Bài giảng Lịch sử thế giới Glencoe - Chương 1: Loài người đầu tiên (Thời tiền sử

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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: Early Humans

Section 2: The Neolithic

Revolution

Visual Summary

Chapter Menu

These cave paintings in Lascaux, France, illustrate the animals early people hunted 17,000 years ago during the Ice Age. Images like these give us glimpses into the life of early humans. In this chapter, you will learn how humans gradually shifted from temporary to permanent settlements and began establishing civilizations.

• How do you think the first humans got their food?

• How would you define civilization?

Chapter Intro

What is civilization?

Chapter Intro

Early Humans

What important developments took place in the Paleolithic Age?

Chapter Intro 1

The Neolithic Revolution and the Rise of Civilization

How does agriculture affect our society?

Chapter Intro 2

Chapter Preview-End

The BIG Idea

Physical Geography Human life developed in different stages over millions of years, and by 10,000 B.C., Homo sapiens sapiens had spread throughout the world.

Section 1-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary

• prehistory

• hominid

• archaeology

• Australopithecus

• artifact

• Homo sapiens sapiens

• • anthropology

“out-of-Africa” theory

• fossil

Academic Vocabulary

• theory

• survive

Section 1-Key Terms

People and Places

• Olduvai Gorge

• Paleolithic Age

Section 1-Key Terms

Do you agree that we have more to learn about our society by understanding early humans?

A. Yes

B. No

A. A B. B

0%

Section 1-Polling Question

Before History

Scientists use fossils and artifacts as clues to how early humans lived.

Section 1

Before History (cont.)

• Prehistory is the time before writing was

developed.

• Archaeology is the study of past societies through the analysis of artifacts such as tools, weapons, art, buildings.

• Anthropology is the study of human life and

culture.

Section 1

• Anthropologists use artifacts and fossils to create a picture of peoples’ everyday lives.

Before History (cont.)

• Methods of dating fossils and artifacts:

– Radiocarbon dating

– Thermo-luminescence

– Microscopic and biological analysis

Archaeological Finds

Section 1

On which of the following fossils would radiocarbon dating be useful?

A. Dinosaurs

B. Humans

C. Tools

D. Rocks

Section 1

A. A B. B C. C D. D

Early Development

Using remains and technology, scientists identify important stages in human development.

Section 1

Early Development (cont.)

• Hominids are the earliest humanlike

creatures that first appeared in Africa four million years ago and slowly changed over time.

Section 1

• Skeletal remains were found by Louis and Mary Leakey at Olduvai Gorge in 1959.

Early Development (cont.)

• Types of early hominids:

– Australopithecus:

• “southern ape”

• one example was named "Lucy"

• approximately 3.5 million years old

Section 1

Early Development (cont.)

– Homo habilis:

• “handy human”

• lived 2.5 to 1.6 million years ago

• larger brain

• may have used stone tools

Section 1

Early Development (cont.)

– Homo erectus:

• “upright human”

• lived 1.8 million to 100,000 years ago

• first hominid to have arms and legs in modern human proportion

• probably the first to leave Africa

Section 1

Early Development (cont.)

– Homo sapiens:

• “wise human”

• lived around 100,000 to 200,000 years ago

• rapid brain growth

• mastered fire

Section 1

Early Development (cont.)

– Neanderthals

• descended from Homo sapiens

• lived around 100,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago

• made clothes from animal skins and buried

their dead

Section 1

Early Development (cont.)

– Homo sapiens sapiens:

• “wise, wise human”

• also descended from Homo sapiens

• appeared in Africa between 150,000 and

200,000 years ago

• first to have modern anatomy

Section 1

Early Development (cont.)

• spread around the globe around 100,000 years ago in search of food and hunting grounds, replacing populations in Europe and Asia (“out-of-Africa” theory)

• all human life belongs to this subgroup of

human beings

Section 1

Which of the following groups of hominids are ordered from those that developed the earliest to those that developed the most recently?

A. Neanderthal, Homo sapiens, Homo habilis, Homo erectus

B. Homo habilis, Homo sapiens, Neanderthal, Homo erectus

C. Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, Neanderthal

0%

D. Homo habilis, Neanderthal,

A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

Homo erectus, Homo sapiens

Section 1

The Paleolithic Age

Early humans used fire, made tools, and adapted to survive.

Section 1

The Paleolithic Age (cont.)

• The Paleolithic Age refers to the early period of history when humans used stone tools.

• Paleolithic people were hunter-gatherers who lived a nomadic lifestyle. They made tools, clothing, shelter, and fire.

Section 1

• The roles of men and women were probably considered equal due to the division of labor.

The Paleolithic Age (cont.)

• The ability to start fire helped Paleolithic humans spread farther around the globe including to colder climates.

• Art found in caves around the world shows

its importance to early humans.

Chauvet Cave

Section 1

Which was not a way humans used fire in the Paleolithic Age?

A. Warmth

B. Light

C. Cooking

D. Clothing and shelter

0%

Section 1

A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

Section 1-End

The BIG Idea

Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Systematic agriculture brought huge economic, political, and social changes for early humans.

Section 2-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary

• systematic agriculture

• civilization

• domestication

• monarch

• artisan

• priest

• culture

Academic Vocabulary

• revolution

role

Section 2-Key Terms

People and Places

• Neolithic Revolution

• Mesoamericans

• Çatalhüyük

• Bronze Age

• Iron Age

Section 2-Key Terms

Do you agree that the Neolithic Revolution was a revolutionary change?

A. Yes

B. No

A. A B. B

0%

Section 2-Polling Question

The Neolithic Revolution

Civilization developed from the agricultural revolution of the Neolithic Age.

Section 2

The Neolithic Revolution (cont.)

• The Neolithic Revolution was marked by

the shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to systematic agriculture.

• During the Neolithic Age (8000 to 4000 B.C.)

humans began planting crops. The domestication of animals also occurred during this period.

Number of Farms in the U.S., 1940–2004

Section 2

The Neolithic Revolution (cont.)

• Spread of agriculture around the world:

– 8000 B.C.: People in Southwest Asia grew wheat and barley and domesticated pigs, cows, goats, and sheep.

– 7000 B.C.: Mesoamericans in the Western Hemisphere grew beans, squash, and maize. They domesticated dogs and fowl.

Spread of Farming

Section 2

The Neolithic Revolution (cont.)

– 6000 B.C.: In Africa, people grew wheat,

barley, yams, and bananas.

– 5000 B.C.: In China, farmers grew rice and

domesticated dogs and pigs.

Section 2

• As a result of a steady food supply, Neolithic people began living in settled communities, called Neolithic farming villages.

The Neolithic Revolution (cont.)

• In Çatalhüyük, people were able to enter

Section 2

other occupations other than farming. Skilled workers, such as artisans, made weapons and jewelry and traded them with neighboring people.

The Neolithic Revolution (cont.)

• Effects of the Neolithic Revolution:

– A surplus of food encouraged trade and

the division of labor.

Section 2

– Skilled workers, such as artisans, began to emerge. They developed more refined tools, weapons, and farming techniques.

The Neolithic Revolution (cont.)

– Roles of men and women changed. When

men’s jobs took them away from settlements, women stayed behind to raise children. Men began to play a more dominant role.

Section 2

– Villages developed into more complex and wealthy societies. To protect their wealth, they built armies and city walls. These farming villages led to the development of cities.

The Neolithic Revolution (cont.)

– Discovery of how to make metal tools

Section 2

brought an end to the Neolithic Age, which was followed by the Bronze Age and the Iron Age.

Which of the following would not have been found in Neolithic societies?

A. Weapons and jewelry

B. Sickles and hoes for

farming

C. Flax and cotton for clothing

0%

Section 2

D. Bronze and iron tools A. A B. B C. C 0% D. D

Civilization Emerges

Some villages grew into cities and became early civilizations.

Section 2

Civilization Emerges (cont.)

Section 2

• A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings who share a number of common elements live together.

Civilization Emerges (cont.)

• Common characteristics of the new

civilizations:

– Cities first developed in river valleys.

Large-scale farming was needed to feed a large population.

Section 2

– Governments were developed to maintain the food supply, protect the population, and organize and regulate human activity. They were usually led by monarchs.

Civilization Emerges (cont.)

– Religions were developed to explain the forces of nature and their roles in the world. Priests supervised rituals and became very important people.

– Social structures arose based on

Section 2

economic power. There were an upper class of rulers, priests, and warriors; a middle class of free people, farmers, and artisans; and a slave class.

Civilization Emerges (cont.)

– Writing was developed for record keeping

and creative expression.

– Significant architecture, paintings, and

Section 2

sculptures were seen in new civilizations.

Which of the following is not a geographic area where the earliest civilizations developed?

A. Egypt

B. England

C. India

0%

D. Mesopotamia

Section 2

A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

Section 2-End

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prehistory

Vocab1

the period before writing was developed

archaeology

Vocab2

the study of past societies through an analysis of the items people left behind them

artifact

Vocab3

tools, pottery, paintings, weapons, buildings, and household items left behind by early people

anthropology

Vocab4

the study of human life and culture based on artifacts and human fossils

fossil

Vocab5

a remnant or impression of an organism from a past geologic age that has been preserved in the earth’s crust

hominid

Vocab6

humans and other humanlike creatures that walk upright

Australopithecus

Vocab7

the earliest humanlike creature that flourished in eastern and southern Africa 3 to 4 million years ago

Homo sapiens sapiens

Vocab8

“wise, wise human,” a species that appeared in Africa between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago; they were the first anatomically modern humans

“out-of-Africa” theory

Vocab9

also called the replacement theory; this theory refers to when homo sapiens sapiens began spreading out of Africa to other parts of the world about 100,000 years ago and replacing populations of earlier hominids in Europe and Asia

theory

Vocab10

hypothesis or unproved assumption

survive

Vocab11

to remain alive or in existence

systematic agriculture

Vocab12

the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis

domestication

Vocab13

adaptation for human use

artisan

Vocab14

a skilled worker who makes products such as weapons and jewelry

culture

Vocab15

the way of life a people follows

civilization

Vocab16

a complex culture in which large numbers of people share a number of common elements such as social structure, religion, and art

monarch

Vocab17

a king or queen who rules a kingdom by organizing armies to protect their populations and making laws to regulate subjects’ lives

priest

Vocab18

in early urban civilizations, an important and powerful person who supervised rituals aimed at pleasing the gods and goddesses

revolution

Vocab19

a sudden, complete change; an overthrow of government

role

Vocab20

a socially expected behavior pattern

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