Bài giảng Quản trị công Chapter 2: PGS.TS. Sử Đình Thành

CHAPTER 2

THE CHANGING CONTEXT OF PUBLIC POLICY

SU DINH THANH

LEARNING OBJECTIVES LEARNING OBJECTIVES

RECENT CHANGES IN THE CONTEXT OF PUBLIC POLICY

(cid:132) Financial

put

crises

pressure to become more

the fiscal crises

public In efficient. organizations particular, in most OECD countries in the 1980s and 1990s was a key trigger for public sector reforms. (cid:132) What about Vietnam?

RECENT CHANGES IN THE CONTEXT OF PUBLIC POLICY

(cid:132) From the early 1990s, other pressures on governments (cid:132) From the earl 1990s other press res on go ernments became more important, consisting of a mixture of e ternal and internal factors external and internal factors. (cid:132) External factors: Political; Economic/financial; Social;

Technological; Environmental; Legal/legislative. T h

l E i

t l L

i l ti

l/l

(cid:132) Internal factors: Socializing public services; changing the way of providing public services: contracting out … th

idi

bli

EXTERNAL FACTORS

Political P liti l (cid:131) New political and social movements in many countries – and internationally – which contest the neo-liberal world view, especially in relation to world trade, the global environment and attitudes to civil liberties. (cid:131) Changing expectations by globalization about

the quality of services which governments should be able to deliver, given what is currently available in other countries.

(cid:131) Changing expectations about the extent to which public services should be

meet to the needs of individual citizens/ stakeholders. (cid:131) Increased insistence by key stakeholders that new levels of public accountability are necessary with associated transparency of decision making and openness of information systems. making and openness of information systems

(cid:131) Changing expectations that

there will be widespread and intensive engagement with all relevant stakeholders during the policy making and policy implementation processes… policy implementation processes

EXTERNAL FACTORS

Economic/financial (cid:131) Economic boom of the 1990s in most OECD countries and many other parts of the world, generally producing rising tax many other parts of the world generally producing rising tax revenues for governments. g) (cid:131) Increasing (or continuing) resistance/oposition by citizens to g ( p y

paying higher rates of tax to fund public services.

(cid:131) Investment environment should be improved (loosing/decreasing

in tax….)

(cid:131) ….

EXTERNAL FACTORS

l’ i i l di d ‘ i i

(cid:132) The ageing society, which means that much higher proportions of (cid:132) The ageing society which means that much higher proportions of

Social S i l (cid:132) Changing expectations about the core values in society – just as the 1980s saw traditional values such as public duty and the 1980s saw traditional values such as public duty and individual responsibility being replaced by values of individual self - realization and rights, so in the 1990s there was a slow return to the understanding that ‘social capital’ is vital to a l h h successful public sector.

p g g p y q

the population are in need of health and social care. (cid:132) Changing perceptions about the minimum quality of life for certain vulnerable groups which is acceptable in a well- ordered society – especially in relation to child poverty, minimum wages for the low paid and the quality of life of minimum wages for the low paid, and the quality of life of elderly people.

EXTERNAL FACTORS

f d li t k ti d f t j i i

(cid:132) The information society, in which a much higher proportion of

Technological (cid:132) Technological changes, which have meant that public policies can now take advantage of major innovations in ways of delivering i services and also that the policy - making process itself can be much more interactive than before. much more interactive than before

(cid:132) Changing beliefs about the efficacy of ‘hi - tech’ solutions (e.g. renewed interest in ‘alternative healthcare’ and in ‘alternative technologies’).

the population can make use of new technologies. p p g

EXTERNAL FACTORS

Environmental l E i (cid:132) Increasing concerns with global warming. (cid:132) Willingness to take some serious steps to reduce the level of usage of non - renewable energy sources and to recycle other materials i l h

li i

i l

(cid:132) Increasing pressure for governments to demonstrate the environmental impact of all new legislation, policies and l i d ll major projects.

EXTERNAL FACTORS

i

Legal/legislative i l l/l L (cid:132) Increasing

influence

supra

(

national of b di bodies/organisations (e.g. UN, World Bank, IMF, WTO, UN W ld B k IMF WTO EU) in driving legislative or policy change at national level. level

(cid:132) Legal challenge in the courts/process to decisions made by government, citizens, businesses and by other levels by government citizens businesses and by other levels of government.

CHANGING PARADIGMS OF PUBLIC POLICY

(cid:132) In the 1980s, the drivers of change, particularly financial pressures pushed most countries towards a focus on making the public sector more competitive, at the same trying to make public administration more time, responsive to citizens’s needs by offering added value, choice flexibility, and transparency.

(cid:132) This movement was referred to later by the academic

community as ‘new public management’ or NPM.

CHANGING PARADIGMS OF PUBLIC POLICY

ELEMENTS OF NPM ELEMENTS OF NPM (cid:131) Emphasis on performance management (Balanced – Score Card

(cid:131) More flexible and devolved financial management; (cid:131) More devolved personnel management with increasing use of

Model);

(cid:131) More responsiveness to users and other customers in public

performance related pay and personalized contracts; performance-related pay and personalized contracts;

(cid:131) Greater decentralization of authority and responsibility from

services;

(cid:131) Privatization of market oriented public enterprises (cid:131) Privatization of market - oriented public enterprises. Source: OECD (1993)

central to lower levels of government; Greater recourse to the use of market type mechanisms, such as (cid:131) Greater recourse to the use of market-type mechanisms, such as internal markets, user charges, vouchers, franchising and contracting out;

CHANGING PARADIGMS OF PUBLIC POLICY

(cid:132) These challenges put public agencies under pressure

to adapt.

(cid:132) Next figure shows the main directions of reform as a movement from law - driven to service - driven to citizen - driven agencies, but with these co - existing with each other to some degree in any given agency.

CHANGING PARADIGMS OF PUBLIC POLICY

CHANGING PARADIGMS OF PUBLIC POLICY CHANGING PARADIGMS OF PUBLIC POLICY

(cid:132) Pollitt and Bouckaert suggest that there are four strategic options (4Ms’) for public sector reforms: (cid:132) Maintenance of existing relationships (cid:132) Modernization of the system f (cid:132) Marketization of the system (cid:132) Minimization of the administrative system (cid:132) Minimization of the administrative system

THE POLITICS OF PUBLIC POLICY THE POLITICS OF PUBLIC POLICY

li i i

(cid:132) It is important to recognize that politicians play a i

I i number of roles: (cid:132) Leadership of their polity; (cid:132) Policy making for society; (cid:132) Strategy making for the organization; (cid:132) Strategy making for the organization; (cid:132) Partnership building with other organizations and with

L d f th i lit hi

other stakeholders;;

(cid:132) Watch-dog over the decisions made within their polity; (cid:132) Lobbyist in relation to decisions made in other polities; their least, (cid:132) And last but not

p representation of

constituents.

THE ROLE AND SCOPE OF GOVERNMENT

(cid:132) What

is the appropriate role, scope and size of

government? (cid:132) There is no simple or

straightforward technically

grounded answer to this question.

g g

(cid:132) Central to the debate are the basic normative questions of ‘what should governments do; how big should the share of public spending be in the national economy; and should governments engage in direct production activities?’

THE ROLE AND SCOPE OF GOVERNMENT

(cid:132) Whether there are government failure’ and policy

failure ? (cid:132) These

result

failures

in both allocative

inappropriate

policies

and managerial inefficiencies within the public sector, being reflected implemented through wasteful bureaucracies.

THE CHANGING BOUNDARIES OF THE STATE

factors

and also differences

(cid:132) There is a great diversity in the size and scope of government across the various nations of the world. (cid:132) This in part reflects differences in preferences for the ‘good society’ but it also arises from variations in per g incomes and hence the capacity of capita real countries to finance their public policies; differences such as population size and in social in political composition; institutions.