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M NH Đ DANH T
1. Khái ni m:
- MĐ danh t là m nh đ ph có ch c năng nh 1 danh t , m đu b ng ư
các t đ h i (where, what, how, why, when, who, whose, that, if/ whether,
…) nh ng không ph i là câu h iư
==> Nói 1 cách khác: Danh t trong câu có ch c năng gì (đng v trí nào)
thì MĐ danh t cũng có b y nhiêu ch c năng (cũng đng v trí đó): ch
ng , tân ng c a đng t , tân ng c a gi i t , b ng b nghĩa cho ch
ng , b ng b nghĩa cho tính t .
2. Ch c năng – v trí c a MĐ danh t :
* Là ch ng : đng đu câu làm ch ng cho đng t sau nó.
Ex: The story makes her sad
==> What you have said makes her sad.
==> Chúng ta có th thay “The Story” b ng 1 m nh đ “What you have said”
==> MĐ này đc g i là MĐ danh t m đu v i t đ h i What + S + V = cái ượ
gì, đi u gì, gi ch c năng làm ch ng c a đng t “make”.
* Là tân ng cho đng t : đng sau đng t làm tân ng cho đng t đó:
Ex: I don’t know the man
==> I don’t know who he is.
==> Chúng ta có th thay “The man” b ng 1 m nh đ “who he is”
==> MĐ này đc g i là MĐ danh t m đu v i t đ h i Who + S + V và giượ
ch c năng làm tân ng c a đng t “know”
* Là tân ng cho gi i t : đng sau gi i t làm tân ng b nghĩa cho gi i
t .
Ex: Thank you for the present
==> thank you for what you have done for me
==> Chúng ta có th thay “the present” b ng 1 m nh đ “what you have
done for me”
==> MĐ này đc g i là MĐ danh t m đu v i t đ h i What + S + V ượ
và gi ch c năng làm tân ng b nghĩa cho gi i t “for”
* Là b ng cho đng t TOBE: đng sau TOBE và b nghĩa cho đng
t TOBE
Ex: This is my house
==> This is where I was born
==> Chúng ta có th thay “my house” b ng 1 m nh đ “where I was born”
==> MĐ này đc g i là MĐ danh t m đu v i t đ h i Where + S + V và ượ
gi ch c năng làm b nghĩa cho đng t TOBE
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M NH Đ TR NG T
A. M nh đ tr ng ng ch th i gian:
1. Before = By the time = By : Tr c khiướ
* (QKHT), Before + QKĐ, (QKHT)
VD: Before I went to bed, I had finished my homework
==> Hành đng x y ra tr c 1 hành đng khác trong quá kh . ướ
+ Hành đng x y ra tr c: finished my homework ướ
+ Hành đng x ra sau: went to bed
* (TLHT), Before + HTĐ, (TLHT)
VD: Before I’m 40, I’ll have became teacher
==> Di n t hành đng s x y ra tr c 1 hành đng khác trong t ng lai or 1 th i ư ươ
đi m trong t ng lai. ươ
+ Hành đng x y ra tr c: TLHT ướ
+ Hành đng x y ra sau: HTĐ (mang nghĩa TL)
2. After (= Following (gi i t )): Sau khi
* (QKĐ), After + QKHT, (QKĐ)
VD: After I had finished my homework, I went to bed
==> Hành đng x y ra tr c 1 hành đng khác trong quá kh . ướ
+ Hành đng x y ra tr c: I had finished my homework ướ
+ Hành đng x ra sau: I went to bed
* (TLĐ), After + HTĐ/HTHT, (TLĐ)
VD: After I come, I’ll call you
==> Di n t sau khi x y ra vi c gì thì ti p t c x y ra 1 vi c khác ế
3. When = As: Khi
+ C1: HTĐ, TLĐ
==> Gi ng ĐK1
VD: when I get older, I’ll become a doctor
+ C2: QKĐ, QKĐ
==> 2 hành đng n i ti p nhau trong quá kh ế
VD: When I was young, I liked Reading book
+ C3: QKĐ, QKTD
==> Hành đng đang x y ra (QKTD) thì hành đng khác xen vào (QKĐ)
VD:When I was teaching, he entered my class
+ C4: QKĐ, QKHT
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==> Hành đng x y ra tr c 1 hành đng khác trong quá kh . ướ
+ Hành đng x y ra tr c: QKHT ướ
+ Hành đng x ra sau: QKĐ
VD: When we came home, my father had left
4. Until/till : cho đn khiế
==> Trong câu th ng có ườ WITHOUT/ONLY IF v i UNTIL
==> Ch n WITHOUT/ONLY IF trong tr ng h p TRANG TR NG (vi c làm, công ườ
vi c, đn xin, công ty,…) ơ
VD: I’ll waite untill/ till he comes back.
5. As soon as: ngay sau khi
==> Di n t hành đng x y ra ngay sau đó
VD: As soon as Marry knew the truth, She called me.
6. while: Trong khi
==> Th ng dùng trong các th i ti p di nườ ế
VD: Last night, I was doing my homework while my sister was playing games.
7. Once = when : 1 khi
==> ONCE nh n m nh h n WHEN ơ
VD: Once I come, I will call you
8. Since: k t khi
==> HTHT, SINCE + QKĐ, HTHT
VD: I haven’t met them since they left.
9. Whenever ( b t c khi nào): b t c khi nào
VD: I’ll come whenever you need me.
B. M nh đ tr ng ng ch m c đích:
* in order that = so that + MĐ: đ mà
VD: She is studying so that/in order that she can pass the exam
* in order (not) to = so as (not) to + V (nguyên th ): đ mà
VD: She is studying in order to/so as to pass the exam
* to + V (nguyên th ): đ làm gì
VD: She is studying to pass the exam
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C. M nh đ tr ng ng ch k t qu : ế
* so ( adj/adv) + that + MĐ: quá....đn n i màế
+ Dùng adj: Khi tr c nó là TOBE, BECOME, REMAIN, STAY, FIND/MAKE + ướ
O +ADJ,..
+ Dùng adv: Khi tr c nó là Vướ
VD: He is so clever that She can answer all of my questions
* Such N/c m N that + MĐ: quá....đn n i màế
VD: He is such a clever girl that She can answer all of my questions
* adj enough to V: đ đ làm gì
* enough N to V: đ đ làm gì
* so = thus = therefor: vì v y = do đó = do đó ==> “Đu câu có d u ph y”
VD: - She is old, so/thus/therefor she retires
- He wanted to study late, so he drank another cup of coffee
= He wanted to study late; therefore he drank another cup of coffee.
D. M nh đ tr ng ng ch lí do/nguyên nhân:
* Because = as = since = for = now that = in that (idom) + MĐ: Vì
VD: They cancelled the train For/As/Since it rained
* Because of = due to = owing to = thanks to = on account of + N/Ving: Vì
VD: Because of/due to the snow, They cancelled the train
* Because of = due to = owing to = thanks to = on account of the fact that + MĐ: Vì
VD: Because of/due to/on account of the fact that it rained, They cancelled the train
E. M nh đ tr ng ng ch s t ng ph n trái ng c: ươ ượ
* However = nevertheless = nontheless = yet (đng cu i câu) + MĐ : tuy nhiên
==> “Đu câu có d u ph y”
VD: She is old, however, she is beautiful/ She is old. However, she is beautiful
* Although = eventhough = though + MĐ: m c dù
VD: although it rained heavily, I came to my class
* In spite of/ depite + N/Ving : m c dù
VD: In spite of/ depite her age, she is beautiful
* in spite of/ depite + the fact that + MĐ : m c dù
VD: In spite of/ depite the fact that she is old, she is beautiful
* Even if + MĐ : ngay c khi, ngay cà n u ế
VD: she can’t solve this exercise even if it is very easy
* While = meanwhile = whereas + MĐ : trong khi
* To the Contrary: trái ng cượ
==> “Đu câu có d u ph y”
VD: I am watching TV, while she is cooking
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* How
However + adj/adv +S + be/V, CL : cho dù
No matter how
It doesn't matter
VD: no matter how busy she is, she takes care of us
* how + S + V = however
what + (N) + S + V = whatever
No matter + where + S +V = wherever : cho dù
who + S + V = whoever
VD: no matter how who/whoever you are, you have to respect your teacher
VD: no matter what/whatever shirt you choose, you have to pay money
F. M nh đ tr ng ng ch cách th c:
* As + MĐ = like + N : như
* Unlike : không gi ng nh ư
* Alike : gi ng nhau/nh nhau ư
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