu nhigu 16n. Ngoki ra, the antent dm Sensor thip hen vi c6 can suit bac xa nh6 hen the thiet 1)1 va tuyen Ichk. Do d6,m8i twang truyen thong phki dirge hg trq bing the phueng thac dieu the vi ma holt ching 161 phu hqp yeti dlic diem tang loaf kenh truyen.
2.2. Str tieu thy ning hryng
Nut Wireless Sensor lk mOt thiet 131 dien rat nhet nen chi dirge trang N ngute niing lugng hart the (<0.5Ah, 1.2V). Trong hau het the img dung, viec dap them Ming lugng lk !thong thyc hien duqc. Cho nen, then gian tin tai cua nut Sensor phu thuOc chit yen vao tuii thq mitt nguin ruing lugng. Trong mang Sensor da lien ket, m8i nut dOng hat vai fro lk diem khai so lieu vu djnh tuyen di lieu. Sr true trite cim vai not ce the let nguyen nhan quart trqng cita viec thay doe hinh trang mang, phtli djnh tuyen lai gee tin vu phut t6 chile lai mpg. Do d6, viec bio ton nguon ming lugng vu quiln ly nguim &mg lugng lit rat quart trqng. Do the nguyen than nay ma rthieu nlul nghien cum da tap trong vao vitt thiet ke the thu$t thin vu giao thine nhan biet, firth town nang lugng cho mpg Sensor.
Trong the mang da lien ket vu di dOng Ichk, viec tieu thy niing Iuqng let meat van de quan trqng trong thiet ke song !thong phki van de chinh vi nguin niing lugng ce the durqc ngtr?ri sir dung thay the. Dieu quan trqng hen lu van de sung cap chat lugng dich vu (QoS). Tuy nhien, trong the mpg Sensor, hien qua Wing lugng la mOt van de v15 ding quan trcong vi net kith huang true nip tie tu6i thq cim mang. Cac giao thus rieng cho tang img dung dirge thiet ke di cet duqc sy can bang thich hqp gitta the van de ve dO tre va th8ng lugng vii hieu qua nang lugng.
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Nhiem vu chinh ciut mOt nut Sensor trong truerng Sensor la theo clei cac st ir kien, xfr ly nhanh se lieu cuc be va truyen thong so lieu. Ging suit tieu thu b?ri ba thinh phin chinh: cam bien, truyen thong va xil It soft lieu.
2.2.1. Nang Inymg cho nhiim vg cam Min
Nang ltrung tieu thu cla b0 cam bien va cac thanh phin cua n6 c6 the thay deoi tut theo ung dung cu the. Viec cam bien reri rue se tieu thu Ong suit nhea han so vai viec theo dOi cac hien twang mOt each lien AK. DO phirc t#p cim nhiem vu quan sat hien tucmg dOng vai tre (guy& Binh trong viec xic djnh mire 'tang Mang tieu hao. Cac mire tap Am hien dO cao la nguyen nhan lam tang dO phirc tap trong viec quan sat hien twang cua cac Sensor. Do do, lam tang Ong suit tieu thu cho nhiem vu cam Bien.
2.2.2. Nang hem cho truyln Meng
Trong ba thAnh phin neu tren trong mOt nut Sensor, phin truyen thong s6 lieu rieu thu nang luqng nhieu nhit, bao gom el phit va thu so lieu. Dec diem truyen thong trong mpg Sensor la pha ► vi ngan va Ong suit birc xu thip (— 0 dbm), chi phi Ming luring cho viec phat va thu lit gin nhu nhau. Trong mach thu phit, the bo trOn, cac be tong hap tin sO, cac b0 dao dung dieu khien bang dien ap, cac yang khoi pha (PLL) va cac b0 khuech dui Ong suit tieu thy Ong suit ding ke. Dieu quan tong la filth loin nay kheng chi quan tam din c8ng suit tich cue ma con xem xet den lieu thu ding suit khoi phat trong mach thu phat. Thai gian kheri phat len ten hang tram micro giay lam Ong suet khoi phitt ter len ding ke. Gii trj cao cua theri gian khoi phat dirge cho la do then gian khoi cua yang khoi pha (PLL). KM kich ca gen tin truyen giAm nheo thl Ong suit khoi phat se chiem uu the so yeti Ong suit tich cue. Ket qua la viec chuyen tang thai (thu, phat) gifts ON va OFF khong hieu quit vi se lieu thu mOt khOi Mang dien nAng 16n m6i len chuyen tong thin ye ON.
Cong suet v8 tuyen tieu thu dirge tfith nhu sau:
Pc= NT [ PT (Ton Tst)+Pout ( Tan )1+ NR [ PR (Ron + Rst )]
Trong do, PT/R la cong suet tieu thu Uri b0 phat/b0 thu; P la Ong suit du ra cfia be phat; T/Rou la khoAng then gian phit/thu twig thai ON; T/R st la khoAng then gian khoi phat tgi mach phat/thu; NT,R la se, lin mach phat/thu chuyen mach sang ON trong mOt don vi thai gian, phi; thuOc vao nhiem vµ va phucmg thtic dieu lchien truy tulip m8i throng. To„ c6 the viit lgi bang IJR , trong do, L la kich thuOc gel, R la tee du s6 lieu.
tien be kg rim* hien nay, de be* thu phat vo tuyen thtemg c6 P T va PR khoAng 20 dbm va P gin 0 dbm. Gii tri
muc tieu cua Po khoAng —20 dbm.
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2.2.3. Nang luong cho xik iy
Niing lugng tieu thu cho xv 1y s6 lieu nhe hon nhiau so yin nang ltrqng danh cho truyin thong s6 lieu. Do Anh huang dm fading vat do su suy giam duimg truyen theo luy thira b#c ban nen ding mat tiou thu coat 1* thu phat lin khi khoang each truyan thong tang. Trong khi d6, bet xir 1y thuong kh8ng phirc tap vat Mc dO khong cao nen tieu thu ding suit the.
MOt nth Sensor phai c6 khh fling tinh Wan vat tuong tic vii moi twang xung quanh. Gi6i hun va chi phi vat kich thtrk an din sv lua chqn Ong nghe ban din oxit kim loci (CMOS) cho b0 vi xCr 11r. Tuy nhien, cong ngh'e nay lai bj hart chi ye hieu quit nang luqng.
Ngold ra, trong nut Sensor con c6 the mach ma hoa vat gild ma, cac mach tich hqp cac img dung d#c biet. Khi thiit ke cac giao thirc vat thuot town cho mang, phai tinh town cac Anh htzong din cong suit tieu thu ciut cac thanh phan nay.
2.3. Clic gisli phip flit kiem nang Irrgng
2.3.1. Gull phdp djnh twin
ViOc djnh tuyen trong mpg sensor cong nhu trong cac mung khac duqc thut
hien tai 16p mang.
Ck nut Sensor duqc phan b6 day d4c trong mOt truing i gin hoc i ngay ben trong cac hien ttrqng Ink lieu nhu trong hlnh 1.1. Giao thirc djnh tuyin khong day da Wee pith hqp gitta nut Sensor vat nth Sink la can thiet. Ky thu$t djnh tuyen trong mpg ad-hoc thong thuong khong phO hqp nhung you cau ciut mung Sensor. Lip mung cua mang Sensor duqc thiit ki theo nhOng nguyen tic sau :
—Hieu suet wing luqng luem la you t6 quan tong; —Hau het cac mung Sensor la s6 lieu t$p trong; —Vik t$p hqp s6 lieu chi duqc thvc thi khi ne khong can fro hog dung hqp tic
cua cac nut Sensor;
—MOt mung Sensor 19 Wong phiti nhan biet duqc viec danh dja chi thuOc tinh ca
sir vat vi tri.
a) Cac phuong phap djnh tuyen t6i tru ye wing luong
Cac phuong phap duqc sir dung di chqn tuyen diking c6 hieu suit niing luqng
cao duqc minh hoa tren lilnh 2.1.
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a 1- I
at 2
E (PA= 1 )
A (PA=2)
0
att. 2
D (PA=3) 0
Cie 2
o (cid:9)
as 2
B (PA=2)
F (PAs4)
a =2
10
T
C (PA=2)
Myth 2.1. Hieu qua nang Wong trong djnh twin
Trong dO, T 11 net nguOn cam bien hien twang mpc tieu. NO c6 biin dubng co the
lien lac yeti bij thu Sion (Sink) nhu sau :
. Dubng 1 : Sink - A - B - T, thug PA= 4 , bAng a =3
. Throng 2 : Sink -A-B-C-T, tong PA= 6, tong a = 6
. Duting 3 : Sink - D - T , thng PA = 3 , thng a = 4
. Dieing 4 : Sink - E - F - T , tong PA = 5 , thng a = 6
V& PA la mut nAng lugng hien tai cua ngu6n nuoi tai nut (Available Power) vi ai la niing lugng cAn thiet de truyin mOt gel s6 lieu qua kat not lien quan. Theo cac lieu chi khac nhau, co bon phuong phip chgn dubng cb hieu quA cao nhat ye Wing lugng.
— Throng tang mar ?tang lugng nguan nuoi hien tgi (PA:power available) cur
dpi: la dubng cO tAng cac mot nAng lugng nguan nuoi hien tai cua cac nut lien quan lan nhat. PA tAng dugc tinh bang thug cac PA coil mOi nut dqc theo dubng. Theo phuong phip nay, dubng 2 dirge lira chgn. Tuy nhien, dubng 2 lai bao gbm nhUng nut trong dubng 1 vil mOt net me rung. Vi the, du c6 PA ding cao han nlitmg no khong phid lil dubng co hieu mat Wing lugng cao nhit. Nhu voy, nheng dubng nhen duqc ttY viec me' rung cac dieing ce the kit not Sensor ten Sink se khong duqc tinh. Loai frit dubng 2, throng 4 Ib dubng co hieu sat Wing lugng cao nhAt khi sil dung phuong phap PA thi da;
— Duang nang luvng cvc tilu (ME: minimum energy): dubng ma nAng lugng tieu the cqc lieu khi truyen mOt goi s6 lieu gift nut Sink vii nut Sensor duqc
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gqi la throng ME. Nhu vay throng ME 11 dubng co thug cac 6 nhd that. Trong vi du My, dubng 1 la &Ong ME;
— Throng cd so but nhciy cvc (cid:9)
: minimum hop): la dubng ce se lien kit tir net Sensor nguem tei nut Sink IA nhd nhat. Dubng 3 trong vi du nay li duOng c6 hieu mat cao nhat theo tieu chi nay. btu Sr rang phuang phip ME se chcm ra then tuang to nhu phuang phip MH khi nen lucmg tieu the cho viec buy& mOt &Si tin Cr tit ca cac lien ket deu nhu nhau, tirc la tat ca 6 6 mci lien ket din bang nhau. VI the, khi de nut phat quang bi wen cimg mirc nang lucmg ma kh8ng ce bat Id scr dieu khien nang lucmg nio, MH li tucmg throng v6i ME;
— During cd PA cvc tau (cid:9) nhtit (Maximum minimum PA nut):
la throng ma dqc theo no, PA clic lieu len hen cac PA cvc lieu cim ac duOng khic. Theo tieu chi nay, duOng 3 IA dubng c6 hieu suAt nang lucong cqc dai vi dubng I la dubng c6 hieu suAt 16n thir hai. Phuang phap nay ngiin ngth viec sir dung ac not Sensor c6 PA thap Vim trong khi c6 the sir dung cac not khfic c6 PA cao hen. Nhu the c6 the tranh duqc hien tucmg met s6 not bj can nguon niing lucmg semi lam anh barn den hoot dung town mpg.
b) Phuang phap dinh tuyen s6 lieu tap trung
MOt van di quan tong khic dm 16p mang 11 djnh tuyen ce the dcra tren viec tap trung s6 li'A'u. Trong djnh tuyen s6 lieu tap trung, viec ph6 bien cac you au (cac nOi dung duqc quan tam) duqc thtrc hien nham phan nhiem vu cam bien lei ac nut Sensor. CO hai phuang phip duqc sir di,mg de ph6 bien you cau la: nut Sink ph6 bien nOi dung duqc quan tam t6i cic nut Sensor can thiet vit cac not Sensor phat cluing ba mOt cluing do cho s6 lieu ce sin vi dcri mOt yeu du tir ac nut Sink c6 nhu du ve ac s6 lieu nay.
Dinh tuyen so lieu tap trung yeu au phii dot ten thuOc tinh ca set Nguyen nigh an phai dot ten thuOc tinh ca se la ngutri sir dung thirtmg quan tam ted truy van thuOc firth dm hien UR:mg hon la truy van tai mOt nut rieng le. Vi du, "nhitng khu Arc non nhiet dO vuqt qua 70 dO F" la mOt truy van duqc sir ching thuong xuyen hen 11 "nhiet de duqc dqc bed mOt not nao de". Viec dot ten thuOc tinh co s6 duqc sir dung de truy van ve cac thuOc filth ctia hien tucmg. V6i viec ditt ten thuOc tinh co s?r, ac phuang thtic phat quitng ba, phat den mOt !them theo thuOc tinh ca se (attribute-based multicasting), phat theo dja 19 (geo-casting), phat bat Ic9 (any-casting) fro len quan trong del voi mmig Sensor .
Tap hqp so lieu IA mOt kg thu$t dupe sir dung de giiti quyet nhihig van de trung lap va chOng chto trong djnh tuyen s6 lieu tap trung. Trong kg thuat nay, mOt racing
Trang 34
Sensor duqc m8 to vOi ciu trim ay phit da diem dito ngtrqc (reverse multicast tree) nhu trong hinh 2.2.
AO
O8
CO I
• E 0 N N
•
• G
Sink
Minh 2.2. VI dy telp hop se lieu
BO thu nhat (Sink) yeu au cac nut Sensor bao cao ve trung thai xung quanh hien tucmg. S6 lieu fir nhieu nut Sensor duqc top hqp lei khi chung tai ding mOt nut troll duang den nut Sink neu cluing cung chi ve mOt thuOc firth cita hien tuqng. Trong vi du tren, nth Sensor E top hqp lieu tit cic nut Sensor A vi B. Trong khi de, nut Sensor F tOp hap se lieu 07 oic nut Sensor C vu D. Viec t#p hqp se lieu o5 the duce hieu nhu 11 mOt nhem cac phucmg phip to dung ket hqp s6 lieu tai tir nhitu not Sensor thanh mut tOp th6ng tin ce nghia. Ve ma My, vies top hqp so lieu duqc xem nhu lu hqp 'that so lieu. Ngorli ra, stir an tang IA at an duet khi tOp hqp se lieu bed ctic tnmg ciut se lieu, nhu vj tri ctia nhemg nut Sensor bio cao, khang cho phdp duqc b6 set. Nhemg d#c trung nhu v$y ce the at an thiet cho mOt ung clang nao do. '
c) Cie giao thirc 16p mpg khic duqc de xuit cho mang Sensor
Mang !twin thong voi ndng Wang clic tilu loci nho ( SMECN : Small Minimum
Energy Communication Network): giao thirc MECN duqc phut hien de firth tabr mOt mang con c6 hieu suit rang luting cao trong mut mpg truyen th8ng nhit (nth. MOt thuot tour mai duqc gai 11 SMECN duqc de xuit ding nhim cung cap ma mang con nhu vOy. Mang con, tire la mOt luqc de con, duqc au trac bed SMECN nhe han mang con duqc au true b6ri MECN neu yang phit quing ba lu Milt tem vOi ding suit nhAt djnh. Luqc de con G ant luqc de 0', m8 to mang Sensor, thi thieu nang Wang sir dung cac dieu lden sau: se canh trong luqc de con G nhe hon trong luqc de G' g6m tit ca nut trong G', neu hai nut u vi v duqc kit neu trong G' , chin% ding duqc kit neu trong G; Wing luqng an tin& de truyen se lieu ht nut u tit a cic not lin con trong luqc de con G nh6 hon nang luqng an thiet de truyen so lieu ten tat al cac nut lan 4n trong G'. SMECN cOng than theo d#c firth ME ma MECN sir dung de au trim nen
Trong 35
mang con. D(Ic tinh ME lit ci ton tai mOt &rang ME trong ltrqc a con G gifts u va v vei moi ckip (u,v) duchy ket nii trong 0'.
Cong suit can thiet de truyen si lieu gifYa u va v tinh nhu sau: p(u,v) = td(u,vf , vai t lit mOt hang so, d(u,v) la khoang cach gifts u va v va n k 2 la him mu suy giim bai truyen din v6 tuyen. Ngoai ra, cong suit an thiet de nhin si lieu la c . Vi p(u,v) tang len theo lug thira n (n k 2) cita khoing cIch gitta u va v, ding suit chuyen tap so lieu ci the nhe han cling suit truyen din si lieu trim tiap gitta not u va v. Duimg din gitta u (tire la uo) va v ( vi dµ uk) duqc ac trong bei r , vai r = ( uo, uli..,uk) trong ltrqc di con G = (V,E) la mOt ay c6 thir to cunt clic nit nhu Op (ui, u; +1 ) thuOc E Ngoai ra, dO dai cua r lA k . Ting cling suit tieu thu gifts cac nit u o va uk la:
k—I
C(r) = E (p(ub uto) + c)
t=o
V6i p(uhui+1) la tong suit can thiet de truyen din si lieu gitta not u; vu 14+1 ; va c lit cling suit an thiet de !thin s6 lieu. Tuyen throng r la mOt dating ME fir u o tin uk neu C(r) s C(r)' yea moi diking r' gift nut uo va u k trong 0'. Nhu voy, mOt luqc a con c6 chic tinh ME neu vai tit ca do cep (u,v) thuOc V, ce tin tai mOt diking r trong G la mOt throng ME gitta u vi v trong G'.
Giao that tran (Flooding):
thuit train la mOt kg thu$t cu ce the cling duct slit dung de djnh tuyen trong mang Sensor. Trong thuot trait, mai nut dang nh'in mOt g6i si lieu holm mOt g6i dieu khien 1¢p lai ne bang citch phit quing bi, trir khi g6i nay a dat duqc si buoy nhay cvc al cho phip ho#c g6i d3 ten dich. Thuit tin la mOt kg thuit plan ling va n6 khang can duy tri kien trim mang det tien va thuiit torn tim &rang phirc tap. Tuy nhien, n6 c6 mOt vii han chi nhtr
—Sv tang 1#p (Implosion): thing 1> p 11 mOt trong thai ma cac bin sao ctia gin tin duqc giri tea cling mOt nit. Vi dy, neu mOt nit Sensor A c6 N nit Sensor Ian con ma di ding la nhttng nit Ian 4n cis nit Sensor B, nit Sensor B Tilton N bin sao cis bin tin duqc girl di bei nut Sensor A;
—Su ching lin (Overlap): neu hai nut chia se curl mOt yang quan sit, ca hai nut c6 the cam nhin cling mOt kich thich tai cling mOt thin diem. Kit quit II cat not tan cin thin duqc cac bAn tin sao
—Sv mu tai nguyen (Resource Blindness): giao &lc Iran lchong dim vao bao cAo cac tai nguyen Wing luqng hien tai. MOt giao thirc nhin biet duqc tai nguyen Ming ltrong phai dua vao bAo cio mac riling luqng CCM clic not tai mqi thbi diem .
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Giao thiec tidy truyEn (Gossiping): vai giao thee day truyin, cie nit ldiong phit quing ba ma girl di nlittng g6i ten tai met nit lan ctin duqc chip ngiu nhien. MOt net Sensor lira cheat ngiu nhien mOt trong cac nut lan *I t de gni só lieu. ithi nut lan On d6 nii#n duqc s6 lieu, n6 lai lira chin nglu nhien mOt nit Sensor khic. Mtic di phuong phip nay Minh dirge yin de thing 15p (Implosion) do chi c6 met bin sao curt ban tin tai met nit bit ky, nhung n6 phai mit met then gian kha dai de truyen bin tin tai tat ca cae nit Sensor.
Ctic giao thav thong tin Sensor thong qua thew tis& (Sensor Protocols for
Information via Negotiation-SPIN): met ha cac giao that c6 khi ning thich Ong duqc gai la SPIN duqc thiet ke di khic phyc nhuqc diem cia giao thee trap (Flooding) co dien bing thOa thuan va khi Wing thich (mg tai nguyen. Ha giao that SPIN dirge thiet ke dua tren hai 5, Wong co ban: 1) Cac nit Sensor hoot dOng hieu qui han va c6 the bao ton nang luang bing each chi gai the so lieu me ti ve s6 lieu cam bian thay vi gni town be so lieu; 2) Cac nut Sensor phii giam sat sir thay dei trong tai nguyen rang hum dm chin.
SPIN c6 ba kieu ban tin la ADV (quang cito), REQ (you eau) va DATA (s6 lieu). Tnrac khi gfri ban tin DATA, Sensor phat quang ba met bin tin ADV vim met ban mo ti (meta-data) cia DATA chi ra trong but 1 tren hinh 2.3. Neu mOt nut Sensor Ian c#n quan tam den set lieu nay, ne se gal mOt bin tin REQ vt so lieu vi ban tin DATA se doge girl tai nut Sensor nay nhu the buOc 2 vi 3 tren hinh 2.3. Nit Sensor nay lai 14 lgi tien trinh tren nhu chi ra 6 buac 4, 5, 6. Ket qui li tit ca cac nut Sensor trong town mpg Sensor c6 nhu ciu vA se) lieu nay se nh#n dirge bin sao ciut s6 lieu.
Willi
DATA
ADV
0 0 9— • 0
O 0 •—• 0
0 0 •—• 0
0 Step I
0 Step 3
0 Step 2
••NDATA
0 )0 0
er
0 Step 6
• -. risfQ 0 • 0 • 7 0 Step S
HIM 2.3. Giao three SPIN
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Luu y ring SPIN dva tren djnh tuyen s6 lieu tap trung trong d6 cic nut Sensor phat quang hi mOt quitng cao dui vei se lieu c6 sin va dqi mOt yeu cau tir cac nut Sink c6 nhu
Dinh tuyen chi djnh lien tyc (Sequential Assignment Routing-SAR): mOt tap hqp cic cic thuat toin thvc hien cac hog dung t6 chirc, quan tri va quan 15, di dOng trong mang Sensor duqc de xuAt. MAC nr t6 chat cho mpg Sensor (Self Organizing MAC for Sensor network-SMACS) la mOt giao thfrc phan tin cho phep mOt nhom the nut Sensor c6 the phit hien ra cic net Ian can cim chiing va thiet lap cic tien trmh truyen nhen ma Itheng cis tOi he thong quan 19 trung tam. Thu* toin nghe tram vi ghi 13i (Eavesdrop And Register-EAR) dirge duet ki de h6 trq ket fled lien mach ells cic nut di dOng. Thu* toin EAR dva tren flitting ban tin mai (Invitation) vi dva tren viec ghi Iai cic nut tinh ciut cic nut di Ong. Thuat toan SAR tao nen nhieu nhanh cay, trong de, g6c cua mc3i nhanh cay la mOt buoy nhity gifta nut Ian can va nut Sink. MOi nhanh cay phat then ra phis ngoii tir nut Sink va trinh cac nut c6 chit lugng dich vp (QoS) qui thip (tire le thong lugng thip tre cao) va dv ter nang lugng qui it. Ket thec thil tvc nay, phin Ian cic nut thuOc ve cic nhanh cay nay. Dieu nay cho phep nut Sensor aft the bra clin mOt cay de chuyen thong tin ctia n6 ve Sink. C6 hai tham s6 dirge gin yeti moi dtrang din (nhanh cay) fro ve Sink:
—Kha nang ye !tang luting: kha ging tiling luting duqc dinh gii bing so luting gei ma nut Sensor c6 the giri neu nut Sensor sir dvng duy diet throng nay; —Do QoS bn : Viec do dirge QoS bo cang cao c6 nghia la QoS thvc to tang
thip.
Thuat toin SAR Iva chon dutmg dva tren cic Icha !tang ve nang luting va viec do QoS cling them cite mOi throng va mac tru tien ciut g6i. Ket qua la mOi nut Sensor se Iva chqn dirge duang de n6 djnh tuyen cho se lieu ve Sink.
Ngoai ra, hai thuot toin khac duqc gqi la “tuyen chqn mOt nguti chien thing" (single winner election) va “tuyen chyn nhieu nguiri chien thing" (multiwinner election) dieu !chien viec bio hieu can thiet va cac nhiem vµ chuyen giao se lieu trong xir 19 thong tin hqp tic nOi bO .
Phan ccip cum thich sing ved sling luting dap (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy- LEACH): LEACH la mOt giao thfrc lap agn ca so (Clustering - Based) nhim tai thieu sv suy hao Wing luting trong aging Sensor. Mvc dich cita LEACH la chqn ngau zillion cac nut Sensor nhu cic du cum (cluster-head), vi the sv suy hao nang luting len trong truyen thong yeti cac tram g6c duqc triti ra ten tit ca cic nut Sensor trong mang Sensor. Hog dOng ala LEACH dirge chia thinh hai giai doen la
Trang 38
(cid:9) (cid:9)
giai (loan thiet lop va giai doan on djnh. Khoang &Zvi gian cfut giai down On djnh dii hcm so vOi Ichoing thbi gian cola giai doan thiet lap de gam thieu phy tai (overhead).
Trong giai doan thiet lap, mat nut Sensor chqn mat s6 ngilu nhien giaa 0 vi 1. Neu so ngau nhien nay nhe hon ngutong T(n), nut Sensor nay li mat du clun. T(n) duqc tinh nhu sau :
if n E G,
T(n) = 11 (cid:9) — P[rmod(I JP)] 0 (cid:9)
otherwise,
Vai P 11 plan tram mong muton di tit thanh mat du cum; r la chu kt hien tai va G la tap cac mit kitting duot chqn Mm dou cum trong 1/P chu Icy Si. Sau khi dou cum dirge lira chart, cac dau cam s8 th8ng bio thi tart ca cac net Sensor trong tang rang chat% la cac dou cam m6i. Khi cac nut Sensor nhen dirge th8ng bio nay, clueing xac djnh cam mil chung mu& gia nhop dip tren da mph tin hieu cfm thong bio tar cac du cam teri cac nut Sensor. Cac nut Sensor bio do cho dou cum thich hop rang chfmg se la mat thinh vien cfla mat cam. Sau do, du cum chi djnh thtri diem ma cac not Sensor c6 the gfri so lieu diva tren phuong phip da truy nhep phan chia theo thtri gian (TDMA).
Trong giai doan On djnh, cac nOt Sensor se aim bien va truyen so lieu tea diu cam. Dau cum cling tap Imp s6 lieu tit cac nth trong cam clot chfmg tnr6c khi ph nhOng s6 lieu nay toi tram g6c. Sau mat khooing thtri gian On djnh nao d6, mpg vio lei bit giai (loan thiet lap va vio chu Icy mai trong viec bra chart nherng dsu cam.
Phurmg tithe Irvin tin có din!? huong (Directed Dion):
trong mo hinh ph6 bien s6 lieu dirge truyen theo dinh hating, nut Sink grid you au m8 to ve nhiem va (Task Description) toi tot ca cac nut Sensor nhu chi ra trong hinh 2.4(a). Cac mii ti nhiem va dirge dat ten bang viec gar cac cap gia tri thuac tinh mo to nhiem va. Mai nOt Sensor sau d6 luu frit mac you au (Interest Entry) trong cac (Cache) nhe cos ne. Mac you au bao gam mat throng nhan thtri gian va cac trutmg chi Wang (Gradient field). Khi you au curt Sink duqc truyen xuyen qua inking, cac chi hireng (Gradient) tit nguan tr6 ve net nhen duct thiet lap nhu trong hinh 2.4(b). Khi ngulin ce s6 lieu theo you cau, ngu6n se gib s6 lieu doc theo cac chi Wang nhu trong hinh 2.4(c). Viec truyen phat, tap hqp so lieu vi you cau duos xfic dinh mat Teach eye ba. Ngoli ra, ba nhan phai lam m6i lai vi tang cutmg cac you au khi n6 bit du Mon s6 lieu tin ngu6n. Chu y phucmg tiff= truyen tin c6 djnh hang dart tren djnh tuyen 56 lieu tap trung trong d6, 130 then quing ba you ciu.
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sowed.
\ (cid:9) \
(b)
Sown ,.
esink
0
0 (cid:9) 0
(c)
Hinh 2.4. VI dy ve trto4n tin djnh hufmg: (a) Phtit yeu cdu
(b) That ldp djnh httemg, (c) gai se; lieu.
2.4. Giii phip tray nh$p mai trtreng truyen din
Cic giiti phip truy nh$p m8i trtrtmg dirge thuc hien trong lop lien kat sal lieu.
a) Yeu au voi giao thirc dieu IN& truy nh$p moi throng (MAC) cho ming
sensor
Yeu au dal voi giao thin MAC cho ming Sensor lb phii c6 chien lugs bio tan nguan !ling lugng, quin ly di dung vi khic phuc dirge nhung sai hang. M#c de nhieu giao thee truy nh$p mai fruiting truyen din di duct de xuit cho MANET, viec thiet ke mOt giao thirc MAC hieu qui voi kieu mang Sensor vin lu mOt van de ng6. Vi the, ci hai kieu " phi n ba co dinh" (Fixed Allocation) vi truy nh$p ngiu nhien (Random Access) trong truy nh$p m8i trueng truyen din di dirge de xuat. Phuong phi p dieu khien truy nh$p m8i trutmg theo yeu au (Demand - Based) c6 the khong phi ► hop cho ming Sensor do phi titi (Overhead) vi tre thiet 1#p kat not len. Viec boo ton nguOn nAng lugng c6 the 4t dugc bing viec sir ding cic the dO hoot dOng fiat ki6m 'tang lugng va dung giei Nut thoi gian trong cic ban tin bio nh#n.
Vi cic thiet bi v8 tuyen phii dugc tit di trong snot thin gian roi de viec Wait kiem nguan nAng lugng nen giao thirc MAC phii dugc cm bien tir TDMA. Viec truy nh$p kenh tren ca se cinh tranh (Contention-Based Channel Access). dugc coi la khemg thich hop do nhttng yeu au cos chin ve dieu khien kenh truyen tai moi thai diem. Dieu nay phi i dirge chit sr, tuy nhien, truy nh$p m8i tnrtmg truyAn din ngiu nhien cling c6 the ha trq viec bio tan nguen nAng lugng, nhu trong lieu chuin IEEE 802.11 cho WLAN (ming nOi b0 dien rung), bing viec tit duet bi v8 tuyen theo trong thii ciut vector dinh vi Wei (Net Allocation Vector). Cie phuong phip dieu !chi& thc dO thich img vi s6 Ian ling nghe co dinh (Constant Listening Times) cling c6 the glop dat dugc
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hi'eu suit Wing lugng cao tong phuong thirc truy nhOp ngiu nhien cho mpg Sensor. Cic phin dip theo se trinh biy met s6 giao thirc MAC duce de xuat cho mpg Sensor.
b) Ck giao thirc MAC cho mang sensor
SMACS va thudt toan EAR : giao thirc SMACS (Self-oganization MAC for Sensor network) hoin thinh viec khei deng mang vi t6 chat lien kit lOp (Network Start-up and Link-layer Organization) con thuit town EAR cho phep kit n6i lien mach (Seamless Connection) gifts cac nut di dung tong mang Sensor. SMACS le met giao thirc thy dung ca ser ha tang phan ten cho phip the nut c6 the phit hien ra cic nut Ian cOn cita chting vi thiet !Op cic din trinh truyen / nhOn cho thong tin mi Huang an tOi bit Id not chi (master not) toin eve hay eve be nio. Trong giao thee nay, cic giai doan phit hien nut lan cOn vi chi djnh kenh dugc kit hip de tong th?ri gian cic nit ling nghe cic not len cOn, citing c6 the tao ra mOt kit n6i mang. Met kit nai truyin thong bao gam mOt cop khe thoi gian hoot dung tai met tin s6 c6 djnh dirge chip ngiu nhien (hok chugi nhiy tin). Day la met sir Iva chqn c6 the thvc hien tong mang Sensor vi bang th8ng dime phip sir dung lem han Mau tic dO truyen s6 li¢u tai da cho cic nit Sensor. Phucmg phip nay trinh dugc sir bit buec phii ding be ten diet' rung mac di► viec truyen thong gift cic nut lan con tong mpg con van phii dugc ding be then gian. Viec &to tan nguan Ming lugng 111 niter si dung tien trinh bao thin ngiu nhien tong giai doan kit n6i vi nhO tit thiet bj vo tuyen tong cic khe then gian
Giao thee EAR diun bio cung cap dich w thuimg trvc cho cac nut di ding tong ci hai diet kien di deng vi co djnh. 6 day, cic nut di Ong dim nhOn toin be viec diem khien mOt qui trinh kit n6i vi cling flint quyet dinh khi nio b6 kit n6i, do dei tii Uri& Ma phin phv tai cis bin tin. EAR li tong suit did yen SMACS de SMACS host ding cho den khi dua dugc cic nut di deng vio tong mang. Trong mo hinh nay, mai nut di deng bit kk deu c6 met se cic nut tilt tong \rung Ian 4n cira n6. Met han chi CCM phuong phip chi djnh khe thtri gian nay li khi riling cic thanh vien thuec ve cic mang con khic nhau c6 the khong bao gib dugc kit n6i.
Truy nhdp mai truing dim grin CSMA: Cac phuong phip dua ten CSMA (da truy nhop theo cim bion luu lugng) truyen thing li Ichong thich hgp vi cluing Mu hoot dOng chit yeti vOi luu lugng phfin b6 ngiu nhien vi c6 xu Wong h8 trq cac ding diem - diem &X l$p. Ngtrgc lei, giao thirc MAC cho mpg Sensor phii c6 khi rang h8 trq bien clii Iuu lugng tuin hoin vi c6 tfnh ttrcrng quan cao. Bat ki phuong phip truy nh$p mei truing truyen din CSMA nio cling c6 hai thinh phin quan tang la ca chi ling nghe vi phuong phip lim giim tong suit (Backoff). Theo kit qui m8 phemg cac khoitng thoi gian ling nghe ci djnh c6 hien qui ve Wing lugng vi sr dua vio tre ngiu nhien cung cap met phuong phip manh me thing lei cic va chain 1$p. Ctia s6 c6 dinh
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va phuang phap gilun ding suat theo ham m0 nhj phan duqc de xuAt de duy tri huh clang bang can ximg trong mpg. MOt str thay doi pha tai mart Ong clung duct thvc hien de weft qua bat 1E9 mOt hieu Ong bat gift nao. Hieu qua Wing luqng duqc thi hien
nang lugng tieu thu tren mOt don vj thong tin hoin thinh.
MOt phuong phap dieu khien tec dO Iruyin din thich ling (Adaptive transmitssion Rate Control-ARC) dat duce sv ding bang trong truy nhap moi truing tray& din bang viec can bang cac Mc dO kh6i diu va th8ng lugng qua tuyin cling dirge xem zit. Dieu nay dam bio rang cac nut gin the diem truy nhap han thl thong dirge uu tien han the nit 6 sau trong mpg. ARC thin khiin t6c do Idled dAu s6 lieu cua mOt nit di cung cap thong !wing qua tuyin cho truyin din. MOt ca chi bAo hieu tien b0 duqc sir chmg di thong bac) cho eAc nut giAm Mc dO khai du so lieu cult ching. ARC sO ding mOt phuong phap tang tuyin tinh va giant bOi (Linear Increase and Multiplicative Decrease). Trong khi sv tang tuyen firth din ten str earth tranh kenh mail me han thi sv giant bOi diiu Ichien khi truy nhap dubng truyin thit bai. Vi viec mat km luqng qua tuyin ci hai han nen km luqng qua tuyen duet uu tien han luu lugng Mich du.
Cie tinh tom via phuang phap nay lam cho hieu mat nang luqng tang len titian hors phuang tholt thuon va thong ha° bang v8 tuyin. ARC cling co ging giam van di ve cac nut An trong mpg da buck bang sv diiu chinh thtrtmg xuyen toc dO truyin din va thvc hien cic thay dii pha di the ding twin hoan it xay ra va cham lop di lap lai.
MAC tren ca sa lai ghip 7DMA/ FDMA: phuang phap MAC theo dieu !clan trong tarn nay dirge giii thieu trong Ulf lieu [nghien cuu vi hoat dOng cis cac Sensor nhan biit duge nang luang de thich Ong]. Trong do, nghien eau chi Wet hieu qua dien tar ciut 16p vat 19 khong 19 tuing tren thiit ki giao thirc MAC cho mang Sensor. He thong duct tao len NH cac nit Sensor bj hart chi nang lugng lien lac Arai mOt tram gee don, 6 gin va duqc cap nguin Wing luqng cao (< 10 m). Cu thE la Ong clang dieulchiin may cia mang Sensor yen nheng yeu ciu nghiem neat ve tre s6 lieu va phuong phap truy nhap m8i truing truyin din lai ghip TDMA - FDMA dirge sir dung. Trong khi phuang phap TDMA thuin toy dAnh rieng bang thong cho mOt nit Sensor don 16 di phuong phAp FDMA than toy chi cap bang th8ng tin hieu tai thieu cho in& nit. Mac di thyt ti la phuang phAp TDMA thuin ttly toi thiiu dirge tre truyen thong song kWh% dupe sir dung titian do cac chi phi cho ding b0 thoi gian kit hap. MOt Ong thOc nhtin dirge tO nghien eau de tim ra so kenh Mu uu a sv tieu thu nang lugng he thing IA thap nhit. Dieu nay din din viec phuang phAp lai ghtp TDMA-FDMA dirge sO clung. S6 kenh tei uu duct tam ra phv thuOc vao ti le tieu thu nang lugng gift may phut va may thu. Niu may phut tieu thipthilu ring lugng hors, phuang phap TDMA se
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dirge coi tong han, trong khi do phuong phip truy nh$p se cling nghieng ve phis FDMA khi may thu lieu thy riling luqng cling nhieu.
Giao thtit
Cie atic trtrng inking Sensor
Kau truy nh$p kinh
Bio tan 'man fling hreng
Khai this bang thong
SMACS vi EAR
, len so voi the dO so lieu
Chi ditch cap khe thbi gian c6 dinh tai tin s6 c.6 dinh
Kich boat nglu nhien trong khi thief lop va tit thiet bi ve tuyen trong khi rgi
Phan chili then tin
Lai ghat) TDMA-FDMA
se vi then gian
T6i flu s6 lugng kenh ete t6i thieu riling lugng lieu thu
Ttli thieu clang lugng he thong tren co so phin ding
Chuyen pia ?mg dung vi tre fru& tmyen din
Dora tree CSMA
Sir dung thin gian ling nghe c6 dinh di dot hieu qua nAng lugng
Truy nh$p ngilu nhien tren ca so canh tranh
Bang 2.2. T6m tat cac giao fink MAC cho mgng Sensor
De hieu han ve cac ClAc diem n6i bit vi hieu qua ciut cac giao tit MAC cho mong Sensor, bang 2.2 se dim ra mOt 56 diem tong quan vi so sixth the giao Mire nay. COt cac dAc trtmg mang Sensor nhim minh hqa nhttng (lac diem mai va quan trqng ciut mong Sensor cho phip lip ding the giao thirc. Deng thai bang 2.2 ding birth bay sy Bien &Si kit biet tfr cac phucmg phip MAC truyin thOng Idiong the lip dyng cho mang Sensor vi viec cac giao thirc mai nay dot dtrqc hieu sulk nang lugng nhu the nao.
c) Cac chi dO hoot dOng tiet kiem Wing lugng
Bat ke phuang phip truy nh$p moi trutmg truyen din nao dirge sir dyng cho mpg Sensor du phai trq cac kik hoot gong tiet kiem nang luqng cho nut Sensor. Vi dy re rang nhit cita viec bao din nguen nang luqng la tit 130 thu phat khi n6 kitting dirge you au. Mac du, phuang phip tiet kiem ruing lugng My duang nhu cung cap sy tang them Wing lugng nhung mOt diem quan trqng khemg dirge phep b6 qua 11 the nut Sensor lien lac bing cac gOi sO lieu ngin. Cac g6i cling ngin thl nang lugng khoi kich cing noi trOi. Trong thyc te, neu chi mg ta tit thief N v8 tuyen mOt cich may mac trong thtri gian khe r6i, cluing ta c6 the lam cho fling lugng lieu thy nhieu han khi thiet N nay dirge b0t. Kit qui li hoot dOng trong mOt chi dO tilt kiem Wing luqng chi dot hieu suit :ling luqng cao nen thin gian dirge sir dyng the dO d6 Ian han yeti mOt glen hon nao dO. CO mOt so chi dO co ich nhu viy hp dyng cho nut Sensor kW:mg day, tut thuOc vio s6 lugng tong than cult vi xi: lt, 130 nha, b0 Bien diti A/D vi 130 thu phat. M8i chi dO nay ci the dirge m8 to bang sir lieu thu Wing lugng ctia nto vi nang luqng chuyen Trang 43
trong thai tir vi tea the dO d6. MOt phucmg phip quan ly nang luqng dOng cho mang Sensor kung day nghien thu ye nom chi dO tiet hem &Mg luqng va viec chuyin tiep gifts cac chi dO dt. Then gian gieri hart tai thieu cho m6i the dO phy thuOc vac thbi gian chuyen titp vi yeu eau ve tieu thy niing luqng cua rieng timg the dO.
Qua iy nguin cling suit
Gia thinh thip vi sy tieu thu Ming luqng thip la nhOng yin de dm mang cim bien kheing day, ne het sire quan trong trong viec thiet ke thong cung dip nguim trong mOt node cam hien .
Van di quin ly cong suit dupe ket hqp cung cac node mang cam hien, dya tren sy cung cap vi tieu thy: Khi c6 mOt sy cung cap rang luqng, node phai tieu thy no b tic dO thip !that c6 the. Vin de ter nen pink tip, beri ciu tree fling luqng dirge cung cap bed nguem sir cap thl hiem khi tad uu cho nhon va truyen so lieu. Hon nta, ding suit khi dyng tir ngutn va sy tieu thy trong viec truyen nh(m dff lieu !chic nhau 6 mqi thbi diem, viec truyen nhOn dit lieu phiti dirge cung cap hqp ly tai tit ci then gian de dam bio yen Minh ding.
C6 rat nhieu cite nguem Ong swat khac nhau vi the thiet bj c6 dO hien dOng 16n, do deo kh8ng c6 mOt he thong cung cap cong suit rieng 16 nao dirge tti uu cho the node mang cam bien Wong day. Thay vao d6 thiet ke he thOng can phu hqp gitta ngu6n cong suit v6i mach nap di? lieu. Khi the ngu6n dien (nhu la PIN) hoc the ngu6n khac cong sy hart chi ve Wing luqng doge sir dyng thi he thOng phai duqc thiet ke de vOn hanh yeti sy tieu thu cong suit nh6 nhit cei the. Do de se tai da chu ky song ctia node. Khi Gong nghe nguoin each (energy-scavenging) doge sir dyng, se met rung then gian ton tai cim nit mang. Neu 6 mOt then diem &to d6 cong suit ngutn lem hon gia trj doge you eau thl mOt vii dui tyc ve dieu kien nguem se yeu eau ngutn nang Iugng thu cap. Tit nhien, gia thAnh vi hieu qui cim he thing ltru tra thu cap phiti bao gem trong viec duet ke node mang.
Sy thiet ke bit ky he thOng cung cap cling suit nio deu bit du cling sy km chip ngu6n cong suit. De cap trong sy lya chqn mOt nguon tang suit bao g6m: dO khi dung, gii ban diu vi gia vOn hinh, thbi gian giDra the djch vu, khi nang chju dyng ben trong, dien tip khi dyng, kich thu6c va m6i quan tam toi sinh thai tux. MOt sy lya chqn cac nguen dog suit dien thu gin doge de cop cho the img dyng ngu6n thip.
RO ring, khi niing lim viec cim ngthin cong suit la dieu quan trong diu flan. Tuy nhien to phai xet den sy ttrcmg quan gitta khi rding lam viec v6i gii thinh coa ngu6n. Doc biet la v6i ngu6n mOt chieu. Day la loai ngutn c6 gii think tucmg dtd thip va hien dang dirge sir dyng rung rai tren the gi6i. Then gian giata the Ian bio duOng cong het sire quan tong d(ic Met doi yeti mOt mang lbn. Viec lya chcon mOt qui tic tot dirge
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ip dung de chia khoing than gian trung binh gifts cic lin biro throng mOi node li het sire quan trqng di duy tri mang. Qui tic My la tieu diem cia cic thiet ke tren quan diem dm ngtrii sir dung.
Dien trey trong mkt nguOn lit het sire quan trqng, bii ding dien chay trong cic node mang cam bitm li khi nh6. Hon am, Cic cam bien thutmg a trang thii nghi trong khoing then gian dii sau mOt chu ky hoat dung ding cao. Ngutin yeti dien ter trong cao ci the dip ling nhu ciu ding dien trung binh cia node mang vi cic cim bien ctIng cic hoe dung, nhung Ichang dip img dirge ding dinh cao. Ngueon ding suit phii co khi rang cung cip ding cao an thiet ma khong c6 hien tuqng roi dien ip ngoii.
Viec ran dien ip c6 the gay ra viec khei dung lai bO vi xu V', mit dtt lieu, hoc cic tic dOng c6 hai khic. Cac nguOn cing vii dien fro trong cao cin phii dirge dieu hoa, thong thtrtmg viec dieu duii dang mOt tµ dien ho(ic mOt nguOn melt chieu dien trey trong thip lim trung gian de h8 try cho cac ding dinh, hon nuns ching cling ce khi ning cung cip ding trung binh a ding. Cic ngutam ci dien ter trong thug theo tiled gian se c6 thai gian song !thong phu thuOc vi o sum du tit Wing lugng coca ching ma phy thuem vio stir mit khi rang h8 trq ding dinh yeu au.
a) Thtri gian ton tai
Tieu chuin diu tien trong thiet ke Iinh kien ngu6n mOt chieu la sly giii han thai gian sting, dieu nay guy& djnh tel viec nguan mOt chieu dirge thay the ho#c nap lai. Cac to bio so cip thi kh8ng the nap lei vi se tieu ton ding ke trong viec vii hinh neu duqc sir dung trong melt mang 16n. Cac ti bio thi cap thi ce the &Km nap 1ai de trainh phii mua cic nguOn mei trong cac ditu birth th8ng thutmg. Tuy nhien ching ce rout dO nang lugng thip hon the to bio so cip, do di vii hai to bio cling kich thuic viec nap lai ti bio thir cip phii thuing xuyen hon viec thay the the ti bio so cap.
b) Phit hien nguOn thip "Low Battery"
Bei m61 nguOn c6 mOt th6i gian ton tai giai han, de trinh node hang khi vOn hinh, phii c6 chi thi khi nguOn met chieu gin hit th?ri gian sting, khi di to c6 the thay the ching. M8i loai nguOn ce mOt each bleu hien khic nhau !di sip ket thic chu sting, vi v#y nguyen ly xic djnh Wing lugng can lai cua nguon phii phi hqp vii chit hoi hoc chu think len ngu6n.
Viec xac djnh re thii gian ton tai con lai kheng chi li chic niing cia nguOn mi con li chic nang cia tai trqng (the load). Nei dung ra, tai trqng se xic djnh diem kit thee thii gian sang cia nguOn, bed vier xic djnh thiri diem mi nguon khong cung cip di nhng luqng can cho tiff trqng. Th8ng thu?mg 111 khong cung cap du dien ip tieu chuan, Tii trqng Ming xic dinh ding di'en tai dien 4, nay dirge dim bio, ding dien cho Trang 45
b6i cac node mang cam bien thi rat bit in can dang dinh kha cao gian clop yeti cac chu kjr kha dai dm sq tieu thu dang thip. Tuy nhien hien tang clang nay kheng lam giam thai gian sing elk nguin.
Do 46 mach phat hien ngu6n thip (low battery) la hit stem quan tong de giam sat viec vuqt nguttng tam then. MOt cach de thoc hien dieu nay la chi kich hoot mach phat hien nguan thap sau chu ky dang dinh cao khi 46 dien ap nguan co gia trj thip nhit Mach phat hien nguin thip duqc van hanh nhtr tang dau cha thit tuc "giam im"(wann down), chi mg duqc sfr ding de lam cac node mang tir the 40 tich cqc sang the dO nghi. MOt uu diem cha each dip can nay la chi mat cong suit nhe duqc sir dung cho mach phat hien. Da rth6 nhung ne cling la thing ke khi so thrill veri ding suit trung binh tieu thu Uri node mpg. MOt uu diem lchac la dien ap nguin se On djnh han dieu nay din tai sq v#n hanh tin c#y han caa viec canh bao nguan thip.
De nang cao thin gian sing ells nguin, ti 14 dang trung birth tren clang dinh duqc lam glium 6 cuoi thai gian sing ctia nguin de &mg dinh duqc giam. Dieu nay duqc thoc hien bing cach xen ke cac hoot dOng mkt mach nguan cao de chting !thong hoot dOng dang that Bing cach lam giam tai dang dinh tren nguan, ngay lop tirc dien ap rai doe dien tr6 trong cua nguan c6 the duqc giant khi da dien ap cqc se len han nguing nguin thap (low battery).
Mach phat hien nguan thip rat quan tong trong viec xk dinh mot nguOrng chinh MOt node mpg cam hien c6 the c6 thai gian sing cua nguan la 1 am. Neu qua thtri gian nay, dien ap cqc cos na dual 0.5v, va neu cho ring dien ap rai la tuyen tinh theo than gian tin dien ap se sot khoitng 1,37mVingay, twang duong veri 10mV/tan. MOt sai s6 nguerng duong (nguemg lan han gia tr1 yeu au) se bye tiep lam giam gian sing cha node mang do sq canh bao nguin thip tram khi n6 thoc sq an thiet. MOt sai st nguerng am (nguerng thip han gia tr1 yeu au) se lam tang thtri gian sing cim node mang.
Hien tuqng tr6 trong mach phat hien nguin thip cling rat quan tong. Mot dien ap rai It han lOnVituan la sq thay 461 rat chum, d o biet la veri cong nghe SoC (low-cost system-on-a-chip). Tuy nhien dien ap nguan chju kilt hating elm mat Itrqng nhigu ding ke gay ra Uri nhieu nguyen nit trong mach s6. Nhigu nay gay ra hien tuqng sal l'e'ch trong canh bao nguan thip (Low battery) khi dien ap nguin gan veti gii tr1 nguemg. Do (lien ap rai la rat ch#m nen hien tuqng sal loch nay c6 the duy tri nhilu han mat tan. MOt giai phap dua ra la chat canh bao nguOn thip tai ltm dau den vuqt nguemg thi khang duqc mong dqi. Dieu nay khang chi lilm giam tu6i tho ctia nguin ma can Meng xac djnh duqc chlnh xitc ac tic ding gay ra Uri nhigu. MOt giai phap giiti quyet van de nay la sir dung hien tuqng trg trong mach phat hien nguin thip (low
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battery). Hien tucmg trl nay c6 the liy it nhit 2 khuon clang: continuous-time hok
sampled hystrsis.
c) Canh bao "Low Battery"
C6 nhieu tin hieu citnh bao nguan duqc trio ra, n6 phai five tiep tac dOng toi ngutri sir dung de quitn ly thc hog dung ctia ngu6n. Ck bieu ttrqng quen thuec ve tin hieu dirt bao ngu6n thip (low battery) duqc thiy tren camera, cell phone va cdc PDA c6 the duqc su dung trong citc ling dung nhu nguyen 19 may tinh ca than !thong day (wrireless PC) nai ma ngubi sir dung chb de thiy cac tin hieu earth Mo. Chit y ring ngtrai s* dung c6 the Op nhieu vin de a the node mang khong duqc hien thi va nhitng nai khd de quan 19. Thutmg thi birc dien cash bao duqc gui luftn phien thong qua mang cam bien toi met node dang chay cic tien ich trang thai mang.
Met tien ich trang thai mang Ia met ceng nai ma ngutri so dung c6 the quart 19
tang thai ctia mpg. Phu thuOc vao the img dung, tien ich tang thai mang c6 the la:
—Met xir ly nen chay tren met node mpg; —MOt xir lY dang chay tren phin chuyen dung curt phin cling (nhu lit Laptop
hoc PDA) duqc djnh Icy truy nhop vao mang;
— MOt xir 19 dang chay tai ceng node manenku c6), 6 day ngtrOi sir dung c6 the
truy cep cac tien ich thong qua mang Internet.
Trong nhieu ck ling dung, tien ich tang thai mang la van de then St guy& (firth t6i thank c8ng cua viec thiet ke mpg. M#c du riming c6 the ttr to chirc va to von hanh nhung ngutri sir dung met mang Ion vin phai chic chin mang dam bao cac chirc rang ctla n6. Han nita trong nhieu cdc ling dung d(ic biet trong tnrOng hqp khtm cap
trang thai mpg phiti frau dung.
Neu thrill bao nguem thip duqc girl th8ng qua chinh mang cam bien, thi node mang phiti duqc thiet ke de chirc Wing thu phat la chirc rang sau ding trong cdc dieu khien. Con ck chirc Wing khac curt node nhu sur von hanh Sensor, Actuators va giao dien ngtrOi sir dung phiti chip nhon sir dung nguon thip de dam bito cho chic fling truyen nh(in duqc thuc hien va tin hieu earth bao ngu6n thip duqc girl.
Cac nguyen 19 thiet ke node mang cam bien di node c6 kha nang dieu hoa ngu6n
thip:
— Node mang chi gfri birc dien "thay d6i twig thin" don thi vi tri trtmg tam chi khi nao citnh bao ngu6n thip duqc thief lop. Nguyen 19 nay toi uu hod vao tau luu lugng mang nhung cling cung cap met th8ng tin toi thieu;
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—Node mong ce the girl birc dien "cop nhot trong thai mong" mOt cacti dinh lct t6i g6c mpg. M5c dfr nguyen 19 My lam dai birc dien van hinh mang nhung no cung cap thong tin quan tong tea ngutri sir dung;
—Neu mang Ichang h6 trq birc dien "Op nh#t tong thai mpg", node c6 the chia se thong tin trong thai nguan tai tit ca cac node Ian con. Node nay c6 the tri loi cac truy van lien quan toi trong thai cos ne neu ne ce the thoc hien dtroc dieu My. Khi nguen cfra ne hong cac node lin Om se thong bao cho mong 13% do node hong.
2.4.2. TO dyng cdc nguAn tang hipng trong 4r nisi&
Trong nhieu throng hqp, viec liy rding luong ttpc tiep tfr mei throng ce the dam bio cho viec vOn hinh cac node mang dun Bien. Nang luqng nay ngtrtri to goi la Ming luqng sach vi thuet ngtt "energy scavenging" bao gam quang Ong, dung nang vi cac nguan &mg luqng khac.
Clic node mang tan dung ning luqng sach duqc goi la "live off the land" de thay the cho nguen nang luqng sir dtmg Uri chinh n6. Neu duqc thiet ke hop 1y cac node mang sir dung nang Itrotng sach c6 the rat nhe b6i chfrng kh8ng con mang theo ngu6n chira nang bong. Nguan nang luqng duqc liy tfr m8i throng c6 bien dOng tit len vi chimg c6 the duqc ngit trong qua frith hoot dOng. Thong thurtmg viec ngit ngu6n se duqc do down truttc, nhu la viec thay dal chu Ick ctia duet bj chuyen ding. Trong trulmg hqp khac viec ngit ngu6n la do str c6, do de do bao thong ke thutmg duqc stt dung. Xac suit nguen ngtrng hoot dOng la rit Ian b?ri vi cong suit tir meri trutmg dti cho vOn hinh Wong the dam bao 6 tit a thfri gian. Do de ngutri thiet ke phiti chip mOt mirc dO tin cOy doc tren cic kieu nguan nang luqng sach khac nhau vi thiet ke node mang phi hqp v6i you du.
Vi du, viec danh gii he thong nang luqng m*t trOi phiti de cop den hieu (mg gi6i hart thfri gian chieu sang. Viec thiet ke phai h6 trq cho so v#n hinh ban dem hay nhang Mc Ichong c6 anti sang. Hon nita viec thiet ke cling phai chit Sr den vi tri ctia cic mien vimg khac nhau, b6i vi thin fiat Ichl hOu vi thin gian chieu sang ctia mkt trfri 6 the yang khac nhau la khac nhau. Do d6 ngubi thiet ke phai dam bio mOt mirc dO tin coy Mira tren dos tren dO khi dung ctia mOt ten 6 vi tri thiet ke.
MOt d#c diem chung curt hAu ha cac ngu6n nang Itrong &Itch la can suit trung birth thip chi khoing 1mW hoOc thip han. Mac di cong suit trung birth can cho node mang cam bien c6 the thip han cong suit trung birth cos ngu6n Ming luqng sach nhung cong suit dinh can cho node mang thi luton len han cong suit tirc thoi nh6 nhit cung cap bei ngu6n.
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De dap (mg yeu cau cong suit dish nay va de hO trq sv bien dOng diu ra ciut cac nguOn ning lutyng such. Hiu hit cac ngu6n nAng luqng such phai co much dieu holt cling suit. Much &Au hoa cling suit at gifta ngutin cling suit va tai de dim bao phis hqp gifts (long va dien ap tui dau ra ctia ne thich hqp vai yeu ciu cila tai. DOng thbi phai phil hqp dang va tai you c.Au tai dau vao curt nguOn. Hiu het cac much dieu hoa ding suit you cau mOt phin til luu tra Ming luqng thir cap, thong thubng la nguen thin cap hoac tv dien. Ve ban chit ngu6n nang Itrang such la nhftng clang chay !the nap cho thiet bj luu trlt thin cip a dAy Ming luqng duqc chuyin tai node mang. NguOn nting Wang thin cap ce met dO Wing luqng 16n han so yeti tv dien, do de chiing c6 the ding suit alit cao han trong chu kt dlti han. Tuy nhien chiing cling c6 tec dO nap lai cao km nen lam tAng sv tieu the cling suit trung birth. Tut thuOc vao sv chon Iva deg nglie, qua trinh chuyen dei dien ap c6 the duqc thvc hien fruit hoec thiet bj luu frit thin cap, hoc sau thiet N nay hoec la ca fruit va sau ho#c la kh8ng.
MOt nhan t6 duqc de cep trong suit qua frith thief ke he thong cung clip Wing lucmg such la cach th0c thvc hien bet va tit nguOn. Tai thin diem bet, thiet bj luu tra thin cap c6 the dang duqc nap vi vey much dieu hoa ding suit se khan the cung clip cho tai cho tOi thbi diem Si ciut qua trinh nap. DAy la mot Idt6 khAn b6i vi much dieu hoa cling suit khOng c6 ho#c kh8ng du dau ra trong suet thin gian nay, mach diet' Ithien phat hien ra dieu kien khei dOng va giitm sit 'rung thai nap cua thiet N km trCt thir cap va cu6i cang ket nei tai toi dau ra cos manh dieu holt ding suit. Nguan cling suit such ce the ce ac firth bien dOng Ian vi vey viec thitt ke cac much dieu Ichien g#p phai thach that 16n. Hon nits, chting can phai ditm bao cung cap du fling limn cho node mang host dOng ngay ca khi nguon nAng luqng such tom thin gian (bun.
Much Idled dOng phai kitting gAy anti huimg tel chirc Tian dieu holt node cho tel khi viec dieu hol duqc phat hien. DE civic thing tit nguOn ctia h'O thOng c6 the duqc thvc hien trong khi nAng luqng yin khi dung trong thiet N luu trOr thin cap. Neu nAng luqng such duqc sir dvng trvc titp cho viec von Minh khi da mOt mOt nguOn nhd co the duqc thvc hien de cung cap mach dieu khien.
a) Te bao quang dien
Hien nay hiu het cac cling nghe ngueon such sir dung cac to bao quang dien de thu fling Ituyng m*t tin. Clic ti bao nay duqc at to vi tri de c6 the thu duqc than thing Itrong m#t trbi nhat va duqc sir ch,mg tai cac node mang ma nguOn chink va ngu6n so dip khong !chi thi, cac vi tri nay thtrimg la cac vung
Cong suit dien duqc lay ra (cid:9)
to brio quang dien tuong (mg yeti dien tich cos to bao va met a chigu sang curt m*t trbi. Dien lip cvc cila to bao gieng v6i dieu tip cos
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diode bin din vit c6 cubng do !chi kin. Trong khi deong ra phy thuOc trtrc tiep vito cubng de chi& sing. Deng ra ctja the to brio quang dien tang khi nhiet de tang.
Hien tai c6 rat nhieu loai to bao quang dien khic nhau vi hau het lit the to bho silicon. Ching c6 gii hqp 15, vi khi Wing cam nhen inh singe buoy sting gin 800run. C6 3 Toni to brio silicon thuting doge se dung: monocrystalline, polycrystalline, vi amorphous. Cic to bho monocrystalline c6 hieu suit rat cao (khoing 15%) vb c6 gii cao nhit. Te Ho amorphous c6 hieu suit thip nhit (khoing 6%) vi cling c6 gii that. Con lei lb the to bho polycrystalline c6 hieu suit khoing 14%. Do the node mpg cam bien yeu ciu tong suit thip do de tic to bho amorphous duqc sir dung nhieu nhit. Do met dO deg suit chiku sing cis met tan tai be met trii dit khoing 100mW/cra2 can 4cm2 ti btlo amorphous c6 hieu suit 6% c6 the sin suit khoing 25mW nen chi
(neu dirge chiku sing hoin twin ) Prong Ung yeti deng dien 50mA.
Dien ip mach he V., etas to bho Si khoitng 0,5V. Doge ket hqp veri dien ip chuin cong nghiep cho mach tich hop. Do d6 tic to bho pith ducat (St n6a tiep de tang dien hp ra. Dien ip ra lit tuong dei 6n djnh so vii stir bien dOng cos cubng de chieu sing. Tuy nhi'en trong vii *rig dyng the to brio quang dien kh8ng dime sir dung yeti sr dieu chinh lit. Trong hitt het the trueng hqp viec dieu hob cong suit phii throe sir dung de cung cap citing trong khoing then gian ml tic to blo quang dien bj the tOi vA Idiemg the tao ra deng dts mph de cung cap cho Si. Viec thiet kt mach dieu hob cong suit phbi che 9 ten tic nhan t6 inh huemg tea to blo quang dien.
MOt vi du ve mpg cam Win kitting day sir dung tic to bbo quang dien lb chuong trinh vi hat thong mirth (Smart Dust) tai throng dai hoc California. Cic vi hat trong he thong dirge ket nei vii nhau bei dubng quang thay cho truyen dAn vo tuyen. VI ket duqc thuc hien bei sqi quang nen viec you ciu them He thiet bj chieu sing nen cluing lb Icheing can thiet.
b) Cic nguen Wing lugng khic
Cic nguen Wing lugng !chic gem dung Wing, co nang...Hien tui tic loci ngulin nay chua dirge de suit cho mpg sensor. Tuy v#y cluing doge nghien ciru vit Wing phit trion cho tic du in tuong lai.
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CHIrCING 3. GI61 THIEU PHAN MEM M6 PHONG NANG LUVNG CHO
MSNG WIRELESS SENSOR
3.1. M8 hinh hoi m8 phang
Tren co so phan tich bit toin m8 phing vi xic djnh rO mgc lieu vi ke hooch, viec m8 hinh boa m8 phang nhim trfru tugng hoi he thing thgc bang m8 hinh khii niem, mOt gip cac quan he toin hoc va logic lien quan den cac thanh phitn vi au true cita he thong. Viec xay citing me hinh Ii cgc Id quan trong. MO hinh doge xay citing cang chi flit vi tong quit thi m8 phemg can gan thtrc te. Ngoii ra, tinh hieu qua vi khit Wing met rung, tire lit co the sit dung lira nen a phit hien them cite met hinh cling rat doge quan tam. Ngoai ra, vi viec xay dung mOt m8 hinh chi tiet, tong quit cho tan he thong la rat kith thtrc hien nen thtrimg viec m8 With boa se top trong vio cite van de quan tarn trong he thOng, cie phin khic chi can dam bio mire dO chinh xic trong
cac anh htrong cite chting tai he th6ng.
3.2. M8 hinh ngulin Sing hrgng
MO hinh nguOn doge xay fling tren co chi khan trfr nang lugng. Mitt nut Sensor ba thinh phin tieu thg nang lugng chinh Ii thiet bj cam bien, thiet bj thu phit v8 tuyen vi bO xfr ly vai cac ca the tieu thg Wing lugng khic nhau. Cic think phin nay loi co the hog dOng 6 cie tong thai khic nhau yeti toe dO lieu thu nang lugng khic nhau. M8 hinh nguOn nang lugng cung clip khi nang me phi:mg trong thai nguOn nang lugng cita nut. Ban din, m8i nut Sensor doge djnh cau hinh yeti mOt khoi nang lugng xic djnh. M8i IN nut Sensor thgc hien mOt hinh dOng nhu nhOn mOt tin hieu cam bien, thu hoOc phit cic gOi tin vo tuyen, xir 19 tin hieu, nguOn Wing loon dg tnt cos nut de se bj khau trfr then ding swat dirge djnh ngltilt truck cho timg think phin. Khi nut Sensor Meng c6 hinh dOng nito, nang lugng se dirge khau trir theo cong sat rai (Idle power).
Voi the mpg Sensor hien nay, nhit li v6i the mong khong c6 khi Wing tim nguOn riling lugng ben ngoii, vi du Mu sit dtmg the tam pin mOt Obi thi tu6i thq elk nguOn Wing lugng la yeti t6 quyet djnh thin gian ton tai ctla mpg. Do do, the thu$t tom vi giao tittle doge sir dgng cho mpg Sensor deu phii chit 9 den hieu qui sir dung nguOn Wing lugng. Vei viec m8 hinh holt nguOn Wing lugng cho nut Sensor, mai trutng m8 pheng cung cap kha Wing khito sit hieu qua sit dung nguOn nang lugng cue the thuat tan, cic giao auk vi the rich t6 chirc, trien khai nut khic nhau dirge tip dgng cho mpg Sensor. M8 hinh nay c6n cung cep mOt s6 ca the khan trir nguOn trong thgc ti a doge kiem clung bang dote nghiem.
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3.3. Thiet ki phin mem m8 [thong mang Wireless Sensor
Trong thiet ke phAn mem (con duqc pi la chuyen doi mo hinh), me hinh me pheing duqc phit then bang mOt nen ne lip trinh nio db. Trong chuyen de nay, viec m8 pheing mang Sensor duqc thvc hien tren phin mem m6 pheng mang NS-2 di me rOng cho mai truing mang Sensor. Do do, phin tiep theo se trinh bay ve phi') mem NS-2 va phiin mer rOng NRL'Sensorsim tren NS-2 cho me pheng mang Sensor.
3.3.1. Phan mint NS-2
a) Gieri thieu NS-2
NS-2 ( Network Simulator phien ban 2) la chucmg trinh m8 pheng mpg theo phucmg phip mo phemg cic stir kien roi roc. NS-2 hO trq mei phemg mang eel day va khong day, TCP, UDP , cic giao thirc truyin thong diem-da diem va djnh tuyen lchic,.v.v. NS-2 duqc viet bang C++ va ng8n ne huUng dgi tutmg Tcl (Otcl: object- oriented tool command language).
NS-2 co mOt ljch sir kha dal, bit nguan tIr cic phAn mem REAL cda UCB (1989) va NEST mkt Colombia (1992). Den niim 1995, NS-2 duqc phat trien trong dv an VINT (Virtual InterNet Testbed hay nin kiem thin Internet 1o). VINT 11 dv an hqp tic gine AT&T Reseach, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, ETH UK, Xerox PARC, UCB-Berkeley va USC/ISI. Hien nay, Ns dang tiep tvc duqc phat trien trong cac dv in SAMAN va CONSER, cUng v6i stir hqp tic mitt nhieu nhl nghien cuu va ACIRI. Nhemg t6 chirc da demg g6p ding ke vio NS-2 la UCB Daeledus, UMU Monarch va Sun MicroSystems.
So voi cic phi!) mem m8 phemg mpg khic, NS-2 c6 nheng tru the sau:
—NS-2 co ma nguen mer mien phi; —NS-2 co kiin trim met, too dieu kien thuOn lqi cho vies ma rOng; —NS-2 duqc phit hien tir cic phitn mem nei tieng tren the gieri nhu REAL, NEST nen na c6 nhihtg diem manh vi di !chic phvc duce nhftng yeu diem elm cic phin mem nay;
—NS-2 hg toy cic tinh Jiang cu bin mia mpg IP, tir d6 ce the phat trien them cic
phan tbr mpg;
—NS-2 c6 cau frac modul, rat thuOn tien cho vier nghien ciru tim hieu vi phit
trien.
Nhin tir phia ngtrbi s6 dung , NS-2 la chuang trinh bien djch ma Otcl duqc lien
ra 11 cic tip tin m8 phemg tien trinh theo you
ket tOi thu vien C++ . Cic d6i ttrong co so nhu tcp, CBR,..cluqc xay dvng trong Diu vao NS-2 11 tip ma lenh Otcl , (cid:9) cAu duqc the hien trong top lenh Otcl.
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Ket qua and pheng NS-2 Chuang trinh bien djch Otcl Tap lenh Otcl ( ma ngutin )
Ilinh 3.1. Ctiu trot chuung trinh NS-2
Cac the vien
Ket quit m6 phang c6 the quan Mt bang hinh anh and to trim quan vdi Inv dung Nam (the Network Animator), bang a thj (sir dung Xgraph) hoac ed the duqc xdr ljr bang cac tap lenh tut chqn. Vai au tit nay, viec sir dung NS-2 tra len dun gian han nhieu so vai sir dung tnrc tiep C++ nhung yin ch duqc nhitng tinh rang ciut C-H-.
Vai nhihig &IC diAM tren, NS-2 thuc su lit mOt cong cu phan mem Mu ich cho viec hqc tap, nghien cau mang thong tin, glop cho viec thuc hint m(mg tra len hieu qui han.
b) Ca the hog dung atm phin mem NS-2
Hoat dung oh' NS-2 dirge chia thinh hai phi! ► la phan di! lieu (duqc xay dung trong C++) vi phin (lieu khien (dirge xay dung trong Otcl). De giam thai gian xir ly gdi va sir kien, thei Neu sir kien vi cac deal Ming thinh phan mang ca ban trong phan sã lieu dirge vitt vi bien djch bang C++. Cac dot tuqng dirge bien djch nay dirge tgo sin vi dugc lien kat UM OW qua b0 thong djch Otcl. Mot ddi tuqng C++ nay duqc dieu khien vi dirge thiet lap the tham só thong qua mOt d6i tugng dieu khien tuang ang trong Otcl. Cac d6i tugng C++ kh8ng cim dieu khien hoc chi hog dOng nut tel trong phan C++ thi !thong an lien ket den Otcl. Tuong tu, cling c6 mOt so ded tugng (khong nam trong phin dia lieu) c6 the hog dung hoiln town chi trong Otcl. Cac d6i tugng dieu Mien trong Otcl duqc !nth xa 1-I tai cac doi tugng an dieu khien trong C++. Nhu vay, can tnic phan cap cac doi tugng thy trong hai phan C++ va Otcl Ia tucmg t r nhau. Quan he gifta C++ va Otcl duqc rninh hqa tren hinh 3.2.
arc
n
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Hinh 3.2. Tinh doi ngaru eau C++ va Otcl
Hinh 3.3 chi ra kien true NS-2. Trong kien true nay, ngtrai ml dying (khong phai nguai phat then NS-2) 6 vj tri gee clued ben trail. DU lieu diu vao la top KIM Otcl duqe phan tich bbi 16p Tcl. Viec thiet lop vi chay m6 phong trong Tcl sir (king cac doi tutmg trong thu vien Otcl. Thai hien cac sv kien vi hau hit cac thanh phan mang hoot dOng trong vi duce lien ket tai Otcl. Viec nay dirge thvc hien 1X6i 16p tcicl.
Chuang trinh NS-2 c6 nhieu phien ban chay tren cac he dieu hanh khac nhau vi vai the yeu cau all d¢t khic nhau. Trong chuyen de My, phien ban ns-allinone-2.27, chay tren Windows trong moi trubng Cygwin/X duqc sir (long de tim hieu mOt cac tinh chat cua mang Wireless Sensor. Cygwin/X cung cap mOt giao dien chutmg trinh ung dying (API) giang thu he dieu hanh UNIX tren khulin don Windows do NS-2 khong chay frac dip tren Windows.
Thai bleu cac sv kien NS-2
tcicl
Otcl Cac thanh phan mpg
Tcl 8.0
Hinh 3.3. Kiln Ink M ing quan caa NS-2
Moi truang ns - 21a c8ng cv hit sire linh hoot trong vi4c nghien ciru cac d(ic tinh cua mang cam bien khong day (Wireless Sensor network) vi ne c6 sen the m6 hinh cho mang ad-hoc khong day, c6 rang buOc ye ming luong. Trong ns - 2, mOt mpg Sensor co the dugc xac djnh vai nhieu to hap cac doe tinh nhu thvc te.
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Ldrp yid If Lap mgng
Lap lien kit stl lien LOp ling dgng Lap giao v#n
TCP 802.11 CBR DSDV
FTP TDMA UDP DSR
Telnet SMAC TORA
AODV
OLSR
Cac kiiu ph& ve tuyin vai suy giant bec 4 : trong khong gian tg do, mat dat hai tia, bong phi.
Antent dO lqi don.
Hinh 3.4. Cdc giao thtic duac he try trong NS-2 mo phong ?Facing khong thly
V6i co ser nay, ta chi can them vao NS-2 mOt s6 dui tucyng va thuOc tinh de m8
phong mpg Sensor. 3.3.2. Co se phdt Irian mo pitting ',tong Sensor tan nin NS-2
Ca sec duy nhat con thieu trong NS-2 cho m8 phong mpg Sensor la viec djnh nghia mOt "Phenomenon" (hien tuning). Vi dg nhu chat hoi hoc, am thank... clic d6i tucmg nay co the di chuyin vi kich hoot cfic Sensor 6 gait qua mOt kenh nhu pham chin kh8ng khi hay rung dung m*t dat. Khi met Sensor ph& hien tin hieu tir mOt hien Wong trong kenh nay, Sensor se phitn img tuy then (mg dung duqc djnh nghia bai nguiti si dung NS-2. Cac img dung nay se quy djnh viec Sensor lam gi khi phat hien ra hien ttning muc tieu. Vi du, Sensor co the djnh ky giri thong bio den mOt s6 diem thu thop s6 lieu neu no con tiep tgc phat hien they hien tucmg, hoc co the lim mOt s6 viec phirc try hon nhu c8ng tic v6i cic Sensor bin c#n de co duqc thong tin cg the chi tiet hon ve hien tucong fru& khi &nth bao ngubi giant sat ye met hien tinyng gil djnh. Miti mpg Sensor co mOt ling dung duy nhit nhu gilt sat dung at, mai trubng, Phin ma rung NS-2 cung cap cac khe niing frith diln caic ling dung Sensor. Vei citc img dung nay, chat% ta c6 the nghien hogt dOng ctla co so h3 tang mpg duei cic dieu
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kien khic nhau. Ca sa edit vies xAy dung ma hinh mpg Sensor trong NS-2 duce mirth hoa trong hinh 3.5.
H'znh 3.5. Ca set xtiy dyng me hinh ?ming Sensor sti cling NS-2
M8 hinh trinh dien cim cac hien tugng trong NS-2 duce the djnh yeti the gen yang be dugc chuyen qua mOt kenh dugc chi djnh. Pham vi anti huang elm hien tugng la tep hqp the nut c6 the nhen dirge the geti Phenom cluing ba tren kenh nay. Met hinh nay se Man theo quing be bat cu kieu phat ve truyen nao (khOng gian to do, met Mt 2 tia hay bang phi!, bao gem a ac au birth nut hien tugng. Cie kieu phat nay phit sang theo Bang gen trim nhung the hinh clang khic cling c6 the c6 dugc bimg each thay doi pham vi cita cac geoi Phenon vi di chuyin mOt each thick hqp met tep cac not hien tugng phat cung kieu.
Viec phit quing ba the geti Phenom dugc hoan thanh nha "giao thtic djnh tuyen Phenom", quitng ba cac g6i Phenom yeti tee do xung the djnh. Khi met gal Phenom dugc nhen ben mOt nut nen kenh Phenomenon (kenh hien tugng), mOt thong bio ve sit kien nay se dirge chuyen din ang dung Sensor ciut nut de.
3.3.3. Cdc 4nh dgng mei trong NS-2
Gia sir c6 cac nut hien tugng (Phenomenon) kich host the nut Sensor, lira ltrgng cac flat Sensor tao ra mei !chi phat hien they hien tugng phv thuOc via chac niing ctia mang. Vi dv, the mpg thiet ke de hieu chinh dfch bing hieu ung neng lugng se to ra nhieu Itru luvng Sensor den Sensor han mpg thiet ke de cung cep cho gitim sat vien the dli lieu chua qua xir ly. Chirc Ming nay phv thuOc vio ung dung dm Sensor vi phu thuOc vio dee tinh luu lining ket hqp veri mpg dugc ma phong. Del tugng vi chile neng dirge djnh nghta trong cac file sau:
— Phenom / Phenom.cc, h: Chita giao thus djnh tuyen Phenom sit dung cho vies phat tin hieu ter the hien tugng. No bao gem cac tham se cho tee dO xung vi kieu hien tugng (Bvi cabon, dOng dit manh, dung dit nhg, tiling On hay loci chung). Citc kieu nay doge at ten de nhen clang the nguen hien tugng trong file trace (deu ra m8 pheng). Tee dO xung 11 tham se duy nhit (Neu khien vier phat tin hieu tit mOt hien tugng;
— Senso nets-NRL / Senso agent. cc, h: djnh nghia the agent Sensor, the agent 11 diem cu6i, ncri cac g6i thuOc 16p mpg dirge tao ra vi phin tech, xti lg . Cite
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nut Sensor sir dung mOt tic nhin Sensor lien kit den k'enh Phenomenon di dip nhen cic gin tin Phenom va sir dung mOt tic than TCP hay UDP de lien kit den kenh dui mpg ve tuyen de to the gin tin dirge pH di tir Ong dung Sensor. Cic tic nlifin Sensor hoot ding nth mOt Ong din, qua d6 cic gei tin Phenom duqc nhan vi xii Ijr bid the img dung Sensor. Cic tic nhan Sensor khong that su quan tam den nOi dung curt gin Phenom, n6 chi dun gian dinh diu the gel nhin duqc vi chuyin den Ong dung Sensor. Agent nay duqc djnh nghia trong Sensor agent.cc;
— Sensornets-NRL / Sensorapp.cc, h :
img dung Sensor duce djnh nghia trong file nay tin dung miu nut vi tho ra the thong bio Sensor de chi ra nut timing Ong phit hien ra hien tuqng ( 4 Wen m6i throng cio the dirge sir dung la: SILENT PHENOMENON, DISABLE_COLORS, MESG_SIZE va TRANSMIT FREQ). Cu the, khi not dang nhen gin Phenom, img dung nay thay d6i mau nut thanh d6, kich thoat mOt bien tan cue "alarm" va giri mOt thong bio Sensor (MESG_SIZE byte) den nut sink (nut thu th$p sti lieu) cha kit n6i UDP, TCP sau m8i chu Ick la TRANSMIT FREQ gray. 'Chi mOt nut kh8ng nhon duqc mOt Phenom packet trong thin gian char (SILENT PHENOMENON giay), thi mau nut tic ve mau xanh la cay. Neu miu not dirge you au de bieu thi mire rang luqng thay vi tang thii canh bio Sensor thi img dung bj tit voi viec dit DISABLE COLOR;
— Sensornets-NRL / Phenom_packet.h: File nay djnh nghia au tree gin Phenom. CO 5 kieu hien tuqng (CO, HEAVY - GEO, LIGHT - GEO, SOUND, and TEST - PHENOMENON) tuning img vOi cacbon monoxide (chit carbon monoxide CO), Heavy Seismic actyvity (dOng dit manh), Light Seismic activy (dung dit nhg), Audible Sound (Am thanh), sime Phenomenon (kieu chung). Cic kieu nay ce the duqc sir di,mg mli phOng yen nhieu nut hien tuqng vi c6 the a dang nhen ra vi phAn biet Arai the hien tuqng khic ma net Sensor phit hien, bing cich thin vio file trace.
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Hinh 3.6. Binh cinh ma to mgng Sensor (theac lay tit zing dyng NAM trong NS-2) vai 25 trgm Sensor clupt Irian khai theo hinh lubi tren dien wiling, 20 nut Phenomenon (m6 to dam may khi gas-hien twang can cam Min) di &Ong va mgt tram thu dulp se; lieu (o. goc tren ben pat). Cac nut am mau (mau do) M cac nut clang cam Bien clupt hien twang, Mc nut nhgt mau (mau xanh 10 cay) la cac nut khong quan sat tidy hien hem. Ccic yang iron to ma" to viec ph& sang tin hieu mia cac nut. Cac khoi nh6 mau den Lieu thl cac gai tin trong mgng.
3.3.4. Thay dii trong NS -2
Hinh 3.7 ra sa cay NS - 2 me rung m8 phang mpg Sensor yeti cac baS sung
(nhanh ben phi° va hieu chinh (nhanh ben trai).
Cac chinh sira trong NS-2 duce thttc hien trong cac file sau :
— Trace / cmu-trace.cc, h: Lap CMUTrace duqc sir dung de in cac phAn quan trong ciut met gal via file trace. VI phAn ma rung sir dung kieu gal mai cho cac hien tuqng nett can phii djnh dung gel tuong Ong trong file nay;
— Tcl / lib / ns-lib.tcl: Thanh phAn nay trinh bay v1 ciu hinh nut duqc chi ra trong top lenh NS-2. Phan me rung sar dung kieu nut mai (cac nut Sensor va Phenomenon). Vi the, da them via met sof, diem via chtic nting djnh (cid:9) hinh not (node-configure) de pin) hop veri cac kieu nay;
Trang 58
...:2,:i
rs
I
I
H sensomets-NRU
ansoragantec.
sensorepp.cc,h
mac/
Mae-CC
I
—I wirokose-phy.oe,
phimomsch
(cid:9)I
tolAibl
phonompacka
-I - hl (cid:9)
ns-libid
-I (cid:9)
--I ns-moblenodeld I
—I (cid:9)
narnsupp.t1 I
trace/
cmu-traocce
LI
– Tcl / lib / ns -mobilenode.tcl: Trong NS-2, dung lugng sin co cho viec 1$p Mang kheang day da kenh ducm so dung de phat cac loci tin hieu hien tuqng ldllic nhau. Bing viec sa dung kenh rieng cho the hien tugng, to ce the m6 phing mai tnrtmg vat 15, rieng cho hIng loci hien Mpg nhu trong thgc M. Nhu vay, clic nut Sensor cin 2 giao dien: mOt vgi kenh 802.11 vit mOt veil kenh Phenom. KM nang da giao dien ("Multi - homed") duqc ba xung trong ns- mobilnode.tcl;
– Common / packet -h: Mai g6i trong ns -2 ducc lien ket voi mOt kieu rieng tuy thuOc vio giao thirc tucmg (mg nhu TCP, ARP, AODV, FTP, .v.v..V1 giao
Trang 59
Hinh 3.7. So del by sung va chink stia NS-2
thirc phat tin hieu hien ttrqng la mai nen phai djnh nghia kieu gei ttrcmg (mg trong file tieu de packet.h;
— Mac./ Wireless-phy.cc: ns -2 c6 g6m ma hinh nang luqng cho cac not kitting day duqc sir dung de nghien cuu lqi ich caa cac kg thu$t duy tri n8ng luqng khac nhau. Nhu vies nghi hoot dung hay tun dung ac m#t dO mpg t6i uu. Ma hinh nay Om cac d#c tinh chi ra cac yeu au ding suit et cac gai phat va Sion hay tong thai r6i trong thin gian mpg kitting hoot dung tich cue. Viet cam bien hien tuqng la mOt qua trinh c6 the tieu thu nang luqng toi St tic dO khac, nen day la vin de quan tong an xem xet. Trong mac / Wireless-phy.cc cung cip kha nang chi ra Ong suit tieu thu cua ac nut trong khi cam bien cac hien tucmg.
Mat s6 sirs dui Mac duqc thot hien 6 mac / mac.cc, tcl / lib / ns-namsupp.tcl va queue / priqueue.cc. MOt se) sua chits trong thu toc djnh mau nut, b6 sung kieu gal Phenom vao tO chat NS-2 ducat thoc hien de dim gian hoa giao dien den kenh Phenomenon tren nut Sensor.
3.4. Mo phong mgng Wireless Sensor
Mpc dlnh me pitting
Muc dich ctia phin ma phong nay la xem xot (cid:9)
quan h'e gift hoot dOng caa node mong vbi nang luqng du frit cos n6. Ban diu, m6i nut Sensor duqc djnh ciu hinh voi mot khai nang luqng Vic djnh. M6i khi nut Sensor thoc hien Sot hitnh dOng nhu nhan mOt tin hieu cam hien, thu hoiic phat cac gai tin va tuyin, xer 1S, tin ni0u, nguan nang luqng do frit cult nut d6 se bj khiu tnY theo Ong suit duqc djnh nghia truck cho tong thanh phin. Khi nut Sensor khang c6 hanh dung nao, nang luqng se duqc khiu trir theo ding suit r6i (Idle power).
d
[ ® (cid:9)
0
® 0 0 0 10 IS
O
Hinh 3.8. Kjch ban Iran khai trufmg Sensor trong mo phong
Trang 60
(cid:9) (cid:9)
Mo pheng nay duqc thuc hien yeti cac mang Sensor duqc trien khai theo hinh lueri vuemg, trong ban d6 hinh vueong. Khoang each gifra cic nut sensor la d, lchoang
cach vo tuyen p dh de mOt nut c6 kha nAng phat cho 8 nut lin con. IChoang anh
huong cfm nut Phenomenom (hien tuqng muc tieu) la al .
Kieu hien tuqng muc lieu duqc chip la khi Carbon Monoxit (CO) duqc bieu dign btu% mOt nut Phenomenon don di chuyin mOt cach ngiu nhien trong truong Sensor. SO luqng diem thu th#p se, lieu (Sink) la 1, duqc d#t tren bien cim throng Sensor.
Thang nAng luqng sfr dung trong ciu hinh node (trong phin node-configure):
—rx Power.175 chi ra 175mW tieu thu cho viec nhan mOt &Si kich dunk bit 14; —lic Power 175 chi ra 175mW lieu thu cho viec phat mot gei kich thirfrc bit k9; —Sensor Power .000 00175 chi ra 1.75pW tieu thu khi Tilton 1 gei quang ba
Phenom;
—Inctial Energy 0.5 chi ra tAng nAng luqng du tit la 0.5J (hay 0.5 W/s).
3.4.2. Thine hien mO Nang
a) MA chuong trinh
Cac tuS7 chop vi mai true:mg mang duqc khai bao nhu sau:
set val(chan) (cid:9) Channel/WirelessChannel ;# Kieu kenh
;# Kik giao tiep m(mg (cid:9) ;# Kik MAC
;# Kieu MAC Phenomenon
set val(prop) Propagation/TwoFtayGround ;# Kieu phat v8 tuyen set val(netif) Phy/WirelessPhy (cid:9) set val(mac) Mac/802_11 set val(PHENOMmac) Mac (cid:9) set val(ifq) (cid:9) Queue/DropTail/PriQueue ;# Kieu hang dqi
set val(11) (cid:9) LL (cid:9) ;# Kieu lop lien ket s6 lieu
set val(ant) (cid:9) Antenna/OmniAntenna ;# Kieu antent
set val(ifqlen) 50 ;# s6 g6i cvc dal trong hang dqi
set val(nn) (cid:9) 26 ;# T6ng seo nut Sensor va Sink
set val(rp) (cid:9) AODV ;# Giao they djnh tuyen
set val(x) (cid:9) 451
set val(y) (cid:9) 451 ;# Chieu dai ban d6 (m) ;# Chi& rOng ban a (m)
set val(engmodel) EnergyModel
set val(txPower) 0.175 (cid:9) ;# C8ng suit truyen (mW)
set val(rxPower) 0.175 (cid:9) ;# C8ng suit nhin (mW)
set val(sensePower) 0.00000175; (cid:9) ;# C8ng suit cam Men (mW)
Trang 61
set val(idlePower) 0.0 (cid:9) ;# Cong suk khictu trb roi (mW)
set val(initeng) (cid:9) 0.5 (cid:9) ;# Nang ltrqng ban du (J)
MOt dap chuong trInh chinh:
# Main Program
# Khoi tao bier toan cuc
set ns_ (cid:9) [new Simulator]
set tracefd [open phenom 1 I .tr w]
$ns trace-all $tracefd
set namtrace [open phenoml 1 .nam w]
$ns_ namtrace-all-wireless $namtrace $val(x) $val(y)
Trong chuong trinh chinh di djnh ngliia ten File s6 lieu dau ra (Trace, NAM) vi thiet lop kiln kenh, giao thirc, nut. Thiet 1#p tog dO cho cic not vi khai bao cic sv kien xiy ra trong thin gian m8 phang.
Sau khi dii c6 ma diu vio duqc luu trong file phenom.tcl ta bit du ch?y m8 phang bang lenh: nam phenom trong cua s6 X. Sau khi chay xong ta ce the quan sit hinh lath bing img dung NAM trong ns-2.
b) Phan tich kit qui
Viec firth toan kat qui dva tren viec phan tich file Trace. File Trace duqc djnh
dang gam cic trubng co ban:
[sv kin] [thbi gian] [s6 thin to nit] [mire Trace] ---- [so this ter g6i] [Ideu gall
[kich thubc goi][dia chi Mac][ning luqng can IC [kiln hien ttryng].
Cic sv kien trong trubng sv kien gam r (nhon g6i), s (girl g6i), D (mit g6i), f (chuyen tiep g6i); truing thbi gian chi ra thbi diem xiy ra su kien; truing met Trace chi ra sr kien nay thuOc phom vi (mire dO) m8 phang nio (tic nhin (nhtr udp), 16p lien ket s6 lieu (MAC) hay mire vet ly, ....).
yth yeu eau tinh toan trong truing hqp niy, ta chi can quan dun tin 4 trubng dau
0 AODV 48 [0 fffifIff 8 800] [energy 0.499860] — [8:255 -1:255 30
r 1.026254208 _7_ RTR (cid:9) 0] [0x2 1 1 [26 0] [8 4]] (REQUEST)
tien vi train fling luqng.
Trang 62
1.026254343 (cid:9)
RTR (cid:9)
0 AODV 48 [0 fliffill 8 800] [energy 0.499860] (cid:9)
—
[8:255
-1:255 30
_4_ (cid:9) r (cid:9) 01 [0x71 1 [26 0] [8 4]] (REQUEST)
r 1.026254343 _2_ RTR — 0 AODV 48 [0 fIffffff 8 800] [energy 0.499860] --- [8:255 -1:255 30 0] [0x2 1 1 [26 0] [8 4]] (REQUEST) r 1.026254346 _ 14_ RTR -- 0 AODV 48 [0 fiffffff 8 800] [energy 0.499860] --- [8:255 -1:255 30 0] [0x2 1 1 [26 0] [8 4]] (REQUEST)
Dga vio file Trace nay chung ta c6 the thAy re thing lugng cim node mang se
&in theo thin gian m8i khi node mang nhen, giri der lieu hok cam bien hien tugng.
Viec phan tich file trace dugc thgc hien qua hai buck:
—Tich file trace: Ta se tich ra cac trutmg can thiet cho viec tinh toan ket qui; —Tinh kit qui: Dga vio cic tnrimg da titch 6 tren, ta s>lr dung et throng nay di
tinh ra kit qtui can thiet;
Sau day la ck bu6c lien hinh cg the:
—Tinh skr tieu hao Wing lugng cia citc node mang
+ Ding lenh sau trong cua s6 cygwinX di tich lay ck sg kien tai mOt node(trong trubng hqp nay la nodel) nthu nhan, giri gai, twang thin gian vi mirc nang lugng tuong img tai thin diem do.
$ cat energy.tr I grep "_1_" I awk' { printf ("Vodt%f\r/os\t%s\t'Yos\t%ftn", $1, $2, $3, $4, $7, $14)} ' >energy_nodel.txt
Sau lenh nay ta se tich ra dugc s6 lieu nim 6 file energy nodel.txt gym 6
truing. Du& day la met doan file energy_nodel.txt:
1.068626 0.493780
_ 1_ MAC AODV _ 1_ RTR AODV
1.069666 0.493640
1.070016 0.493640
1.071847 0.493360
1.071872 0.493360
s s s r r D
1.071978 1 MAC AODV _ 1_ MAC AODV _ 1_ RTR AODV _1_ MAC AODV 0.493220
+ Sau khi c6 dugc file energy_nodel.txt ta sir thing lenh sau de Unit nang
lugng can m8i khi node gfri hok nhan mOt gin der lieu:
$ cat energy nodel .txt awk' ( dif=o1d2-$2; if(difX)) printf ("%c\r/of\t%t\n", $1, $2, dif)) ' >energy_nodel_down.txI
Sau lenh nay ta se tinh dugc so nang lugng cg the m6i khi nodel 'than hok gin
(At lieu. Cic s6 lieu nay dugc ghi vito file nlgiam_nodel.txt
MOt doan trong file energy_nodel_down.txt
Trang 63
r
r 1.027420 0.000280
0.000140 1.028410
r
s 1.029232 0.000140
1.035203 0.000840
s
0.000140 r 1.036073
1.036579 0.000140
Tucmg tir ta lam nhu v#y voi clic node kirk vi du v6i node 2 ta dung lenh
$ cat energy.tr I grep "_2_" I awk ' { printf ("Voc\VAM/os\t%s\t%s\t%fin", $1, $2, $3, $4, $7, $14)} ' >energy_node2.txt
Vi lenh: $ cat energy_node2.txt awk ' { dif=old2-$2; if(dit>0) printf ("Voc\r/ot\r/ofin", $1, $2, dif)} ' >nlgiam_node2.Ixt.
- nth tetc dO gum Ming lugng;
Tir cic file energy_node.txt ta co the tinh &Km thc dO giam nAng lugng cua nv3i node vi tong sing lugng cho viec giri der lieu vi tong nAng lugng cho viec nhon de' 114u.
+ T6c dO gum nAng lugng = Vong Ming lugng tieu ton/ then gian ichio sit
3.4.3. Kit qud
a) Sir ton hao nAng lugng
Ta xet mOt mpg sensor Om 25 nut thrgc b6 tri deu trong mOt dien tich cd kich
thuac 651x651(m2). Khi do met dO mpg 11 60nut/11cm 2.
0.019285
0.003525
0.09376
0.162753
0.046183
0.065298
0.01526
0.112968
0.226932
0.033406
0.056915
0.002437
0.113328
0.05568
0.22836
0.160718
0.004672
0.026297
0.214777
0.02309
0.139551
0.00042
0.019622
0.182643
0.02305
0.038426
0.001325
0.108743
0.195263
0.046769
0.109089
0.018258
0.074516
0.242369
0.040506
0.130553
0.010534
0.071392
0.23374
0.021261
0.013917
0.117594
0.027988
0.074877
0.234376
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0.005717
0.038833
0.222461
0.023981
0.15393
10
0.047487
0.000406
0.152266
0.233239
0.03308
11
0.137623
0.022823
0.049413
0.244715
0.034856
0.005593
0.119159
023642
0.037263
0.074405
12 13
Trang 64
(cid:9) (cid:9) (cid:9) (cid:9)
14
0.189775
0.028786
0.010324
0.017346
0.246231
15
0.164631
0.01053
0.006003
0.041165
0.222329
0.217707
0.00711
16
0.005957
0.230774
0
0.201076
0.031669
17
0.010278
0.015522
0.258545
0.133041
0.020647
18
0.010764
0.033383
0.197835
0.215369
0.01945
0.016523
19
0.008967
0.260309
0.220979
0.02205
0.00547
20
0.000409
0.248908
0.193351
0.022085
21
0
0.215436
0
0.163264
22
0.003814
0.076103
0.243181
0
0.21931
0.028433
23
0.002297
0.002453
0.252493
0.146921
24
0.020228
0.002425
0.021554
0.191128
0.003478
25
0.002703
0.047118
0
0.040937 Bang 3.1 Suy hao nong luring ctia c6c nut sensor
Khio sit ay tiiu t6n tiling lirong cis ate nit sensor
0.3
0.25
0.2
e 13
0.15
•
m s i ii 1 (cid:9) / (cid:9)
,
o..1
tc- 1 (cid:9) • •
.
/
•
i 03 I 5 as c 45 z
. (cid:9)
k (cid:9)
'
n i
t (cid:9) ' it (cid:9) •. (cid:9)
•
0.05
. (cid:9)
.
. (cid:9)
I. (cid:9)
i-
• (cid:9)
A (cid:9)
: (cid:9) / (cid:9) ..L A (cid:9) .Ti• veks-.11- - K . (cid:9)
• *I.. •-• (cid:9)
t (cid:9)
A (cid:9) --A2-ar!,-- (cid:9) .-/ 5 (cid:9) 0
'hi (cid:9) 10 (cid:9)
20 (cid:9)
-.1c X.‘ 1 •11 I al- -• 1/2 25
30
i (cid:9) 1 (cid:9) i . (cid:9) • A ... E .... • (cid:9) X (cid:9) .ii % (cid:9) x .. (cid:9) \ (cid:9) k -- (cid:9) I lie (cid:9) 15 (cid:9) S6 tfiCr tkr nit
nhan de Ilu (cid:9)
rnit 961 (cid:9)
- - is - - Pang bang la de Nu - - x - - Nang bong aim din
-e- (cid:9) too krong - • a- • Pang Imp boo phIclo -II- (cid:9)
The
ning Wm
lieu &
Wink 3.9. DO' thj suy hao wring lux -mg ctia ccic nut sensor
b) Ttic dO giam nang Ingng IN tang so nut mpg
Trang 65
Trong phAn nay ta se khan sat toe de giam nAng lugng trung birth coa the net
mang khi s6 nut sensor thay di con kich thu6c mang co djnh 651x651(m2).
15
0.3187
0.8018702188
0.080187021876
25
0.1
02826000000
0.028260000000
37
0.04
0.1183298067
0.011832980669
58
0.01919
0.0438586242
0.004385862420
79
0.006
0.0090531975
0.000905319748
150
0.00166
0.0006454619
0.000064546188
240
0.0006
0.0000530490
0.000005304904
410
0.000174
0.0000086468
0.000000864676
585
0.0000778
0.0000018869
0.000000188685
715
0.0000572
0.0000009930
0.000000099299
900
0.0000285
0.0000002816
0.000000028160
1200
0.0000154
0.0000000685
0.000000006845
1400
0.000012
0.0000000146
0.000000001462
1612
0.0000074
0.000000002061
0.0000000206 Bang 3.2. roc do giant ruing lugng
Khio sit t6c il. glim Ming luvng trung binh cis ming
0.09
-.- T6c 40 gam ning Wong
0.08
-•
0.07 IS 0.06 :=I 1 0.05 cm o-0.04 C
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
• (cid:9)
• (cid:9)
• • (cid:9)
• (cid:9)
•
0 (cid:9)
200 (cid:9)
400 (cid:9)
600 (cid:9)
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
ii nut Sensor
Hinh 3.10. DS thi teic dO giant ndng lugng trung binh ctia mang
c) T6c de giitm Wing lugng khi mat dO man killing di
Trong phAn nay ta se thay di s6 lugng nut sensor trong mpg dng th6i cling
thay d6i dien tich khio sat de dam bio mot de mang la 60sensor/lkm 2.
Trang 66
0.2826
0.02826
15
0.285502
0.02855
0.285502
0.02855
25 37
0.317106
0.031711
58
0.012396
0.123958 0.115942
79 150
0.112774
0.011594 0.011277
240 410
0.008311
0.083108 0.071784
585
0.007178
0.098671
715
0.541801
0.009867 0.05418
900 1200
0.138967
0.013897
1400
0.293757
0.029376
Eking 3.3. T etc do Pith); none ltrang truer binh mkt mane
Khio it toe d$ glam 'sing harm COS mine
0.06
1-,-16eaeoWnoigwroI
0.05
I 0.
0.01
0
(cid:9)
200 (cid:9)
400 (cid:9)
600 (cid:9)
1200 (cid:9)
1000
1400 (cid:9)
1600
800 (cid:9) 86 net sensor
Minh 3.11. Toe JO gam ring ItAmg
3.4.4. Mink gib
Qua kit quit m8 pheong 8 tren, ta thAy trei mOt mung c6 djnh Ming luqng cho viec nhin du lieu chum ti 10 Ion nhAt , tiep den lit nAng ltrqng cho viec cam bien dft lieu va fling lucmg cho viec giri dtt li¢u chiem ti 10 thlp nh&t.
dO nut sensor trong mang cling itnh hu?mg rAt nhieu toi viec tieu thy &Mg lutyng ctla cac nut mpg mit dO cling cao thi t6c dO gitun nang luong ctia cfic net sensor cling gam. Dieu nay duqc giiti thich la do cling suit phat cna clic nut sensor giitm. Do d6 khi thiet ke mpg chimg ta phai het stem chi y tei met dt) nut mpg.
Trang 67
Khi mat do mpg duqc gift c6 djnh thi sto nut sensor 131 la yeu t6 anh hulmg tai the de tieu this nang lugng etia cie nut sensor. CO 3 Moan chinh khi tang s6 nut sensor se inh lugng mph tai the de tieu thu nang lugng coa cac nut sensor.
—Khoting this !that: Dueri 100 nut, the dO tieu thy ruing Itumg trong birth Ma Me
nut ((holing 0.28j/s day 11 met the dO giant trung birth.
—Khoting this hai: TO 100 den 700 nut, the dO giant nang lugng dm mang On
djnh a mire thep khohng 0.1j/s.
—Khoang this ba: Tir 700 mit tr6 nen, khi My the dO giant Mktg hrgng etia cac
Mt mang tang dot bien.
Qua day ta they khi xay sign mang trong khoitng this hai la dam bito flit kiem nang lugng nhit. Tuy nhien trong trtemg hqp an trier khai trong met ph3m vi len thi ta len chqn set Mt sensor 16n hem 1200 Mt a darn bio tiEt kiem v&i nang lugng.
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ICET LU4N
Cic mang Sensor vai gii thinh thip, c6 khi Ming trien khai trong nhieu dieu kien dja ly khi h$u phirc tap, dkic biet la cic khi riling (cid:9) cOng tic vi chju duqc cac hu hang stir c6 QA dem l i mOt cuOc cich mpg trong (cid:9) virc cam bien vi thu thip thong tin. Dieu nay dA mang lai nhieu lqi ich thiet thqc cho cuOc sting, cho sin )(wit vi cho khoa hqc. Trong Wong lai, mpg Sensor c6 the se la mOt phuang tier can thiet vi thong dung nhu may tinh ci nhan vi dies thoai di dOng hien nay.
Trong Wang lai mang sensor hoin tom c6 the duqc ip dung 6 nuac ta, do da
viec nghien ciru tim hieu cic vim de lien quan tai mpg la het sac can thiet.
Hien tai mang sensor QA duchy trien khai rOng, tuy nhien chtmg van dang flip tuc duqc nghien ciru. Do da viec n&n bit cic ding ngh'e mai vi cic gik phip phit trier mpg la het sac can
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TM lieu tham klulo
—Web google.com
—Anna Hie (University of Hawait at Manoa, Honolulu, USA), Wireless Sensor
Network Designs, Nhi suit bin Jonh Wiley and Sons;
—Edgar H. Callaway, Wireless Sensor Network — Architectures and Protocol,
NM suit ban CRC;
—Dinh Van Dung (Vien khoa hpc ky thuat buu lien), Sensor Network
Intallation Guide, Bin Pdf;
—The Network Simulator - ns-2;
—The ns Manual; 4ttp://www.isi.edu/nsnamMs/nsdocumentation.Html > —NRL's Sensor Network Extension to ns-2;
—Ian Downard, SIMULATING SENSOR NETWORKS IN NS-2, Naval
Research Laboratory Code 5523, 4555 Overlook Ave, Washington DC,
20375-5337; —http://nrIsensorsim.plitd.nrInavy.mil4 Q.Hao, D.J.Holding, Y.Peng, K.J.Blow (Aston university), "Energy Efficiency
Design Challenge in Sensor Network: A survey". Trang 70
