Bμi gi¶ng VËt lý ®¹i c−¬ng
T¸c gi¶: PGS. TS §ç Ngäc UÊn
ViÖn VËt lý kü thuËt
Tr−êng §H B¸ch khoa Hμnéi
Ch−¬ng 7
VËt lý nguyªn tö
1. Nguyªn tö hydro
+
-e
x
y
z
0
r
θ
ϕ
ChuyÓn ®éng cña ®iÖn tö
trong nguyªn tö hydro
r4
Ze
U
0
2
πε
−=
1.1 Ph−¬ng tr×nh
Schrodinger
0)
r4
Ze
E(
m2
0
2
2=ψ
πε
++ψΔ h
),,r( ϕ
θ
ψ
=
ψ
x=r.sinθcosϕy=r.sinθsinϕz=rcosθ
0)
r4
Ze
E(
m2
sinr
1
)(sin
sinr
1
)
r
r(
rr
1
0
2
22
2
22
2
2
2
=ψ
πε
++
ϕ∂
ψ∂
θ
+
θ∂
ψ
∂
θ
θ∂
∂
θ
+
∂
ψ
∂
∂
∂
h
),(Y)r(R
ϕ
θ
=ψ
λ=
πε
++ )
r4
Ze
E(
mr2
)
dr
dR
r(
dr
d
R
1
0
2
2
2
2
h
λ−=
ϕ∂
∂
θ
+
θ∂
∂
θ
θ∂
∂
θ2
2
2
Y
sinY
1
)
Y
(sin
sinY
1
1)( Y
+
=
ϕ
θ
=
=ll
ll ),(Y)r(RR mn
= 0, 1, 2, ...n-1 Sè l−îng tö quÜ ®¹o
2
1
0,0
a
Zr
2/3
0
0,1 )4(Ye)
a
Z
(2R 0
−
−π==
),(Y)r(R mnmn
ϕ
θ
=
ψlll
l
l±
±
±
=
,...,2,1,0m Sè l−îng tö tõ
n= 1, 2, 3, ...Sè l−îng tö chÝnh
2
nn
Rh
E−= H»ngsèRitbe
1.2 C¸c kÕt luËn:
a. N¨ng l−îng gi¸n ®o¹n: L−îng tö ho¸
b. N¨ng l−îng Ion ho¸
E=0-E1=Rh=2,185.10-18J=13,5eV
),(Y).r(R),,r( mnm,,n
ϕ
θ
=
ϕθψ lll
n, , m. n=1 c¬ së,
n>=2 møc suy biÕn n2
∑
−
=
=+
1n
0
2
n)12(
l
l
Tr¹ng th¸i
0 s
1 p
2 d
3 f
115
42
0
4
s10.27,3
)4(4
e−
=
πεπ
=h
e
m
R
l
l
c. Tr¹ng th¸i l−îng tö: