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Nội dung Text: Báo cáo khoa học: Tuyên ngôn độc lập:Văn kiện lịch sử vô giá
- DIEN D A N E h a t trien
KY NIEM 64 NAM CACH MANG THANG TAM VA QUOC KHANH 2/9
Tuyen ngonffoclap:
Van kien lich sir vd gia ^ CAO VAN THINH
Trtfong Oai hpc Hung Vt/ang
Sau khi gianh doc lap tu Tuyen ngon ffoc lap - mpt van kien de lam can cu tuyen bo ve mdi quan he Viet
thuc dan Phap va Nhat, ban Nam - Phap: "Su that tu mua thu nam 1940,
Tuyen ngon doc lap da
Ijch SII vd gia nuoc ta da thanh thuoc dja cija Nhat chii
Mot la, Tuyen ngon dpc lap da thang khong phai la thuoc dja cua Phap" va "su
dugc Chu tich Ho Chi Minh
than tuyen bd cham dot che do thuc dan that la dan ta da lay lai nuoc Viet Nam ti/tay
soan thao va long trong
phong kien a nuoc ta, lap nen che dp dan Nhat chLf khong phai tCf tay Phap".
doc truoc quoc dan dong
chu cong hoa, mo ra mpt ky nguyen dpc lap Boi vay Tuyen ngon dpc lap da tuyen
bao vao sang 02/9/1945 tai tu do cho dan tpc Viet Nam. bd; 'Thoat ly han quan he vol thuc dan
Quang trudng Ba Dinh, Ha
Noi ve thang lai vT dai nay Tran Dan Phap, xoa bo het nhung hiep udc ma Phap
Noi, khai sinh nuoc Viet
Tien viet "Ban Tuyen ngon dpc lap la hoa la da ky ve Viet Nam, xoa bo tat ca mpi dac
Nam dan chu cong hoa - qua CLia bao nhieu mau da do, bao nhieu quyen cua Phap tren dat nuoc Viet Nam".
Nha nuoc cong nong dau tinh menh da hy sinh cua nhung nguoi con Ba la, Tuyen ngon dpc lap da the hien
tien a khu vuc Dong Nam anh dung Viet Nam trong nha tu, trong trai ro lap truong sit da, thai dp kien quyet cua
A. Day la mot su kien lich tap trung, tren nhung hai dao xa xoi, tren Chinh phu lam thai va cua nhan dan Viet
su trong dai, khep lai qua may chem, tren chien truong. Ban Tuyen Nam ve quyen tu do dpc lap.
khu dau thuang gin 100 ngon dpc lap la ket qua bao nhieu hy vpng, Truoc nhijng am muu xam lupc cua cac
nam truong no le dual ach gang sue va tin tuong cua hon hai muoi luc luong phan dpng, thuc dan, de qudc,
thuc dan phong kien, mora trieu nhan dan Viet Nam". dac biet la am muu xam lupc cua thuc dan
mot trang su moi, mot ky Hai la, Tuyen ngon dpc lap da khang Phap, Tuyen ngon dpc lap vang len nhu led
nguyen mai - ky nguyen khai bac bo dut khoat nhung luan dieu sai the quyet chien: 'Toan dan Viet Nam tren
doc lap, tu do cua dan toe trai cua bpn thuc dan Phap va tuyen bo ve dual mpt long kien quyet chdng lai am muu
ta, dat nuoc ta. Ban Tuyen moi quan he voi Phap. cua bpn thuc dan Phap", mat khac tin tuong
Tuyen ngon dpc lap da neu len nhung "cac nuoc ddng minh da cong nhan nhung
ngon doc lap da tra thanh
van de c6 tinh chat phap ly, ly le ro rang nguyen tac dan tpc binh dang d cac Hpi
mot van kien lich su chinh
tri vd gia, ham chua nhieu danh thep. To cao nhung toi ac da man, v6 nghi Teherang va Cuu Kim Son, quyet
nhan dao, su phan boi, su hen nhat cua khong the khong cong nhan quyen dpc lap
gia tri va tra thanh bat ft> cua dan Viet Nam".
bpn thuc dap Phap, voi nhilmg chung cu
trong hang chuc trieu trai
minh bach de phu quyet vai trd "bao hp" Tuyen ngon dpc lap cdn tuyen bd vol
tim cua ngual Viet Nam yeu cua chung. the gioi ve quyen huong tu do dpc lap va
nuae.
Tuyen ngon dpc lap con neu ro su that tinh than giiJ vOmg quyen tu do ddc lap ciia
dan tpc Viet Nam: "Nude Viet Nam co
quyen hudng tu do va dpc lap, va su that da
trd thanh nude tu do, ddc lap. Toan the dan
tdc Viet Nam quyet dem tat ca tinh than va
luc luong, tinh mang va cua cai de giu vung
quyen tu do dpc lap ay".
Tuyen ngon doc lap - klet tac
chinh luan co moit khbng hai trong
Ijch sir vin hoc Viet Nam
Thu nhai, Tuyen ngdn ddc lap la van
ban chinh luan mau muc cd ket cau chat
che, chien lupc trinh bay van de ro rang, Idi
van vua gian di trong sang vira hung hon
cam xuc, the hien d di'nh cao nghe thuat
ngdn tu.
d phan dau van ban Tuyen ngdn dpc
lap, Ngudi da dua ra luan diem co ban ve
6 - Tapchi HanghaiVietNam • 9/2009
- U!l JSIaWSIphat t r i e n
quyen tu do ddc lap cd tinh nguyen ly vdi Ngudi ludn nghi den cai cao ca nhu "le dang", dan tdc nao cung cd "quyen sdng".
tinh muc dich cao. Ngudi trich din tnjc phai". "nhan dao". "chinh nghla". nghi den "quyen sung sudng" va "quyen tu do". No
tiep ban Tuyen ngdn doc lap cua nude My "ddng bao". "dat nude", nghi den su doan phan anh thdng nhat giua quyen dan tdc
nam 1776: Tat ca moi ngudi sinh ra deu ket, hy sinh... Nhung cai dd phan anh mpt va quyen con ngudi. Mdi con ngudi mudn
cd quyen binh dang. Tao hda cho hp tam hdn cao thuong trong sang, tinh khiet cd ddc lap tu do thi phai dau tranh cho
nhijng quyen khdng ai cd the xam pham cua mot con ngudi da hien dang tat ca ddi dan tdc dupe ty do ddc lap. Dd la su menh
duoc; trong nhung quyen ay cd quyen minh vi ddc lap, tu do, vi hanh phuc con
thieng lieng ciia mdi con ngudi. ciia tat ca
duoc sdng, quyen tu do va quyen muu ngudi, vi le sdng, vi niem tin. Tam hdn ay
cau hanh phiic". cdng ddng dan tpc cd muc dich chung la
rue sang nhu mat trdi, trong sudt nhu pha
ty do ddc lap. va mudn giai phdng con
Day la Idi bat hii ve quyen con ngudi, le dupe the hien trong timg chu, timg cau.
ngudi thi tardc tien phai gianh ty do dpc
dua vao dd Chii tich Hd Chi Minh suy Tuyen ngdn ddc lap cd Idi van hung lap cho dan tdc.
rong ra lam luan diem chinh: 'Tat ca cac hdn cam xiic. Sy himg hdn xuat phat ti/
dan tdc tren the gidi sinh ra deu binh Tuyen ngdn ddc lap tuyen bd ket qua
su thanh cdng ciia Cach mang thang
dang, dan tpc nao cung cd quyen sdng, Tam vT dai. Nhan dan ta dudi su lanh dao Cach mang thang Tam vT dai la da chat
quyen sung sudng va quyen tu do". Dd la ciia Dang Cdng san quang vinh da lam dut "cac xieng xich thuc dan gan 100
luan diem ciia Ngudi ve quyen tu do dpc nen chien cdng vao bac nhat trong lich sir nam", da danh dd che dp phong kien den
lap ciia cac dan tdc tren toan the gidi. Sau dan tdc, lai cd y nghla qudc te. y nghla tdi "che dp quan chii may muoi the ky",
dd Ngudi lai trich trong ban Tuyen ngdn thdi dai rat to Idn. Ngudi the hien tinh than vinh quang ddi ddi la da khai sinh ra "che
nhan quyen va dan quyen ciia each dd trong timg luan diem, luan chung, cu dp dan chu cdng hda".
mang Phap: "Ngudi ta sinh ra tu do binh the hon trong timg Idi van. Gia tri nhan ban cdn d thai dp kien
dang ve quyen Ipi va phai ludn ludn dupe Thu hai, Tuyen ngdn dpc lap cd gia tri quyet. quyet tam sat da. d phuong dien
tu do va binh dang ve quyen Ipi", nd ddng ben vung ve lich sir, nhan ban va tham doan ket 'Iren dudi mot Idng" d tinh than
quan diem vdi Idi Tuyen ngdn ddc lap ciia my tha hy sinh tat ca "quyet dem tat ca tinh
nude My. Viec trich dan true tiep nhu the than va luc luong tinh mang va ciia cai de
Ve gia tri lich sd, Tuyen ngdn dpc lap
cd tac dung nhu mpt la chan thep bao ve
la trung tam sy kien ciia Cach mang giu vung quyen ty do. ddc lap ay".
luan diem ciia minh, vi/a nhu mpt diem
thang Tam, mdc son lich sir chdi ngdi ciia Ve gia tri tham my, Tuyen ngdn ddc
tua bay luan diem ciia minh len cao, ddng
dan tpc Viet Nam tren chang dudng dai lap la van ban cd gia tri tham my cao -
thdi de chimg minh lam sang td luan diem
lich sir dau tranh chdng ngoai xam, chdng The hien trong mpt van ban chinh luan rat
ay. Sau dd ngudi khang dinh: "Dd la
che dp phong kien, Nd da td cao nhung hoan chinh ve ndi dung va hinh thuc, mpt
nhung le phai khdng ai chdi cai dupe".
tdi ac tay trdi ciia chii nghla thyc dan, cau true hoan thien, Idi van gian di trong
Luan diem ciia Chii tich Hd Chi Minh phat xit, phong kien trong lich su de ddi sang, hung hdn cam xuc, vua xuc tich
ve quyen tu do ddc lap trd thanh mpt chan ddi khac cdt ghi xuong. Ghi lai nhung vya hap dan cd sue thuyet phuc ngudi
ly ma tat ca mpi ngudi phai thira nhan. thang Ipi vT dai ciia dan tdc Viet Nam
Hon nua luan diem ciia Ngudi lai rdng dpc ngudi nghe.
danh bai chii nghTa phat xit. danh dd
hon, mang tinh thdi dai, mang tinh qudc xieng xich thuc dan, danh dd che dd Cai quy hon la Tuyen ngdn dpc lap da
te, khdng phai chi cd dpc lap tu do ciia phong kien de lap nen che dp dan chii tao ra nhung rung dpng tham my. Dd la
dan tpc ta ma la ddc lap tu do ciia tat ca cdng hda. Dua ra dupe nhung tuyen bd niem xuc ddng thieng lieng ve quyen con
cac dan tpc tren the gidi. lich sir "Thoat ly han quan he thyc dan ngudi, quyen dan tdc. Cam xuc ve ndi
Mat khac, Idi van Tuyen ngdn dpc lap Phap, xda bo het nhung hiep udc ma dau cua cudc ddi nd le, cua dan tdc bi
that gian di trong sang, that hiing hdn Phap da ky ve nude Viet Nam. xda bd het mat nude, niem ty hao khi dan tdc dupe
cam xiic the hien d dinh cao nghe thuat mpi dac quyen ciia Phap tren dat nude giai phdng, lam nen nhung chien cdng vT
ngdn tir. Gian dj bdi nd la Idi an tieng ndi Viet Nam". Tuyen bd vdi toan the nhan dai trong lich sir, cung nhu y thuc ve trach
cua nhan dan diing hang ngay, dupe dan ta va nhan dan the gidi: "Nude Viet nhiem, nghTa vu vinh quang ciia mdi cdng
Ngudi dua vao bai van nen ai nghe, ai Nam da thanh mpt nude ty do. ddc lap" cd dan ve van menh ciia dan tdc; la nhan
dpc cung de cam, de hieu. Nhung tir ngi/ quyen hudng va quyen giu vung ddc lap, thdc ve le phai, ve dao ly va sy nghiep
rat ddi than quen ma dien ta y nghTa that ty do ciia minh. Gia trj lich su ciia ban anh himg ciia toan the dan tdc ta trudc
sau xa nhu "le phai", 'trai han", "mpt chiit", Tuyen ngdn ddc lap cdn d tinh phap ly, nhung thdi co, thir thach trong thdi dai
'Ihang tay", "ngdc dau", "quy gdi", "md bdi tat ca cac nude phai cdng nhan va mdi.
cira"... nhat thiet phai cdng nhan quyen dpc lap,
Tuyen ngdn ddc lap mai mai la thdng
Ve cau, Ngudi diing phdi hop ca cau ty do ciia dan tpc Viet Nam cung nhu su diep tham my, day len trong mdi chung ta
ngan va cau dai. Loai cau nao cung haip toan ven lanh thd ciia nude Viet Nam, bat
nhung hinh anh cao dep ve dat nude, ve
dan vi ndi dung va each dien dat rat mdi ky nude nao, lye luong nao, bat ky ai deu con ngudi, ve dan tdc Viet Nam. Tac
me, ngudi nghe. ngudi doc rat de nhd. de khdng cd quyen xam pham tdi. ddng tham my ay se la manh me va lau
thudc. Ve gia tri nhan ban, Tuyen ngdn ddc dai den nhieu the he nhung ngucJi yeu
Ldi van trong Tuyen ngdn ddc lap rat lap neu len "quyen binh dang", "quyen
nude Viet Nam.
muc trong sang. Trong sang bdi tam hdn duoc sdng", "quyen ty do" va "quyen muu
cau hanh phuc" cua con ngudi. Dd la Nhu vay, Tuyen ngdn ddc lap la mot
Ngudi viet rat trong sang. Ngudi ludn ludn
chan ly nhan ban da duoc neu trong hai kiet tac ve chinh luan, chiem mdt dinh cao
nghi den quyen con ngudi. quyen dan
ban Tuyen ngdn ddc lap cua nude My va ciia nen van hpc Viet Nam; cd site sdng
tdc. cu the la "quyen binh dang", "quyen
ciia each mang Phap. Rdng hon, cao hon manh Net trong thdi dai Hd Chi Minh va
sdng", "quyen sung sudng", "quyen tudo"
la rat ddi thieng lieng ddi voi ngudi dan nd quyen con ngudi la quyen ddc lap ty do mai mai bat tu trong hch su vinh quang
le, nhung dan tdc b\ ap buc mat tu do. cua cac dan tdc, dd la quyen "sinh ra binh cua dan tdc ta d>
TnpchI H a n g h a i V i e t N a m • 9 / 2 0 0 9 - 7
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