intTypePromotion=1
zunia.vn Tuyển sinh 2024 dành cho Gen-Z zunia.vn zunia.vn
ADSENSE
 » 
 » 

Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học: "Hệ tư tưởng của bản tuyên ngôn độc lập Mỹ"

Chia sẻ: Nguyễn Phương Hà Linh Linh | Ngày: | Loại File: PDF | Số trang:8

Thêm vào BST
Báo xấu
90
lượt xem 8
download
 
  Download Vui lòng tải xuống để xem tài liệu đầy đủ

Tuyển tập các báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học hay nhất của trường đại học vinh năm 2009 tác giả: 5. Trần Thị Thanh Hòa, Hệ tư tưởng của bản tuyên ngôn độc lập Mỹ.

Chủ đề:

Bình luận(0) Đăng nhập để gửi bình luận!

Lưu

Nội dung Text: Báo cáo nghiên cứu khoa học: "Hệ tư tưởng của bản tuyên ngôn độc lập Mỹ"

  1. T. T. T. Hoa Ideology of the United States Declaration…, tr. 40-47 Ideology of the United States Declaration of Independence Tran Thi Thanh Hoa (a) Abstract. Written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, the United States Declaration of Independence is a famous discourse. In this paper, an analysis of the United States Declaration of Independence in the light of Critical Discourse Analysis in terms of vocabulary and grammar is presented. Based on the findings of the analysis, the writer's revolutionary ideology which is hidden within the discourse is revealed. In addition, it is suggested that Critical Discourse Analysis can be used as a necessary theoretical basic and analytical tool for analyzing and understanding the intricateness of discourse. and literacy theorists at the University 1. Introduction of East Anglia [6]. CL practionioners Many language learners, including such as Trew [9, p. 155] aimed at English language ones, usually find “isolating ideology in discourse”. authentic discourse difficult to Since 1990s, CDA has been further comprehend fully. This is because they developed and broadened. Ruth Wodak, fail to understand the author's aims writing in Language, Power and and ideas. In other words, they are Ideology [8] defines CDA as an unable to understand the ideology that interdisciplinary approach to language is hidden within the discourse, and that study with a critical point of view. drives the discourse. According to Fairclough [2], CDA is Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), critical in the sense that it aims to show with its new perspective, can help the non-obvious ways in which language is language learners in general and involved in social relations of power and English language learners in particular domination, and in ideology. to deal with that problem. To contribute further supporting 2.2. Systemic - Functional evidence of the persuasive utility of Grammar (SFG) and CDA CDA to authentic discourse, as a case Systemic - Functional Grammar study, the United States Declaration of (SFG) is a theory of language centered Independence was analyzed in the light around the notion of language function. of CDA. SFG was mainly developed by M. A. K. 2. Defining CDA and Systemic - Halliday in the 1960s. Functional Grammar (SFG) SFG starts at social context, and looks at how language both acts upon, 2.1. What is meant by CDA? and is constrained by, this social The term Critical Discourse context. At this point Halliday and Analysis (CDA) is used to denote the CDA theorists agree with each other on theory formerly identified as Critical the assumption that there is a Linguistics (CL). In the late 1970s, CL dialectical relationship between society was developed by a group of linguists . NhËn bµi ngµy 21/9/2009. Söa ch÷a xong 09/11/2009. 40
  2. tr−êng §¹i häc Vinh T¹p chÝ khoa häc, tËp XXXVIIi, sè 4b-2009 and language. It is apparent that SFG interpretation of the discourse were is relevant for doing a CDA and that is referred to when necessary. why most linguistic analysis is based on 4. Analysis this grammar model, for example in The United States Declaration of Fairclough [3], [1]; Chouliaraki and Independence was analysed in terms of Fairclough [4]; Kress [6]. Chouliaraki vocabulary and grammar. The following and Fairclough [4] note that SFG “has prominent linguistic strategies which most in common with CDA and most to include lexical choice, metaphor, offer CDA”. pronoun choice, repetition of key 3. Purpose and methodology words and transitivity would be In analyzing the United States under consideration. Declaration of Independence, this study 4.1. Lexical choice has set two aims. The first aim is to According to Fairclough [3] and van discover the ideology which is hidden Dijk [10] a choice of words may have within this discourse, thereby, to serve various implications that express the a better understanding of this famous ideological perspective of the author. In political discourse. The second aim is to analyzing the lexicon of the speech, it is suggest that CDA, as a research attempted to clarify how ideology direction, can be used as a necessary realized in Thomas Jefferson's use of theoretical basic and analytical tool for vocabulary. analyzing and understanding the First of all, the type of speech intricateness of discourse. The should be under discussion. intricateness of discourse mentioned A discourse of giving a speech often here is that “discourse is invested with involves a speaker and the audience. ideologies” [1, p. 8]. The text of the speech in this analysis is There have been different ways of the United States Declaration of doing CDA since defferent linguists Independence which was read from the may approach this field of study east balcony of the State House in differently. Each individual method Boston, Massachusetts. The targeted puts emphasis on dissimilar levels of hearer, therefore, was firstly the analysis. Hence, the CDA researchers American people (known to the British should decide on their own focus of as people of the colonies), secondly, analysis. Norman Fairclough [3] King George III )the King of Great suggested the analytical framework for Britain) and his people and thirdly, the investigating language in relation to people from many other countries in the ideology. Therefore, the analysis of the world. This is clear as in different parts United States Declaration of of the text, Thomas Jefferson indicates Independence was based on particular addressees either directly or Fairclough's [3] guided questions on indirectly. For example, in the second part of doing CDA in combination with the speech, he addresses his audience Hallidayan’s SFG. as “we” (We hold these truths to be self- Throughout the analysis, the most evident) so the “ideal hearer” postulated relevant social and historical factors in the following part and also in most of that contribute to the production and 41
  3. T. T. T. Hoa Ideology of the United States Declaration…, tr. 40-47 the speech are the American people. used to express the speaker’s positive Especially, he addresses King George attitude towards the new government: III and his people directly and all men are created equal, Life, Liberty, indirectly: present King of Great (pursuit of) Happiness, new Guards, Britain, A Prince, They too have been etc. The ideal government is reflected deaf..., He has refuted / forbidden / through the speaker’s political stance so refused /…, etc. The speaker normally draws on it might or might not become true. classification schemes, in terms of Behind the image of that ideal is the which vocabulary is organised, to speaker’s respect, admiration and express his experience or his support to new government. evaluations. These words appeared here with a 4.1.1. The classification scheme careful selection and a clear intention. with negative and positive vocabulary 4.2. Metaphor In this speech, the classification Powerful, strong and poetic words scheme with negative vocabulary found in the text are used in the form of includes 24 words and phrases. It is metaphor. This is a means of used to express the speaker’s negative representing one aspect of experience in attitude towards King George III and terms of another. Different metaphors the present government: destructive of have different ideological attachments: these ends, alter, abolish, a long train of swarms of Officers abuses and usurpations, absolute new Guards despotism,etc. The first phrase “swarms of With the use of negative Officers” is used to refer to the vocabulary, Thomas Jefferson tried to members of the present government. create a negative image of a King and The word “swarms” usually appears in the present government. The King is the phrases or combinations with bees “unfit to be the ruler” and the or ants, such as “swarms of bees” or government should be “thrown off” The “swarms of ants”. They fly and crawl speaker’s words reveal not only his here and there, they make everything evaluation of reality but also his confused and they can bite people. In a attitude. As a politician, his description word, this phrase has a negative sense, of reality and his attitude are formed on it implies a bad government. the political ideas and aims. Behind The second phrase "new Guards" that description of reality is the makes us have a feeling of security. speaker’s indignation, condemnation This is the image of an ideal and antagonism. It is clear that the government which guards for the speaker’s word choice is ideologically people’s security, and gives people the used and his point of view is opposite to rights to “Life, Liberty and the pursuit the reality he describes. of Happiness”. This ideal government in 4.1.2. The classification scheme the future is absolutely opposite to the with positive vocabulary present government. In this speech, the classification It is clear that these metaphors are scheme with positive vocabulary ideologically used. includes 10 words and phrases. It is 42
  4. tr−êng §¹i häc Vinh T¹p chÝ khoa häc, tËp XXXVIIi, sè 4b-2009 movement alone is right. Therefore, a 4.3. Pronoun choice number of different enemies is regarded Throughout the text, the pronoun as one - the king. This strengthens the “we” is found in 10 places. This King’s causes and increases the “inclusive” we represents the speaker and American people’s bitterness against the hearers, and the hearers here are the King. the American people. One aspect of this It is argued that the use of “we” and reduction is that it serves corporate “he” is for creating the solidarity in ideologies which stress the unity of a mind of the people and the speaker's people. responsibility. The pronoun “he”, which indicates King George III, is used 18 times in the 4.4. Repetition of key words text. With the high frequency of using There are generally formal the pronoun “he” in the text, Thomas connections between sentences in a Jefferson concentrates the attention of text, which are collectively referred to a people on a single enemy to prevent as cohesion. Among the cohesive the division of attention of a people. devices, vocabulary links between As soon as the wavering masses sentences that include the repetition of find themselves confronted with too words can be found in the text. The many enemies, objectivity at once steps following graph provides a summary of in, and the question is raised whether frequency of repeated words taken from actually all the others are wrong and their own nation or their own the text. . The horizontal of the graph shows text and they are repeated at the end of the number of repetition (frequency) of the text. The repetition of these words words which are taken from the text. creates a link throughout the text and The vertical of the graph shows the maintains the topic of the text. words which are repeated in the text. The highest frequency of repetition The words “dissolve” and “life” “he has” (18 times) makes up a constant appear early at the beginning of the focus of the text. The focus here is the 43
  5. T. T. T. Hoa Ideology of the United States Declaration…, tr. 40-47 King has acted tyrannically not just once speaker is to describe actions and or twice, but repeatedly and over a long events. Among the 57 instances of period. A new government, therefore, material, up to 39 are related to the should be instituted in order to provide King. And interestingly enough, all of American people the “right” to “Life” and these material processes have the King and his people in the role of actor. For “Liberty”. The repetition which can be seen as example: - The political bands which have a listing and makes the hearers have very strong emotion. Therefore, the connected them with another... - He has plundered our seas, hearers could feel that there is a call for ravaged our coast... revolution. Additionally, the hearers The implication that the readers would be given the careful, step by step, can easily get from this is that the King justification for the revolution. It is and his people are the causes of all the clear that the critical analysis could usurpations, abuses and damages that help us to unpack the ideological the American people are suffering. In underpinnings of the text. Jefferson’s mind, this justifies the rebellious actions of the American 4.5. Transitivity people. Moreover, their actions are The result of transitivity analysis justified to the point of actual including Material, Relational, Verbal revolutions, not just rebellious actions. and Mental processes of the speech is Relational illustrated in the following table. The next most commonly used Table: Summary of Transitivity process type is relational (19.7%), of which the carriers are only about either Analysis Data the American people or King George Number Percentage III. This choice of process type helps to Type of of of total describe the situation of America under Process citations citations the rule of King George III: - The history of the present King of material 57 66.3% Great Britain is a history of repeated relational 17 19.7% injuries and usurpations verbal 9 10.5% - A Prince... is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. mental 3 3.5% And the American people have the TOTAL 86 (100%) following reaction: - while evils are sufferable (by the Regarding the processes of American people) than to right transitivity system, the process type of themselves by abolishing the forms to greatest importance is “Material” 66.3% which they are accustomed. or two-thirds of the total number. The - such has been the patient remaining third consists of: “Relational” sufferance of these Colonies (19.7%); “Verbal” (10.5%); and, “Mental” However, the situation gradually gets worse and worse: (3.5%). - They (King George III and his Material people) too have been deaf to the voice of As far as material clauses are concerned, the foremost aim of the justice and consanguinity. 44
  6. tr−êng §¹i häc Vinh T¹p chÝ khoa häc, tËp XXXVIIi, sè 4b-2009 In a word, the Relational process Mental helps to depict the situation of America’s The mental process, which is only 3 society and the destiny of the American out of 86, brings remarkable people under the rule of King George III. impression, especially with one in which the senser is the King. Verbal An interesting thing is that there - He has excited domestic are 10 verbal processes in the text and insurrections among us... all of them have American-related The other two are those in which sayer. For example: We have warned..., the senser is the American people. We have appealed..., We have - Mankind are more disposed to conjured..., We publish and declare... suffer In the verbal processes, the - Nor have we been wanting in American people appeared in the role attentions to our British brethren... of Sayer. It implies that the American The choice of those mental people do not want the “actions”. They processes creates two contrasting demonstrate the tendency to pictures of the King who is doing evil negotiate. They would love to and the American people who do not maintain the long-established want to continue to live with that evil. government that was performing its This expresses the attitude of the proper duty - securing the rights of its American people towards the King. It citizens. And people should think long also arouses the indignation of the and hard before trying to overthrow hearers against the King and expresses any government, however evil it may the American people’s hope to be be. Taking a look at the context, we separated from Great Britain. could find the reason why the speaker To conclude, the transitivity describes the King’s actions strongly analysis of the text has made it clear and the American people’s actions about the situation in America and the slightly. status of the American people under In the 18th century, the most the rule of King George III. Moreover, it powerful nations of the world were points out the causes of that situation monarchies. The ideas of Jefferson and the American people’s attitude could serve not only to threaten Great towards the King along with their hope Britain’s colonial empire, but the to be separated from Great Britain. colonial empires of other nations in 5. Summary of the main Europe. Recognizing the importance of findings and discussion maintaining good diplomatic relations with European nations to get aid, Lexical choice including the Jefferson sought to explain the actions classification schemes with negative of the 13 colonies in rational terms. and positive vocabulary, metaphor, and Anticipating that this document would repetition of key words reveal quite influence rebellions elsewhere, Jefferson interesting aspects of the speech. clarified that governments should not be The author has employed all these changed for trivial causes. Instead, three linguistic strategies to create the Jefferson explained that only “despotic” opposite images of the two or totalitarian governments should be governments: the present government overthrown. and the new government. 45
  7. T. T. T. Hoa Ideology of the United States Declaration…, tr. 40-47 Also, in the 18th century, the Similarly, the choice of mental process of the transitivity system has powerful nations of the world were created the contrasting pictures of the monarchies and among them Great King and the American people. Britain was considered as the most The contrast of the two images and economically and militarily powerful two pictures make the hearers have nation. The way of saying of “he” (but very strong emotion. Therefore, they not you) could pull the British citizens could feel that there is a call for an towards the Americans’ side. actual revolution to “dissolve” the bad An important finding from the “government” and to establish a new, study was the absolute percent of radical “government”. verbal processes in which American The high frequency of repetition” he people appeared in the role of sayer. As has” (18 times) gives rise to a sense of the data have shown, up to 39 instances over-abundance. The King George III (or 45.3%) of material having the King has acted tyrannically not just once or and his people in the role of actor. They twice, but repeatedly and over a long are the causers of all the “repeated period. The hearers could understand injuries”, and “usurpations” which that there is no other choice but to American people have to suffer under change the bad situation and to seek the rule of the King. The speaker the ideals through military means. describes the King’s action strongly and Obviously, this strategy is used to the American people’s slightly in order justify the Americans’ use of military to maintain the diplomatic relationship means to set aside the present with European nations to get their government and institute a new support and aid, and to justify the government. Americans’ actual revolutions. Perhaps the most surprising finding 6. Conclusion from the study is the use of pronoun This study has been an attempt to “he”. With the high frequency of using discover the ideology of the United States the pronoun “he” (18 times) in the text, Declaration of Independence. The Thomas Jefferson concentrates the particular linguistic strategies attention of a people on a single enemy employed, were, lexical choice, - the King. This could be explained as metaphor, pronoun choice, follows. key words and repetition of It took 14 months, military transitivity. The author has embedded mobilization persuasive in the text his indignation. pamphleteering, and the further abuse condemnation and antagonism to King of colonial rights before all 13 colonies George III and the present government. agreed to pursue independence. The He then lends his respect, admiration Colonies doubted whether they would and support to the new and radical be strong enough to resist the British government. In the speech, there is a military. When pronoun “he” (but not justification for an actual revolution for they) used, it can make hearers find abolishing the present government and themselves not to confront too many establishing the new and radical people. This could persuade the government. What is embedded here is Americans to take up arms in the the speaker's revolutionary ideology. revolution for their independence. 46
  8. tr−êng §¹i häc Vinh T¹p chÝ khoa häc, tËp XXXVIIi, sè 4b-2009 It is clear that, this “discourse is used as a necessary theoretical basic invested with ideologies” [1, p. 8]. and analytical tool for analyzing and It is evident that Critical Discourse understanding the intricateness of Analysis, as a research direction, can be discourse. References [1] N. Fairclough, Discourse and Social Change, London, Polity Press and Blackwell, 1992. [2] N. Fairclough, Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language, London, Longman, 1997. [3] N. Fairclough, Language and Power, (2nd edition), London, Longman, 2001. [4] N. Fairclough and L. Choulariaki, Discourse in Late Modernity: Rethinking Critical Discourse Analysis, Edinburgh University Press, 1999. [5] M. A. K. Halliday, An Introduction to Functional Grammar, London, Arnold, 1994. [6] G. Kress, B. Hodge, Language as Ideology, London, Routledge, 1979. [7] Nguy n Hoµ, Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method, NXB §HQG Hµ néi, 2006. [8] Ruth Wodak, Language, Power and Ideology: Studies in Political Discourse. London, Benjamins Publishing Company, 1989. [9] T. Trew, Language and control, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979. [10] T. A. Van Dijk, Critical Discourse Analysis, (1998a), Available: http://www.hum.uva.nl/teun/cda.htm (20/3/2003). [11] R. Wodak, and M. Meyer, Methods of Critical Analysis, London, SAGE Publications, 2001. Tãm t¾t HÖ t− t−ëng cña b¶n Tuyªn ng«n §éc lËp Mü Tuyªn ng«n §éc lËp Mü ®−îc Thomas Jefferson viÕt vµo n¨m 1776. §©y lµ mét ng«n b¶n næi tiÕng. Trong bµi b¸o nµy, B¶n tuyªn ng«n §éc lËp cña c¸c Bang Thèng nhÊt Mü ®−îc ph©n tÝch d−íi c¸ch nh×n cña Ph©n tÝch DiÔn ng«n Phª ph¸n (CDA) trªn ph−¬ng diÖn tõ vùng vµ ng÷ ph¸p. KÕt qu¶ ph©n tÝch ®· kh¸m ph¸ ra hÖ t− t−ëng cña b¶n Tuyªn ng«n §éc lËp - hÖ t− t−ëng c¸ch m¹ng. Bµi viÕt cßn gîi ý r»ng CDA, víi vai trß lµ mét ®−êng h−íng nghiªn cøu, cã thÓ dïng nh− mét c¬ së lý thuyÕt vµ c«ng cô ph©n tÝch ®Ó kh¸m ph¸ ra tÝnh bªn trong cña ng«n b¶n. (a) Department of Foreign Languages, Vinh University. 47
ADSENSE

CÓ THỂ BẠN MUỐN DOWNLOAD

LV.09: Bộ Luận Văn Tốt Nghiệp Chuyên Ngành Quản Trị Kinh Doanh
81 tài liệu
1643 lượt tải
THÔNG TIN
TRỢ GIÚP
HỖ TRỢ KHÁCH HÀNG
Theo dõi chúng tôi

Chịu trách nhiệm nội dung:

Nguyễn Công Hà - Giám đốc Công ty TNHH TÀI LIỆU TRỰC TUYẾN VI NA

LIÊN HỆ

Địa chỉ: P402, 54A Nơ Trang Long, Phường 14, Q.Bình Thạnh, TP.HCM

Hotline: 093 303 0098

Email: support@tailieu.vn

Giấy phép Mạng Xã Hội số: 670/GP-BTTTT cấp ngày 30/11/2015 Copyright © 2022-2032 TaiLieu.VN. All rights reserved.

 

Đồng bộ tài khoản
6=>0