Bài giảng Lịch sử thế giới Glencoe - Chương 4: Hy Lạp cổ đại (1900-133 TCN)

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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: Early Civilizations in Greece

Section 2: The Greek City-States

Section 3: Classical Greece

Section 4: The Culture of

Classical Greece

Section 5: Alexander and the

Hellenistic Era

Visual Summary

Chapter Menu

When you go to a theater, laugh at a comedy, or cry at a tragedy, you are using words and ideas from ancient Greece. Theaters, like the one in Taormina, Italy, shown here, were carved out of hillsides and had such good acoustics that audiences of up to 14,000 could hear the actors and chorus. In this chapter you will learn how the Greeks continue to influence our culture today.

• What impact did the Mediterranean climate have on Greek buildings?

• How do our stadiums and theaters

resemble Greek theaters?

Chapter Intro

How did the Greeks shape our culture?

Chapter Intro

Early Civilizations in Greece

In what ways did proximity to the sea influence the development of early Greek civilizations?

Chapter Intro 1

The Greek City-States

Why do some political ideas live on, while others are discarded?

Chapter Intro 2

Classical Greece

What leads to rivalry between nations?

Chapter Intro 3

The Culture of Classical Greece

How has classical Greece influenced Western civilization?

Chapter Intro 4

Alexander and the Hellenistic Era

What makes a great leader?

Chapter Intro 5

Chapter Preview-End

The BIG Idea

Physical Geography The earliest Greek civilizations that appeared in the second millennium B.C. were influenced by their physical environment.

Section 1-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary

• epic poem

• arete

Academic Vocabulary

• participate

• debated

Section 1-Key Terms

People, Places, and Events

• Aegean Sea

• Minoan

• Black Sea

• Mycenaean

• Bronze Age

• Homer

• • Crete

Ionia

Section 1-Key Terms

Do you agree or disagree that today’s societies are not dependent on geography?

A. Agree

B. Disagree

A. A B. B

0%

Section 1-Polling Question

The Impact of Geography

The mountains that divided Greece led to cultural and political divisions between Greeks. However, the seas linked Greece to the rest of the world.

Section 1

The Impact of Geography (cont.)

• The mountains and the sea played especially significant roles in the development of Greek history.

• About 80 percent of Greece is mountainous.

These mountains caused Greek communities to develop uniquely and independently from each other.

The Impact of Geography

Section 1

The Impact of Geography (cont.)

• It is likely that the small size of independent

communities encouraged more of the population to participate in politics.

• Greece is made up of a peninsula and numerous islands surrounded by the Aegean, Mediterranean, and Ionian Seas.

Section 1

• Access to the Aegean, Mediterranean, and Black Seas enabled the Greeks to make contact with the outside world.

Why is it assumed that many of the Greek people participated in politics?

A. They lived in small, independent

communities.

B. They were well educated.

C. They lived by the seas.

D. They had contact with outside

0%

Section 1

communities. A. A B. B C. C D. D

Minoans and Mycenaeans

The Mycenaeans created the first Greek civilization.

Section 1

Minoans and Mycenaeans (cont.)

• By 2800 B.C., the Minoan civilization existed

on the island of Crete.

• This Bronze Age society influenced Greek

civilization.

Section 1

• The first Greek state was developed by the Mycenaean Greeks, an Indo-European people who lived on the mainland of Greece.

Minoans and Mycenaeans (cont.)

• The Mycenaean Greeks were a warrior

people who built fortresses and maintained loose alliances.

Section 1

• According to Homer, the Mycenaean Greeks conquered Troy around 1250 B.C. Scholars have debated whether this event was factual or a legend.

What event is told in poetic form by Homer?

A. Mycenaean Greeks capturing Minoa

B. Mycenaean Greeks conquering Troy

C. Mycenaean Greeks capturing Crete

D. Mycenaean Greeks suffering a devastating earthquake

0%

Section 1

A. A B. B C. C D. D

Greeks in the Dark Age

Greek civilization was slow to recover from the several centuries of instability that followed the fall of the Mycenaeans.

Section 1

Greeks in the Dark Age (cont.)

• Following the collapse of the Mycenaean empire, Greece entered the Dark Age.

• Many Greeks left Greece for Ionia.

• Homer’s epic poems, the Iliad and the

Odyssey appear near the end of the Dark Age.

Section 1

• The values taught by Homer were courage and honor as shown by the arete of Greek heroes.

Why is Homer thought to have “created” Greek history?

A. He wrote down everything he saw.

B. He created a library to contain

Greek works.

C. He taught Greeks how to read

and write.

0%

D. His literary works gave Greeks

Section 1

an ideal past and national heroes. A. A B. B C. C D. D

Section 1-End

The BIG Idea

Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Differences between Athenian and Spartan values led to different forms of government.

Section 2-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary

• • polis

tyrant

• acropolis

• democracy

• agora

• oligarchy

• hoplite

• helot

• phalanx

• ephor

Section 2-Key Terms

Academic Vocabulary

• • assemble

implies

People and Places

• Hellespont

• Athens

• Bosporus

• Solon

• Byzantium

• Cleisthenes

• Sparta

Section 2-Key Terms

Do you think most communities had a centralized area where people met for political and social activities?

A. Yes

B. No

A. A B. B

0%

Section 2-Polling Question

Polis: The Center of Greek Life

The polis or city-state was the central focus of Greek life. The citizens of a polis had defined rights and responsibilities, as well as a strong identity and loyalty that kept the city-states divided.

Section 2

Polis: The Center of Greek Life (cont.)

• By 750 B.C., the polis had become the

central focus of Greek life, where people would meet for political, social, and religious activities.

• The main gathering area was usually the

acropolis, a fortified area at the top of a hill.

• People would assemble in the agora, which

Section 2

was an open area below the acropolis.

Polis: The Center of Greek Life (cont.)

• Citizens of the Greek polis had rights and

responsibilities.

• The military system of the ancient Greeks

Section 2

was based on soldiers called hoplites who fought in a military formation known as a phalanx.

What is the term for the city-state of ancient Greece?

A. Phalanx

B. Polis

C. Agora

D. Acropolis

0%

Section 2

A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

Greek Expansion

The search for farmland and the growth of trade resulted in colonization and the spread of Greek culture and political ideas.

Section 2

Greek Expansion (cont.)

• Ancient Greeks sought more farmland and

trade bases. They established colonies along the Mediterranean Sea and on Hellespont and Bosporus straits.

• The most notable of these colonies was

Section 2

Byzantium, the site of the present-day city of Istanbul.

Greek Expansion (cont.)

• The Greeks grew wealthy trading pottery, wine, and olive oil in exchange for grains, metals, timber, and slaves.

• The expansion of trade and industry gave rise to a new group of men who used their wealth to seize power. Tyrants were rulers who seized control yet were not oppressive, as our word for tyrant implies.

Greek Colonies and Trade, 750–550 B.C.

Section 2

Greek Expansion (cont.)

• The age of tyrants did not last, and as a

result, many more people became involved in politics.

• Many of the city-states developed either

Section 2

democracy or oligarchy.

What was the impact of Greek colonization?

A. Wealth that bolstered the

Greek economy

B. The end of the polis system

C. The end of democracy and

oligarchy

0%

D. The unification of the Greek

Section 2

city-states A. A B. B C. C 0% D. D

Two Rival City-States

Sparta and Athens developed different systems of government.

Section 2

Two Rival City-States (cont.)

• Beginning around 730 B.C., the city-state of

Sparta became a dominant military state and conquered several of its neighbors.

• These conquered peoples were known as

helots and became serfs who were made to work for the Spartans.

• All males in Sparta spent their childhood

Section 2

learning military discipline joined the military at age 20. Philosophy, literature, and travel were discouraged.

Two Rival City-States (cont.)

• The Spartan government was headed by two

kings, called ephors, who were elected annually and were in charge of education and the conduct of citizens.

• Around 700 B.C., Athens had become a

Section 2

unified polis on the peninsula of Attica. A small number of aristocrats owned the best land and headed the government as an oligarchy.

Two Rival City-States (cont.)

• Solon solved the economic problems of

Athens by canceling land debts and freeing those enslaved due to debt.

• Another reformer named Cleisthenes

Section 2

created a council of 500 men to oversee governmental affairs. This assembly created the foundations of Athenian democracy.

Which of the following activities would have been encouraged in Spartan society?

A. Studying literary works

B. Traveling to other city-states

C. Physical fitness training

0%

D. Studying philosophy

Section 2

A. A B. B C. C D. D

Section 2-End

The BIG Idea

Competition Between Countries Athens’s growing power led to conflict with Sparta.

Section 3-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary

• Age of Pericles

• ostracism

• direct democracy

Academic Vocabulary

• classical

• strategy

Section 3-Key Terms

People and Places

• Asia Minor

• Darius

• Xerxes

• Delian League

• Delos

• Pericles

• Thebes

• Macedonia

Section 3-Key Terms

Do you think forming alliances strengthens or weakens independent societies?

A. Strengthens

B. Weakens

A. A B. B

0%

Section 3-Polling Question

The Challenge of Persia

The Greek states of Athens and Sparta formed alliances to defeat the Persian invaders.

Section 3

The Challenge of Persia (cont.)

• The Persian Empire captured the Ionian

Greek cities in western Asia Minor during the mid-sixth century B.C.

• The Persian ruler Darius wanted revenge

Section 3

against Athens for assisting a failed rebellion by the Ionian cities.

The Challenge of Persia (cont.)

• In 490 B.C., the Persian army led by Darius

was defeated by the Athenians.

• In 480 B.C., Xerxes led an other Persian

invasion of Greece.

• Athenians, Spartans, and other Greeks

united and defeated the Persian invaders in 479 B.C.

Persian Wars, 499–479 B.C.

Section 3

How did the Greeks defeat the Persians?

A. The use of iron weapons

B. The Spartan army

C. Forming an alliance

D. Using helots as soldiers

0%

Section 3

A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

The Athenian Empire

During the Age of Pericles, Athens became the center of Greek culture.

Section 3

The Athenian Empire (cont.)

• In 478 B.C., the Athenians created a

defensive alliance against the Persians known as the Delian League. Its headquarters was on the island of Delos.

• Pericles became a prominent leader in

Section 3

Athenian politics between 461 and 429 B.C. He expanded democracy to enable all male citizens to play a role in the government.

The Athenian Empire (cont.)

• The Age of Pericles witnessed an

expansion of the empire abroad and the creation of direct democracy at home.

• Historians consider this period of classical Athenian and Greek history as the height of Athenian power and brilliance. Art, architecture, and philosophy flourished.

Comparing Democratic Systems

Section 3

The Athenian Empire (cont.)

• Under the practice of ostracism, any person who had their name written by at least 6,000 members of the assembly would be banned from the city for 10 years.

Section 3

• The Athenian economy was based largely on farming and trade. Due to the shortage of farmland, importing grain and other crops was important to the society.

The Athenian Empire (cont.)

Section 3

• The primary function of the family was to produce new citizens by having children. Slaves and other dependent relatives were often considered family as well.

What was the main function of the family in classical Greece?

A. Involvement in politics

B. Military service

C. Producing children

D. Trading for grains and other

0%

needed goods

Section 3

A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

The Great Peloponnesian War

The creation of an Athenian empire led to tensions with Sparta and, eventually, war.

Section 3

The Great Peloponnesian War (cont.)

• The growing rivalry between Sparta and

Athens led to the outbreak of war.

• In 431 B.C., the Great Peloponnesian War

began.

• The two rivals had differing strategies on

how to win the war.

Peloponnesian War, 431–404 B.C.

Section 3

The Great Peloponnesian War (cont.)

• The Spartan army surrounded Athens.

Athens relied on its navy and defensive walls for protection.

• After 25 years of war, Sparta was victorious.

• While Sparta, Athens, and Thebes struggled

Section 3

to dominate Greek affairs, the empire of Macedonia to the north grew stronger.

How did the Great Peloponnesian War weaken the Greek city-states?

A. The war killed most of the adult males.

B. They were not able to cooperate

with each other.

C. Most of the ships were

destroyed.

D. Trade was interrupted and

0%

Section 3

food was scarce. A. A B. B C. C D. D

Section 3-End

The BIG Idea

Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Ideas from the classical age of Greece helped to shape Western civilization.

Section 4-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary

• ritual

• philosophy

• oracle

• Socratic method

• tragedy

Academic Vocabulary

• ethics

• method

Section 4-Key Terms

People and Places

• Olympus

• Thucydides

• Delphi

• Pythagoras

• Aeschylus

• Sophists

• Sophocles

• Socrates

• Euripides

• Plato

• Herodotus

• Aristotle

Section 4-Key Terms

Do you think separation of government and religion is important in order for societies to develop?

A. Yes

B. No

A. A B. B

0%

Section 4-Polling Question

Greek Religion

Greek religion was fundamental to Greek society and is remembered today for the Olympic Games and Greek drama, which were part of religious festivals.

Section 4

Greek Religion (cont.)

• Greek religion was centered around gods and goddesses who controlled the lives of the Greeks.

• The gods and goddesses were thought to live on Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece.

Olympian Gods

Section 4

Greek Religion (cont.)

• To keep the gods happy, the ancient Greeks relied on rituals. These rituals could include festivals and athletic events.

• To learn the will of the gods, the ancient

Greeks used the oracle.

Section 4

• The most famous oracle was the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, where representatives of states were sent for consultation.

How did the Greeks honor their gods and goddesses?

A. Oracles

B. Military conquest

C. Rituals and festivals

D. Traveling to Olympus

0%

A. A B. B C. C D. D

Section 4

Classical Greek Arts and Literature

Greece produced groundbreaking art and literature that is still considered relevant.

Section 4

Classical Greek Arts and Literature (cont.)

• Greek architecture was centered around

principles of calmness, clarity, and freedom from unnecessary detail.

• The most important form of architecture was the temple, dedicated to a god or goddess.

• The use of marble columns was common

Section 4

after the fifth century B.C.

Classical Greek Arts and Literature (cont.)

• Greek sculptors sought a standard of ideal beauty, and the nude male was the favorite subject.

• The first Greek dramas were tragedies, and

were presented in a trilogy.

Section 4

• Today, the only complete tragedy we possess is called Oresteia written by Aeschylus.

Classical Greek Arts and Literature (cont.)

• Sophocles was a playwright from Athens who was noted for his work Oedipus Rex.

• Euripides questioned traditional values and developed complex plots and characters.

• Greek comedies, developed later, used puns

Section 4

and satire to criticize politicians and intellectuals.

Classical Greek Arts and Literature (cont.)

• Herodotus wrote History of the Persian

Wars, which is often seen as the first real history in Western civilization.

Section 4

• Thucydides is often considered the greatest historian of the ancient world; he attempted to portray history fairly and accurately.

Who wrote the only complete Greek tragedy that we possess today?

A. Sophocles

B. Herodotus

C. Thucydides

D. Aeschylus

0%

A. A B. B C. C D. D

Section 4

Greek Philosophy

Three great Greek philosophers— Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle— established the foundations of Western philosophy.

Section 4

Greek Philosophy (cont.)

• Philosophy refers to an organized system of

thought.

• Many philosophers in ancient Greece sought

answers to question of the nature of the universe through rational thought.

• Pythagoras taught that the essence of the

Section 4

universe could be found in music and numbers.

Greek Philosophy (cont.)

• A group of traveling teachers, known as

Sophists, did not believe that it was possible to understand the universe and rejected the ideas of other philosophers. They believed it was more important for individuals to improve themselves.

Section 4

• Three Greek philosophers—Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle—established the foundations of Western philosophy.

Greek Philosophy (cont.)

• Socrates

− Sculptor whose true love was philosophy

− Believed the goal of education was to

improve the individual

− Taught students to live their lives by a code

Section 4

of ethics

Greek Philosophy (cont.)

Section 4

– He used a method of teaching in a question-and-answer format to lead students to find answers for themselves. This Socratic Method is still used today.

Greek Philosophy (cont.)

• Plato

− Student of Socrates who was fascinated with

the question of reality

− Wrote his ideas of government in a work

entitled The Republic

− Considered by many to be the greatest

Section 4

philosopher of Western civilization

Greek Philosophy (cont.)

• Aristotle

− Student of Plato who believed that people’s

happiness is tied to their behavior

− Interested in classifying and analyzing things

based on observation and investigation

− Studied natural science by making and

Section 4

recording observations, laying the foundations of the scientific method

Greek Philosophy (cont.)

• Aristotle

− He did not seek an ideal state, but rather studied existing governments and favored constitutional government.

Section 4

− Often viewed as the most influential thinker in the Western world, his ideas are still studied today.

Who were the basic groups of people in Plato’s ideal state?

A. Philosophers, aristocrats, and slaves

B. Philosopher-kings, warriors,

and producers

C. Teachers, students, and the

uneducated

0%

D. Government officials, warriors, and slaves

A. A B. B C. C D. D

Section 4

Section 4-End

The BIG Idea

Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Greek culture spread to new lands.

Section 5-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary

• Hellenistic Era

• Stoicism

• Epicureanism

Academic Vocabulary

• • subsidizing

founder

Section 5-Key Terms

People and Places

• Macedonia

• Euclid

• Philip II

• Archimedes

• Alexander the Great

• Alexandria

• Pergamum

• Eratosthenes

Section 5-Key Terms

Do you agree that America has military heroes that all citizens know about?

A. Yes

B. No

A. A B. B

0%

Section 5-Polling Question

Macedonians Invade Greece

Under Alexander the Great, Macedonians and Greeks conquered the Persian Empire.

Section 5

Macedonians Invade Greece (cont.)

• Macedonia was a rural region north of

Greece.

• In 338 B.C., Phillip II invaded Greece and

defeated an alliance of Greek states at the Battle of Chaeronea.

Section 5

• Alexander the Great continued the plan of his deceased father Phillip II and conquered Persia after he took the throne at age 20.

Macedonians Invade Greece (cont.)

• Alexander and his army captured western Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt.

• He built Alexandria as the Greek capital in

Egypt.

• In 331 B.C., Alexander captured the rest of the Persian Empire. His army traveled east through what is now Pakistan and reached India.

The Empire of Alexander the Great, 323 B.C.

Section 5

Macedonians Invade Greece (cont.)

• Alexander created an enormous legacy. He extended Macedonian control over vast areas, bringing wealth and new ideas to Greece, while Greek culture spread throughout North Africa and Southwest Asia.

The Empire of Alexander the Great, 323 B.C.

Section 5

Which of the following areas were not conquered by Alexander the Great?

A. Egypt

B. Palestine

C. Italy

D. Syria

0%

Section 5

A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

The Hellenistic Era

As a result of Alexander’s conquests, Hellenistic cities became centers for the spread of Greek language, art, architecture, and literature.

Section 5

The Hellenistic Era (cont.)

• Alexander the Great ushered in a new age,

the Hellenistic Era, which saw the spread of Greek culture and ideas to Southwest Asia and beyond.

Section 5

• Alexander’s unified kingdom did not last, and four Hellenistic kingdoms arose: Macedonia, Syria, Egypt, and Pergamum in western Asia Minor.

The Hellenistic Era (cont.)

• The cities of the Hellenistic Age were built in the Greek image and became centers of culture.

Section 5

• Literature was highly prized, and Hellenistic leaders spent large amounts subsidizing writers.

The Hellenistic Era (cont.)

• Hellenistic scientists and mathematicians:

− Aristarchus developed a theory that Earth

revolves around sun.

− Eratosthenes determined that Earth was

round and calculated Earth’s circumference to within 185 miles.

Section 5

− Euclid wrote Elements, a textbook on geometry that is still studied today.

The Hellenistic Era (cont.)

• Hellenistic scientists and mathematicians:

Section 5

− Archimedes established the mathematical value of pi and created many inventions.

The Hellenistic Era (cont.)

• Two new systems of thought, Epicureanism

and Stoicism, were studied in Athens.

− Epicurus, the founder of Epicureanism, taught that people had to free themselves from public activity in order to follow their own self-interests to find happiness.

− Followers of Stoicism believed that by

Section 5

living in harmony with the will of God that they could bear whatever life offered.

Which of the following was not a Hellenistic kingdom that succeeded Alexander?

A. Macedonia

B. Constantinople

C. Syria

0%

D. Pergamum

Section 5

A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

Section 5-End

EARLY GREECE AND THE POLIS

• Greek civilization emerged with the Mycenaeans, who reflected aristocratic and warrior values; later these were celebrated in Homer’s epics.

• A difficult Dark Age dispersed

Greeks in colonies around the Mediterranean.

• The polis, or city-state, became the central unit of

Greek political and social life.

• Sparta and Athens, the leading city-states, followed very different ideals; in Athens democracy emerged.

VS 1

CLASSICAL GREECE

• To defend their lands, the Greeks fought and defeated the Persians.

• Under Pericles, Athens embraced democracy at home but not in the empire.

• Sparta destroyed Athenian

domination, ending the classical age.

• Greek drama probed eternal questions, while Greek

philosophy pioneered rational thought.

• Greeks wrote the first analytical history, while balance

and harmony guided their art and architecture.

VS 2

THE HELLENISTIC AGE

• Alexander the Great unified Greece, then spread its culture as he conquered other lands.

• Hellenistic kingdoms in Egypt, Persia, and elsewhere absorbed Greek language and culture.

VS 3

VS-End

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epic poem

Vocab1

a long poem, such as the Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer, that tells the deeds of a great hero

arete

Vocab2

in early Greece, the qualities of excellence that a hero strives to achieve in a struggle or contest

participate

Vocab3

to take part

debated

Vocab4

discussed by considering opposing viewpoints

polis

Vocab5

the early Greek city-state, consisting of a city or town and its surrounding countryside

acropolis

Vocab6

in early Greek city-states, a fortified gathering place at the top of a hill that was sometimes the site of temples and public buildings

agora

Vocab7

in early Greek city-states, an open area that served as a gathering place and as a market

hoplite

Vocab8

in the early Greek military system, a heavily armed foot soldier

phalanx

Vocab9

a wall of shields created by foot soldiers marching shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular formation

tyrant

Vocab10

a ruler who seized power by force from the aristocrats, gained support from the newly rich and the poor, and maintained power by using hired soldiers

democracy

Vocab11

“the rule of the many,” government by the people, either directly or through their elected representatives

oligarchy

Vocab12

“the rule of the few,” a form of government in which a select group of people exercises control

helot

Vocab13

in ancient Sparta, a captive person who was forced to work for the conqueror

ephor

Vocab14

one of the five men elected each year in ancient Sparta who were responsible for the education of youth and the conduct of all citizens

assemble

Vocab15

to gather; to meet together

implies

Vocab16

expresses indirectly through reference or association

Age of Pericles

Vocab17

the period between 461 B.C. and 429 B.C. when Pericles dominated Athenian politics and Athens reached the height of its power

direct democracy

Vocab18

a system of government in which the people participate directly in government decision making through mass meetings

ostracism

Vocab19

in ancient Athens, the process for temporarily banning ambitious politicians from the city by popular vote

classical

Vocab20

authoritative, traditional; relating to the literature, art, architecture, or ideals of the ancient Greek and Roman world

strategy

Vocab21

a plan or method

ritual

Vocab22

a ceremony or a rite

oracle

Vocab23

in ancient Greece, a sacred shrine where a god or goddess was said to reveal the future through a priest or priestess

tragedy

Vocab24

a form of drama that portrays a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force and has a protagonist who is brought to ruin or extreme sorrow, especially as a result of a fatal flaw

philosophy

Vocab25

an organized system of thought, from the Greek for “love of wisdom”

Socratic method

Vocab26

the method of teaching used by the Greek philosopher Socrates that employs a question-and-answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason

ethics

Vocab27

moral principles; generally recognized rules of conduct

method

Vocab28

a systematic plan for doing something

Hellenistic Era

Vocab29

the age of Alexander the Great; period when the Greek language and ideas were carried to the non- Greek world

Epicureanism

Vocab30

school of thought developed by the philosopher Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens; it held that happiness is the chief goal in life, and the means to achieve happiness was the pursuit of pleasure

Stoicism

Vocab31

a school of thought developed by the teacher Zeno in Hellenistic Athens; it says that happiness can be achieved only when people gain inner peace by living in harmony with the will of God and that people should bear whatever life offers

subsidizing

Vocab32

aiding or promoting with public money

founder

Vocab33

one who founds or establishes

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