CHAPTER 2: GAUSSS LAW
Lecturer: Dr. Nguyen Quy Tuan
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By studying this chapter, you will learn:
• How you can determine the amount of charge within a closed
surface by examining the electric field on the surface.
• What is meant by electric flux, and how to calculate it.
• How Gauss’s law relates the electric flux through a closed surface
to the charge enclosed by the surface.
• How to use Gauss’s law to calculate the electric field due to a
symmetric charge distribution.
• Where the charge is located on a charged conductor.
Learning goals
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2.1 Charge and Electric Flux
2.2 Calculating Electric Flux
2.3 Gauss’s Law
2.4 Applications of Gauss’s Law
2.5 Charges on Conductors
Contents
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2.1 Đin tích thông lượng đin trường
2.2 Tính toán thông lượng đin trường
2.3 Định lut Gauss
2.4 ng dng caĐịnh lut Gauss
2.5 Đin tích trên các vt dnđin
Ni dung
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2.1 CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FLUX
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Liên h
Lưu lượng nướcđi vào bng con cá mp tlvi các đại lượng nào?
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Electric Flux and Enclosed Charge
- Positive charge inside the box
out of the surface
an outward electric flux
Định nghĩa: Thông lượng đin trường
Φ
s đường scđin
trường gi qua mtđơn vdin tích đặt vuông góc vi nó.
Để biu dinđộ ln cađin trường gi qua mt din tích
thông lượng đin trường Φ
- Negative charge inside
into the surface
an inward electric flux.
- No charge inside
= 0
no electric flux
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2.2 CALCULATING ELECTRIC FLUX
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Flux: Fluid-Flow Analogy
Lưu lượng (thtích) nước đi
qua din tích trong thi gian :
 = cos ,

Hay: 
 =
vi
=  vector pháp tuyến
ca mt độ ln
=
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Flux of a Uniform Electric Field
Trong h SI,
Φ
đơn v: N
m2/C, hoc V
m.
Xét mt mt phng din tích viđường
sc cađin trường đều: ,
= 0
Φ , hay:
Φ= 
Trường hp,
= , ta có:
Φ= = cos
Hay:
(2.1)
(2.2)
Φ=
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Flux of a Uniform Electric Field
A flat surface in a uniform electric field.
Note:
- A surface has two sides specify one direction of or
- With a closed surface always choose the direction of or
to
be outward.
Φ=d
à
!ặ
(2.3b)
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Flux of a Nonuniform Electric Field
Total electric flux:
Φ=#ΔΦ,%
%=#%Δ
%
%
If Δ
% d
,
In general cases:
-isn’t uniform
-is part of a curved surface, not flat
divide into many small element Δ
%
Electric flux through Δ
%
ΔΦ,% = %Δ
%
(2.3a)
Φ=&d
=& d (2.4)
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Thông lượng đin trường gi qua
mt mt cong kín:
vi hình chiếu calên
phương cad
Flux through a closed surface
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Áp dng
Tính thông lượng đin trường gi qua mt hình lp phương
cch 'đặt trong đin trường đềunhưhình v.
Φ=&d
=& d = 0
Thông lượng đin trường gi qua mt mt cong kín không
chađin tích luôn bng 0.
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Example: Electric flux through a sphere
A point charge ( = +3.0 ,Cis surrounded by an imaginary sphere
of radius . = 0.20 mcentered on the charge. Find the resulting
electric flux through the sphere.
Ans.:
Φ
=
3
.
4
×
10
4
Nm
6
/
C
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2.3 GAUSS’S LAW
- Point Charge Inside a Spherical Surface
- Point Charge Inside a Nonspherical Surface
- General Form of Gauss’s Law
Φ=(
89
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Xét đin tích ( : 0đặt ti tâm ca mt cu
bán kính ..
Thông lượng đin trường gi qua mt cu trên:
Φ
gi qua mt mt cu
vi đin tích đặt bên trong nó.
Đin trường ti mtđim bt knm
trên mt cu chiu hướng ra độ
ln:
= ;<(
.6=1
4=89(
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Point Charge Inside a Spherical Surface
(2.6)
Φ=&d
=&d = &d =1
4=89(
.64=.6(2.5)
(Prove Eq. 2.5)
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Point Charge Inside a Spherical Surface
Projection of an element of area of a sphere of radius >onto a
concentric sphere of radius 2>.
The electric flux is the same for both areas and is independent of
the radius of the sphere.
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Point Charge Inside a Nonspherical Surface
Consider a surface of irregular shape
surround the sphere of radius R
The total electric flux through the
irregular surface is the same as the total
flux through a sphere.
Φ=&d
=(
89(2.7)
For a closed surface enclosing no charge:
Φ=&d
= 0 (2.8)
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General Form of Gauss’s Law
Φ=&d
=&#%
%d
%=1
89
#
(%
%.(2.9)
Equation (2.7) can be rewritten Eq. of Gauss's law:
Suppose the surface encloses several
charges: (?,(6,(%,
the total charge:
A = (?+ (6+ +(%=#(%
%
The total electric field:
= ?+6++%=#%
%
Stated: The total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to
the total (net) electric charge inside the surface, divided by
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.