D
D
D D
KINH NGHIEM
-
THlTC
TIEN
D
D
KINH NGHI$M
QU6c
T^
V^
HUY
DONG
NGU6N
TAI
CHfNH
CHO GlAO DUG DAI
HOC
Trin
Thj Minh
Huong*
Bdi viit trinh bdy kinh
nghidm
huy
ddng
ngudn
tdi
chinh
cho
gido
dye
dgi hgc
ciia
mgt
sd
nude
tien nen chdu A
(bao
gdm Nhgt Bdn.
Trung Qudc vd Hdn Qudc) vd Hoa Ky la
nude
cd nin gido due
hi^n
dgi trin thi giai.
Cdc
sd liiu ve tdi trg cua
Chinh
phu eho ede
trudng dgi hgc
eUng
dugc thu thdp di phdn
tich.
Dua trin
dQ
li?u
dugc thu
thdp,
tdc gid
phdn
tich,
so sdnh di rut ra nhiing dgc diem
chung vd
hing
trong huy ddng ngudn tdi
chinh
cho gido due dgi hgc cua cdc
nuac,
so
sdnh muc do tdi tra cua cdc
Chinh
phu ddng
thdi rut ra nhiing kinh nghiim nen hgc tap
hoac
nin
xem xet.
Trin ca so
dd.
bdi
bdo
dua
ra nhiing de xudt trong viic huy dgng cdc
ngudn
tdi
chinh
cho
gido
due dgi
hgc
dp
dung
a
Viet
Nam,
nhiing
di xudt ndy
bao gdm:
tiep
tue duy tri ehinh sdch tdi trg tic
Chinh
phit
cho cdc trudng dgi
hge,
phdt triin
mgnh
han
niia
ehuang
trinh
lin dung sinh vien
vd
phdn
biet vi
mice
cho vay ddi vdi sinh vien thugc
cdc
ngdnh
hge
khde
nhau
1.
Nguon tdi chinh cho gido
due
d^i
hpc
cua
m$t
so
nude
tren the gidi
Gido
dye
dgi hpc khdng chi ddng vai trd
quan trpng trong nen gido
dye
eiia
moi nude
ma ddng thdi cd dnh hudng
Idn
din
sy phdt
triln kinh td-xd hpi.
Gido
dye dgi hpe cung
*
Trk
Thj
Minh
Huang,
Tiln
sj
kinh
tl,
Vi^n
Qu^
trj
Kinh doanh - Dai
hpc
Kinh tl
Quic
dSn.
dp nguon nhdn lye quan trpng eho cdc doanh
nghifp
trong nen kinh te,
Id
nhan td thiet
yeu
dl phdt triln cdc ngdnh
nghi,
cdc
llnh
vuc
kinh doanh. De gido
dye
dgi hpc phat tridn
va
cd
chit
lupng tot can cd nguon tdi chinh phu
hpp,
dieu ndy ludn Id moi quan tdm
ciia
Chinh
phii
cdc nude.
a)
Trung QuSc
Trung Qudc theo dudi ehinh sdch da dang
hda ngudn tai tra cho gido
dye
dgi hpc cdng
lap
ddng thdi khuyen khich md rpng
gido
due
dgi hpc dan lap.
Cde trudng dai hpc cdng
Idp
hoat dpng
dya trdn 4 ngudn tdi chinh ca bdn:
Ngudn tdi trp thudng xuydn tir ngan
sdch trung uang hodc dia phuong.
Nguon tdi trp bd sung khdng thudng
xuydn cho mpt so trudng
d§c
bif t
dupe
lua
chpn theo dy dn
211
vd dy dn
985
(Chinh
phii
Trung Quoc dua ra dy dn
211
vdi muc tieu
xdy dyng 100 trudng dai hpc cao ddng hang
diu
va dy dn 985 phdt
hiin
10-12 trudng
dai
hpc cd khd ndng cgnh tranh vdi cdc tnrdng
dgi hpc tren the gidi).
Hpc phi thu
tir
sinh vien.
Mpt so khodn thu tir cdc hogt
dfng
khde
ciia
trudng.
Ve
ngu^n
tdi trp tir ngdn sdch, khdng
cd mirc tdi trp thdng nhdt cho cdc trudng
Q IIUAN
Lt
KINH li Stf45f1+2/201Z)
KINH
NGHIEM QU6C
T£
ve
HUY
eONG
NGU6N...
H NGHliM THUC
TIIN
Iffill
tinh
theo s6 tien cho mdt sinh vien trong
mOt
mdn hpe. Tren thyc tl,
miic
tdi trp tir
ngan sach trung uang vd ngdn sdch dia
phuang rat
khde
nhau.
Chinh sdch ho trp sinh vien
eiia
Chinh
phii dupe thue hifn trong timg vimg dya tren
miic
sdng
eiia
khu
vye.
Moi trudng dai hpe
phdi xdc dinh
miic
song thap nhdt trong viing
va khd ndng gia dinh sinh vidn ed thd ddp
iing
ydu cau chi trd hpc phi vd cdc chi phi dn d
cua sinh vidn. Khdng cd ho trp cua Nhd nude
eho ede trudng dgi hpc dan
lgp,
tuy nhidn
Nhd nude khuyen khich ede trudng dan lgp
ho trp nhimg sinh vien khd khdn. Cdc gia
dinh Trung Qude thudng ddnh tiln tilt kidm
de con em hp di hpc. Theo bdo cdo
ciia
td
chiic Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development
(2010),
trung binh
65%
ehi
phi eho sinh vidn dupe chi tidu tir tidn tidt
kif m
ciia
gia dinh. Tir nam 2007, nhiing hinh
thiic hd trp tdi
chinh
cho sinh vien dupe phdt
tridn da dang hda, bao gdm cdc hinh thiic ca
ban: hpc bdng
eiia
Chinh phu, hpe bdng
khuydn khich cua Chinh phu, cho sinh vien
vay tidn, he thdng vira hpc vira lam. Chinh
sdch eho sinh vien vay tidn chu yeu tap trung
giiip da cdc sinh vien ngheo, giiip hp chi trd
hpe phi vd cdc chi phi dn d trong qud trinh
hpc tgp. Theo Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (2010), hpc
bdng cua Chinh phu Trung Qudc dupe edp
cho 50.000 smh vien dgt
kit
qud
xuit
sdc
nhdt vdi sd tidn
8.000
nhdn dan tf/ndm, hpc
bdng khuyin khieh vdi
miic
5.000
nhdn dan
tf/ndm duac
edp
cho nhiing sinh vidn ngheo
dat
kit
qua hpe tap tdt
ciia
ede trudng dgi hpe
vd cao ddng, ehilm khoang 3% sd sinh vidn
trong toan qu6e.
Sinh vidn cd thd vay tidn tir cdc ngan hdng
thuang
mgi.
Theo Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (2010), tir
ndm 2008 ddn 2010 Ngan hdng Trung Qudc
da cho khodng 322.000 sinh vidn
ciia 115
trudng dai hpc vd cao dang vay vdi tong sd
tidn 4,35 ty nhdn ddn td. Cde ngan hdng
khdng dua ra dieu
kifn
ve tdi san the chap ddi
vdi sinh vidn nhung thudng phdi cd ddm bdo
tir phia gia dinh hp cho
hTidng
hpp sinh vidn
khdng trd dupe np. Cdc ngan hdng thudng
mudn cho cdc sinh vidn ed triln vpng nghd
nghifp tdt
eiia ede
trudng dgi hpc ed uy tin
vay np. Cdc trudng dgi hpc eiing
dupe
khuyin khich qudn ly cdc sinh vidn da tdt
nghifp
nhung chua trd dupe np.
Cd mpt thyc tl dang ton tgi trong
vifc
cho
sinh vien vay tien tgi Trung Qudc. Doi vdi sd
tidn cho vay do khdng cd sy phan bift giiia
ede ngdnh nghd
ITnh
vye khac nhau, ndn sinh
vidn theo hpc cdc ngdnh cd ehi phi cao hon se
gdp khd khdn vd phdi tim kiem them tdi trp tir
nhihig nguon
khde.
b)
Nhgt Bdn
Cac ngudn tdi chinh ea bdn eho cdc
trudng dgi hpc Nhgt Bdn bao gom tdi trp tir
Chinh phu va hpe
phi
thu tir sinh vidn. Theo
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (2010), tdng chi tieu eua Chinh
phu eho gido
due
dgi hpe chidm 0,6% GDP.
Tgi Nhat Bdn, ngudn tdi trp cua Chinh phu
cho gido
due
chu yeu
dupe
cung cap tinjc
tiep cho cde trudng dai hpe thay vi cung edp
eho sinh vien. Theo sd lieu cua Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development
(2010),
81,4%
chi tidu cdng cpng
dupe
danh
cho cac trudng dgi hpe, ddy Id mdt ty
Id
khd
eao neu so sanh vdi cdc
nude
khac (d
Niudilan
vd Uc ty If nay la
57%
va 65%).
Nguon tdi trp ciia Chinh phu Nhat Bdn
dupe eung
elp
eho cd cdc trudng dgi hpc
edng
lap
vd ddn
Idp,
trong do ngudn tdi trp
ndy chidm 55,4% tdng cac ngudn thu cua cac
trudng dgi hpc cong
lap
va
11,7%
ngudn thu
ciia cde trudng
dgi
hpc ddn Idp. Trong tdng
ngu^n
tdi trp ndy, tdi trp eho hogt dpng
nghidn
ciiu
khpa hpc ddng
m^t
vai ti:d quan
Stf
45
(1+2/2012) QUAN Lt KINH
T£
fj^^
KINH
NGHI|M
THUC
TIJN
KINH NGHlf M
QU6c
T^
V^
HUY
DONG
NGU6N,.,
trpng vd dupe thyc hifn thdng qua hai
chuong trinh
Id
Quy nghien
ciiu
khoa hpc vd
Chuang trinh tidn tiln
eiia
the ky 21. Bdn
cgnh dd, Bp Gido dye, vdn hod, the thao,
khoa hpe vd cdng nghf Nhgt Bdn cdn dua ra
mpt so tai trp khde nhu ehuang trinh ho trp
gido
dye hifn
thdi hay h5 trp thyc
t|ip.
Khdng ed sy
khde bift
Idn vl hpe phi tgi
ede trudng dgi hpe edng
I§p
Nhdt Bdn. Theo
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development
(2010),
Bp Gido
dye,
vdn hod,
thd thao, khoa hpc vd cdng nghf Nhat Bdn
quy dinh mirc hpc
phi
chuan hdng ndm eho
mpt sinh vidn
Id
535 800 yen (tuang duang
khodng 4326 USD) vd cho phdp cdc
hordng
d§t
mirc hpc phi toi da
dupe
vupt 20%
miie
hpe
phi
chuan. Tuy nhien, phan
Idn
cde
trudng deu ddt
miic
hpc phi theo
miic
chuan
ciia
Bp.
c)
Hdn Quoc
Tgi Hdn Qude, cdc trudng dgi hpc cdng
lap cung
dupe
nhdn tai trp tir Chinh phu,
chdng hgn nhu kinh phi cho boat dpng nghidn
ciiu,
phan thu cdn Igi Id tu hpe phi eua sinh
vidn, ngudn thu ndy chilm 30% tdng cde
khodn thu
ciia
cdc trudng. Ty If thu tir hpe
phi cua ede trudng ddn lgp cao hon nhiiu,
chilm 69% tdng thu, trong khi dd nhgn tai trp
tir Chinh
phii
ehi chidm 4%. Hpc phi
eiia
cdc
trudng dgi hpe d cac ngdnh khac nhau cd sy
khac
bift
ddng kl, trong dd cao nhdt la ngdnh
Dupe
va
thip
nhdt
Id
ngdnh khoa hpc xa hpi
vd nhan
lyc.
Mpt sd sinh vien dupe nhgn hpe
bong giup hp trang trdi hpc phi. Tidu ehuan
xet hpc bdng dua trdn hai tidu thiic ca bdn Id
hpe
lyc
cita sinh vidn vd hodn cdnh khd khdn
cua hp. Tuy nhidn, nguon tdi chinh ca bdn
giiip sinh vien trang trdi hpc phi Id nguon vdn
vay. Theo sd lifu cua Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development
(2010),
cd 22% sinh vien tgi cdc hirdng dai
hpc Hdn Qudc da nhdn
dupe
cde khodn
vay.
so tiln vay trung binh
Id
2,8
trifu
Won, ti*ong
khi dd hpc phi d cdc trudng dao dpng tir 2,3
trifu din
7,8
trifu
Won/ndm, nhu vgy cd the
thay khodn vay ndy chi giiip trang trdi hpc phi
chii
chua ddp img
dupe
cdc khodn chi tidu
dn
d vd sinh hogt khde.
Theo bdo Ddn Tri, thdng bdo mdi day ciia
B$
Gido
dye
vd Cdng nghf Khoa hpc Han
Quoc ndu rd, kl tir ndm
2011,
tat cd nhihig
sinh vidn
Id
con em cdc hp gia
dinh'thufc
difn nghdo nhdt sd
dupe
cap hpc bdng.
Khodn tiln hpc bdng ddnh cho sinh vidn
nghdo se dan
din
tdng, tir
miic
4 trifu won
(khodng 4.000 USD)/ndm
trong
ndm nay
Dong thdi, Chinh
phii
Hdn Qudc cimg
dy
dinh md
rOng
chuong tiinh cho sinh vidn vay
tidn. Theo dd, sinh vien nghdo s6
dupe
vay
tiln trang trdi hpc hdnh vd den khi di ldm
miSi
phdi trd khodn vay ndy. Thgm chi, hp sd
khdng phdi trd khoan vay ndy neu thu
nhjq)
ciia
hp
thip hem
so vdi mirc nhat dinh
dupe
quy dinh. Tong thong Hdn Qudc
nh§n
dinh
rdng tucmg
lai
ddt nude Hdn Qu6c ndm d
gi^
dye,
khoa hpc va cdng
nghf.
Hdn Quoc
chi c6
thd ton tgi ndu cd
dupe
dpi ngii nhdn
luc c6
gido dye vd cdng nghf tidn tiln de
bii
lai chi
phi nguyen lifu thd ngdy cdng tdng va
sy
thieu hyt tdi nguydn thien nhidn. Vi viy,
Chinh
phil
Han Qude dang tdng cudng
ho
trg
cho nhiing sinh vidn
Id
eon em ede gia dinh
ed thu nhgp
thip.
d) Hoa
Kjf
Nhthig nguon tdi chinh ea bdn cho cdc
trudng dgi hpe edng lgp d
My
bao gom
hpc
phi,
ho trp ciia Chinh phu va cua bang,
nguSn
thu
tCr
cdc djch vy phy trp nhu y tl, the
thao...
Trong dd, theo bdo cdo cua Kevin
Doughterty
(2010),
gido su tiirdng dgi
hpc
Columbia,
ngu6n
ho trp cua Chinh
phii chiem
ty If cao
nhit
(36%). Hifn tgi Chinh phd
M?
cd mpt sd chuong trinh eho sinh vidn vay
W
giiip hp cd
ngu^n
tdi chinh de theo hpc. Theo
Q QUAN Lt KINH
T£'
Stf
45 (1+2/2012)
KINH NGHIEM QU6C
T^
Vf
HUY
DONG
NGU6N...
KINH NGHltM THUC
TIIN
RTH
D.
Bruce Johnstone va Pamela N. Marcueei
(2010),
cdc chuang trinh ndy bao gom:
Chuang trinh cho vay Federal
Perkins: ehuang trinh cho vay sir dung quy
Perkins
ciia
Chinh phu. Chuang trinh ndy cho
phep sinh vien vay tdi da 4000 USD/ndm vdi
lai suat 5%/ndm
Chuong trinh eho vay Stafford: day Id
chuang trinh cho vay
dupe
Chinh
phii
hd trp
eho
nhOng
sinh vidn chirng minh dupe nhu
cau tdi chinh. Cdc khodn eho vay dupe nhan
thdng qua 2 chuang trinh cua Bp Gido
dye
Hoa Ky la Federal Family Education Loans
vd William D. Ford Federal Direct Student
Loans. Khodn eho vay t6i da
Id
3500 USD
cho nam
diu
tidn, 4500 USD cho ndm
thii
hai,
5500 USD cho ndm thu
3
va cdc ndm sau
dd. Chuang trinh nay eho vay vdi Idi suat
7,22%. Thdi hgn eho vay
tiiy
thupc vao sd
tidn vay vd dupe gidi hgn trong khodng tu 10-
30
ndm.
2.
Bai hpc kinh nghifm vd cac de
xuit
d6i
vdi huy dong nguon tai chinh cho gido
due
dai hpc
d"
Viet Nam
Nhu vdy cd thd
thiy
Chinh phu cdc
nude
ddu quan tdm den tai trp eho gido dye dgi
hpc,
ddc bift Id cdc trudng dgi hpc cdng Idp.
Ngudn tdi ehinh ndy cd thd
dupe
edp thdng
true
tidp cho cde trudng
ho^e
cap cho sinh
vidn dudi cdc hinh thiic nhu hpc bdng hodc
cho vay. Hpc bdng thudng
dupe
xet dya trdn
kit
qud hpc tap vd hodn canh kinh te cua sinh
vidn, ddc
bift
d Han Qudc nhihig sinh vien
Id
con em cdc gia dinh thudc dien ngheo
nhit
ddu
dupe
elp hpe bdng. Hinh thiie cho sinh
vidn vay dd tdi trp eho qud trinh hpe tgp
dupe
dp dyng d tdt ca ede nude dl khuydn
khieh,
tao didu kien cho sinh vidn nghdo cd thd theo
hpc va hp se ti:d np khi da tdt
nghifp
vd di
ldm. Bdi hpc kinh
nghifm
tir Trung
Qu6c
eho
thdy trong
vin
dd cho sinh vien vay tidn cdn
cd sy phdn bift vl
miic
cho vay giiia cdc
ngdnh hpc vdi cdc
miic
hpc phi khde nhau,
dam bdo sinh vidn trong nhiing ngdnh cd hpc
phi cao
dupe
vay nhieu ban tgo dieu
kifn
cho
hp cd the theo hpc. Ben cgnh do cung cdn ed
chinh sdch tao
diiu
kidn cho sinh vidn cdc
vimg sau vimg xa
dupe tiip
can cdc khodn
vay tdt ban.
Trdn ca sd cdc bdi hpe kinh nghiem tren,
huy dpng ngudn tai ehinh cho gido due dai
hpe eua Viet Nam can
chii
y ban ddn nhiing
van de sau:
- Mdt
Id,
tiip tue duy
tri
chinh sdch
tdi trg
lie Chinh
phu cho cde trudng dgi
hgc:
ddy Id
nguon tdi chinh quan trpng dl duy tri hogt
dpng ciia ede trudng dgi hpc ddc biet
Id
cdc
trudng dai hpc cdng lap, trong dd cdn
chii
trpng quan tdm
din
tdi trp cho hogt ddng
nghien
eiiu
khoa hpc.
- Hai
Id,
phdt triin
mgnh
han
nica chuang
trinh tin dung sinh
vien:
day la hinh thiic hd
trp tdi chinh giiip sinh vidn,
ddc
biet la sinh
vien thudc cdc gia
dinh
cd thu nhdp thap cd
eo hdi theo hpc. Tuy nhien dl chuang trinh
ndy thue sy cd hidu qud can Idm tot
vifc
xdc
dinh ddi tupng dupe vay vd co chd thu hdi np
dl bao tdn ngudn vdn cho vay.
Ba la, phdn
biii
vi
mice
cho vay ddi
vdi sinh vien thugc cdc ngdnh hgc
khde
nhau: hien tgi d Vift Nam,
miic
hpc phi
tran cua cdc ngdnh hpc
dupe
quy dinh theo
tiing nhdm ngdnh, trdn ca sd do cdc trudng
dgi hpe sd quy dinh
miie
hpe phi eu thd d
trudng minh. Mdc
dii,
miie
hpc phi giiia cde
ngdnh chenh
Idch
khdng nhieu nhung trdn
thuc tl sinh vien ciia cde ngdnh hpc
ein
thyc tgp nhidu vdi nhiing dung cy, thidt bi
trang bi cho cd nhan nhu kidn tnic, ky
thudt... sd phdi chi tieu nhiiu
hem
sinh vien
cdc ngdnh khac. Do vdy, trong chinh sdch
cho vay cdn cd sy phan bift ve ngdnh hpc
ddm bdo sy cdng bdng va ho trp hpp ly eho
sinh vien cdc ngdnh hpc khac nhau.
Stf
45 (1+2/2012)
QUAN Lt
KINH
Tl
PHiffl
KINH
NGHigM lH\fC TIJN
KINH
NGHI6M QU6c
T^
VE
HUY
DONG
NGU6N...
TAI
LlfiU
THAM KHAO
D.
Bruce Johnstone and Pamela N.
Marcueei,
Worldwide trends in higher
education finance: cost-sharing,
student loans, and the support of
academic research, <
gse.buffalo.edu/.../^roject_publications.
html>
Kevin Dougherty, Financing higher
education
in the
United
States:
structure,
trends and issues,
'
wvm'.te.Columbia,
edu/cenlers/coce/pdffi
les/e9.pdf>
Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development (2010), OECD review
of tertiary education-China,
,http
://www.oeed.
org/edu/tertiary/review
Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development (2010), OECD review
of tertiary education-Japan,
http://v™av.oecd.org/edu/tertiary/review
Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development
(2010),
OECD review
of tertiary education-Korea,
http://www.oeed.org/edu/tertiary/review
Xudn Vu
(2011),
Hdn Qudc se
edp hgc
bdng cho tdt cd sinh vien
ngheo,
Bdo difn
tir Ddn tri, <http://dantri.eom.vn/giaoduc-
khuyenhoc/Han-Quoe-se-cap-hoc-bong-
cho-tat-ca-sinh-vien-
ngheo/2008/3/225514.vip>
^
OUAN Lt KINH
it Sfli
45
(1+2/21112)