26. “Not the way they make it here,” I replied, pointing out that the product (is/was) mostly
artificial.
27. Did anyone actually like guar gum, I wondered, and why (is/was) it on my bagel, pretend-
ing to be cheese?
28. Marty put on her best science teacher’s voice and intoned, “Dairy produce (comes/came)
from milk.”
29. “Do you know that guar gum (is/was) not naturally found in dairy?” I asked.
30. Marty shook her head and began to compute the tip, muttering that twenty percent of ten
dollars (is/was) two dollars.
31. Ten years ago I took Marty to a restaurant that served only peanut butter, which (is/was)
made from nuts.
32. Marty used to be a big fan of jelly, though she never liked strawberries because they
(have/had) seeds.
33. Marty is such a fanatic about seeds that she once counted all the seeds on a strawberry
before she ate it; there (are/were) 45.
34. Marty was very critical of the cuisine, even though she (knows/knew) almost nothing
about cooking.
35. Marty at the time was following a vegetarian diet, which (does/did) not include meat.
Tackling the Timeline: Verbals to the Rescue
In Chapter 1 I explain the basic and “perfect” tenses of verbs (past, present, future,
past perfect, present perfect, and future perfect). Here I drop you into a vat of boiling
grammar as you choose the best tense for some complicated elements called verbals.
Verbals, as the name implies, have a link with verbs, but they also have a link with
other parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, and adverbs). Verbals never act as the verb
in a sentence, but they do influence the sense of time that the sentence conveys. The
three types of verbals are as follows:
⻬Gerunds look like the -ing form of a verb but function as a noun; that is, a gerund
names a person, place, thing, or idea. (“I like smiling,” commented Alice, who had
just had her braces removed. In this sentence, smiling is a gerund.)
⻬Infinitives are what you get when you add “to” to a verb. Infinitives may function
as nouns or they may take a descriptive role. (“To be safe, Alice packed a few
hundred rolls of breath mints.” In this sentence, to be is an infinitive.)
⻬Participles are the -ing or -ed or -en form of a verb, plus a few irregulars. They’re
also the form of the verb that joins up with has, have, or had. Participles
describe, often explaining what action someone is doing, but they never function
as the actual verb in a sentence. (“Inhaling sharply, Elaine stepped away from the
blast of peppermint that escaped from Alice’s mouth.” In this sentence, inhaling
is a participle giving information about Elaine. The verb is stepped.)
All three verbals give time information. The plain form (without has, have, having, or
had) shows action happening at the same time as the action expressed by the main
verb in the sentence. The perfect form (with has, have, having, or had) places the
action expressed by the verbal before the action of the main verb.
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The tricky part about choosing either the plain or perfect form is to decide whether the
events are actually simultaneous, at least in the grammatical sense. First, figure out how
important the timeline is. If the events are so closely spaced so as not to matter, go for the
plain form. If it matters to the reader/listener that one event followed or will follow another,
go for a perfect form.
Circle the correct verbal form from the parentheses in this example. In the practice exer-
cises that follow, get out your time machine and read about a fictional tooth whitener
called “GreenTeeth” — sure, the content is strange, but all that you need to worry about is
whether you circle the correct verbal form.
Q. (Perfecting/Having perfected) the new product, the chemists asked the boss to conduct
some market research.
A. Having perfected. The two events occurred in the past, with the chemists’ request
closer to the present moment. The event expressed by the verbal (a participle, if you
absolutely have to know) attributes another action to the chemists. The perfect form
(having tells you you’re in perfect-land) places the act of perfecting prior to the action
expressed by the main verb in the sentence, asked.
36. (Peering/Having peered) at each interview subject, the researchers checked for
discoloration.
37. One interview subject shrieked upon (hearing/having heard) the interviewer’s comment
about “teeth as yellow as sunflowers.”
38. (Refusing/Having refused) to open her mouth, she glared silently at the interviewer.
39. With the market research on GreenTeeth (completed/having been completed), the team
tabulated the results.
40. The tooth whitener (going/having gone) into production, no further market research is
scheduled.
41. The researchers actually wanted (to interview/to have interviewed) 50 percent more sub-
jects after GreenTeeth’s debut, but the legal department objected.
42. Additional interviews will be scheduled if the legal department succeeds in (getting/
having gotten) participants to sign a “will not sue” pledge.
43. “(Sending/Having sent) GreenTeeth to the stores means that I am sure it works,” said
the CEO.
44. (Weeping/Having wept), the interviewers applauded the boss’s comment.
45. Next year’s Product Placement Awards (being/having been) announced, the GreenTeeth
team is celebrating its six nominations and looking for future dental discoveries.
Calling All Overachievers: Extra
Practice with Verb Tenses
You need to know how to summarize speech, allow for unchangeable facts, and create a
timeline with verbals to edit this accident report, filed by a security guard. Check out
the report in Figure 12-1 and circle the proper verbs or verbals in the parentheses.
159
Chapter 12: Traveling in Time: Tricky Verb-Tense Situations
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GMT Industries
Incident Report
Date: 8/29/05 Time: 1:10 a.m.
Place: Loading dock Guard on duty: P. Samuels
(Proceeding, Having proceeded) from the locker room where Grammarian Idol Factor was on
television, I noticed smoke (coming, having come) from a doorway that leads to the loading
dock. (Knowing, Having known) that no deliveries were scheduled, I immediately became
suspicious and took out my two-way radio. I alerted the other guard on duty, M. Faulkner, that
trouble might be brewing. Faulkner, not (turning, having turned) off the television, couldn’t hear
me. Upon (screaming, having screamed) into the radio that I needed him right away, I crept up
to the door.
I noticed that the smoke was not hot. As I waited, (touching, having touched) the door to see
whether it was getting hot, I sincerely wished (to find, to have found) Faulkner and (to strangle,
to have strangled) him for not (replying, having replied) when I called. (Arriving, Having
arrived), Faulkner apologized and explained that the adverb competition (is, was, had been)
his favorite. He also said that he (has, had) a clogged ear that he (has, had) not been able to
clean out, no matter how many toothpicks he (uses, used).
“(Speaking, Had spoken) of heating up,” I remarked, “I don’t sense any heat from this door.” I
reminded him that fire (is, was) hot, and where there’s smoke (there is, there was) fire. Then
Faulkner and I, (hearing, having heard) a buzz from the other side of the door, ran for shelter. I
told Faulkner that the buzz (is, was) not from a bomb, but neither of us (being, having been) in
the mood to take chances, we headed for the locker room. We did not put the television on
again, Grammarian Idol Factor (being, having been) over for more than ten minutes, but we did
plug in a CD as we waited for the police to arrive, (calling, having called) them some time
before. Therefore we didn’t hear the director yell, “Cut!” In no way did we intend (to disrupt,
to have disrupted) the film crew’s work or (to ruin, to have ruined) the dry ice that caused the
“smoke.” (Respecting, Having respected) Hollywood for many years, Faulkner and I wish Mr.
Scorsese only the best with his next film.
Figure 12-1:
Sample
accident
report
with a lot
of verbal
indecision.
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Chapter 12: Traveling in Time: Tricky Verb-Tense Situations
Answers to Advanced Verb Tense Problems
ahad. The tip-off is the verb explained, which tells you that you’re summarizing speech. Go for
the past tense had.
bwanted. Replied is a clue that you’re summarizing speech, so wanted, the past tense, is best.
The last choice, by the way, imposes a condition (he would do something under certain circum-
stances). Because the sentence doesn’t impose a condition, that choice isn’t appropriate.
clikes, didn’t. The first choice has nothing to do with summary of speech and is a simple state-
ment about Roberta. The present tense works nicely in this spot. The second choice is a
speech summary (well, a scream summary, but the same rule applies), so the past-tense verb
didn’t fills the bill.
dwas. The sentence tells you that Michael Hooper told. The past tense works here for summary
of speech.
efailed. You can arrive at the answer in two separate ways. If Michael whispered, the sentence is
summarizing what he said. Another way to look at this sentence is to reason that Michael is
telling you something that already happened, not something happening in the present moment.
Either way, the past tense failed is best.
fasked, did. The first answer comes from the fact that the psychological test was in the past.
The second is summary of speech (Roberta’s words) and calls for past tense.
gdon’t. Give yourself a pat on the back if you got this one. The quotation marks indicate that the
words are exactly what the psychologist said. The speech isn’t summarized; it’s quoted. The
present tense makes sense here because the tester is asking Roberta about her state of mind
at the current moment.
hannoyed. Straight summary of speech here, indicated by the verb explained. Therefore, past
tense is the one you want.
itry. This statement isn’t a summary, but rather a direct quotation from Roberta. She’s speaking
about her current actions, so present tense fits.
jwere. Roberta’s comments are summarized, not quoted, so past tense is appropriate.
kwas. The psychologist may still be worried (I would be, if I were treating Roberta!), but the sum-
mary of what he said should be in simple past tense.
lwere. The parentheses contain two past-tense verbs, were and had been. The had form is used
to place one event further in the past than another, a situation that isn’t needed here, when
you’re simply summarizing what someone is saying and not placing events in order. Go for
simple past tense.
mthreatened. Roberta’s remark about exclamation points is summarized speech calling for past
tense.
nhemmed,made. The psychologist’s comments should, like all summarized speech, be reported
in simple past tense.
owas. I like semicolons too, though I hesitate to say that they’re the best. Whatever I say about
them, however, must be summarized in simple past tense.
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pdidn’t. “The director said” is your cue to chime in with simple past tense, because you’re
reporting his speech.
qwas. “He declared” tells you that you’re reporting what he said. Thus, past tense is the way
to go.
rwas. The word whispered is the key here because it indicates summarized speech, which calls
for simple past tense.
sknew,were. Your intuition may point you toward present tense in this sentence because the
camera operator may still be hanging around with people who can’t handle punctuation marks.
However, summarized speech needs past tense.
twas. Regardless of how long Roberta’s fearful state lasts, go for past tense to indicate summa-
rized speech.
uhas. The composition of a molecule doesn’t change, no matter how wrong Marty is about the
number of oxygen atoms (the actual number is two). Present tense is called for here.
vcovers. Marty has apparently tried to change the amount of water on the planet (from three
quarters to nine tenths), but in reality the amount of water is constant and thus merits present
tense.
wmakes. The amount of land doesn’t change; go with present tense.
xhad. Colds come and go; they aren’t unchangeable conditions. The summary of speech rule
doesn’t change. Past tense is what you want. (See the section, “Telling Tales of the Past,” earlier
in this chapter, for more detail.)
yis. For once, Marty is correct. Cheese is a dairy product and can’t change into anything else.
For an eternal truth, present tense is correct.
Awas. Product composition can change, and the speaker is summarizing what was said. Past
tense makes sense.
Bwas. The guar gum’s location on the bagel doesn’t fall into the eternal truth category, and the
speaker is talking about the past. The past-tense verb was is the one you want.
Ccomes. The definition of dairy doesn’t change, so present tense works best here.
Dis. This directly quoted remark refers to something that doesn’t change. Guar gum doesn’t
appear in dairy products unless someone’s been tampering with Mother Nature. Present tense
works for an unchangeable fact.
Eis. Math doesn’t change, so present tense is appropriate here.
Fis. Peanut butter is always made from nuts; the definition can’t change, so present tense is best
here.
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