Thế giới Hồi giáo (600-1500): Bài giảng Lịch sử thế giới Glencoe

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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: The Rise of Islam

Section 2: The Arab Empire and

Its Successors

Section 3: Islamic Civilization

Section 4: The Culture of Islam

Visual Summary

Chapter Menu

Chapter Intro

How can cities survive for thousands of years? Damascus may be the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world and was conquered dozens of times. Caravan routes converged on the city, making it an important trade center. Today the marketplace in the old city sells food and clothing as well as the traditional handicrafts—high quality textiles, leather goods, filigreed gold, silver objects, inlaid wooden, copper, and brass articles—that made the city famous. • What might have been traded in addition to goods? • What makes cities survive?

Chapter Intro

The Rise of Islam

What are dominant religions in the world today?

Chapter Intro 1

The Arab Empire and Its Successors

Why do people convert to a different faith?

Chapter Intro 2

Islamic Civilization

What factors may have influenced social status in the Islamic Empire?

Chapter Intro 3

The Culture of Islam

How do the achievements of one culture help foster the growth of another?

Chapter Intro 4

Chapter Preview-End

The BIG Idea

Ideas, Beliefs, and Values In the 600s, the Arabian prophet Muhammad created the religion of Islam, which led to great changes in the social and political systems of Southwest Asia.

Section 1-Main Idea

• sheikh

• Hijrah

• Allah

• hajj

• Quran

• shari’ah

Islam

Content Vocabulary

• Academic Vocabulary

•

revelations

• submission

Section 1-Key Terms

• Arabian Peninsula

• Makkah

• Muhammad

• Khadija

• Muslims

• Madinah

• Bedouin

• Five Pillars of Islam

Section 1-Key Terms

People and Places

Would you feel comfortable traveling to a country in political disorder?

A. Yes

B. No

A. A B. B

0%

Section 1-Polling Question

The Arabs

After the domestication of the camel, the trade routes of the Arabs expanded. Communities prospered, but tension among the rich and poor increased.

Section 1

The Arabs (cont.)

• Arabs were nomadic people who lived on the Arabian Peninsula. They were farmers and herded animals.

• For survival, Arabic tribes organized to help

one another. Each tribe was ruled by sheikh.

• After the camel was domesticated, Arabs

Section 1

were able to expand the caravan trade into more of the desert.

The Arabs (cont.)

• Most Arabs were polytheistic but believed in

a supreme god called Allah.

• Makkah (Mecca) was an important city to

Section 1

the Arabs for religious and social purposes.

Why did the trade routes on the Arabian Peninsula become more popular?

A. There was political disorder in Mesopotamia and Egypt.

B. The Arabs built rest stops for people and animals.

C. A complex road system

0%

was developed.

A. A B. B C. C D. D

D. Maps became available to traders.

Section 1

The Life of Muhammad

The revelations of Muhammad led to the creation of the Islamic religion.

Section 1

The Life of Muhammad (cont.)

• Muhammad was married to a rich widow

named Khadija. He would soon become a prophet and start the religion of Islam.

• Muhammad was disturbed by greediness he witnessed in Makkah. While meditating in the hills, he received revelations from the angel Gabriel.

• These messages were eventually written

down in the holy book of Islam, the Quran.

Southwest Asia in Muhammad’s Time, c. 600

Section 1

The Life of Muhammad (cont.)

• The word Islam means “peace through

submission to the will of Allah.” Those who practice the religion of Islam are called Muslims.

• In 622 Muhammad and his followers traveled from Makkah to Madinah. This journey is known as the Hijrah.

• The people of Madinah and the bedouin

Section 1

became the first communities to convert to Islam.

The Life of Muhammad (cont.)

• Muhammad and his army returned to

Section 1

Makkah and converted the people to Islam. One of the Five Pillars of Islam is the hajj, or pilgrimage to Makkah.

At what age was Muhammad orphaned?

A. Four

B. Five

C. Six

D. Seven

0%

Section 1

A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

The Teachings of Muhammad

Islam, like Christianity and Judaism, is a monotheistic religion. Islam is also both a set of religious beliefs and a whole way of life.

Section 1

The Teachings of Muhammad (cont.)

• Islam is a monotheistic religion and offers the hope of an afterlife to all who follow the Five Pillars of Islam.

• Five Pillars of Islam:

– Belief–There is no deity but the One God

and Muhammad is his messenger.

Section 1

– Prayer–Muslims pray five times a day.

The Teachings of Muhammad (cont.)

– Charity–They give part of their wealth to

the poor.

– Fasting–During Ramadan, Muslims fast from food and drink from dawn to sunset.

– Pilgrimage–Believers make a pilgrimage to

Makkah at least once in their lifetime.

Section 1

• After Muhammad’s death, Muslim scholars also developed the shari’ah to regulate the daily life of Muslims.

How is Islam similar to Christianity and Judaism?

A. All three are monotheistic and believe in an afterlife.

B. All three use symbols

to represent their religion.

C. All three believe that

conversion is the main purpose of the religion.

0%

D. All three believe that clergy

are closer to God than the laity.

Section 1

A. A B. B C. C 0% D. D

Section 1-End

The BIG Idea

Order and Security After the death of Muhammad, his successors organized the Arabs and set in motion a great expansion.

Section 2-Main Idea

• caliph

• vizier

•

jihad

• sultan

• Shia

• mosque

• Sunni

Content Vocabulary

• oriented

• complex

Section 2-Key Terms

Academic Vocabulary

• Abū Bakr

• Saladin

• Mu‘āwiyah

• Mongols

• Umayyad dynasty

• Battle of Tours

• Abbasid dynasty

• Baghdad

• Hārūn al-Rashīd

• Seljuk Turks

Section 2-Key Terms

People, Places, and Events

When people are dissatisfied with a political leader the community is weakened.

A. Agree

B. Disagree

A. A B. B

0%

Section 2-Polling Question

Creation of an Arab Empire

Islam grew under the rule of Muhammad’s successors, but there was constant tension over choosing who should rule the empire.

Section 2

Creation of an Arab Empire (cont.)

• Muhammad was the accepted political and

religious leader of the Islamic world. Following his death, the lack of a named successor or a male heir created problems of succession.

• Muhammad had daughters, but in a male-

Section 2

oriented society they would not be accepted as leaders.

Creation of an Arab Empire (cont.)

• Muhammad’s father-in-law, Abū Bakr, was

named Muhammad’s successor. He traveled with Muhammad and was his chief advisor.

• In 632 Abū Bakr was named caliph.

Section 2

• Under Abū Bakr’s leadership, the Islamic Empire expanded. The Quran permitted jihad, which was the justification for expansion.

Creation of an Arab Empire (cont.)

• The Arab army was led by brilliant generals

and courageous soldiers who were bolstered by the belief that Muslim warriors were guaranteed a place in paradise if they died in battle.

• The Arab conquerors were tolerant of the

peoples in the empire. Conversion to Islam was not required of the people.

Spread of Islam, 632–750

Section 2

How was Muhammad’s successor chosen?

A. His children became the

rulers of Islam.

B. Abū Bakr defeated rebel forces in a civil war.

0%

C. Abū Bakr was chosen caliph because of his closeness with Muhammad.

D. Abū Bakr was elected because of his

A. A B. B C. C D. D

wealth and fame.

Section 2

The Umayyads

Under the rule of the Umayyad dynasty, the Islamic Empire made many conquests, but there were internal struggles that led to a division of the community.

Section 2

The Umayyads (cont.)

• The two caliphs following Abū Bakr were assassinated. In 656 Muhammad’s son-in- law, Ali, became caliph. He too would be assassinated after five years of rule.

• In 661 the governor of Syria, General

Section 2

Mu'āwiyah became caliph. He was known for using force only when necessary.

The Umayyads (cont.)

• Mu′āwiyah made the office of caliph

hereditary for his family. He established the Umayyad dynasty and moved the capital from Madinah to Damascus in Syria.

Section 2

• The Arab Empire under Umayyad leadership extended its boundaries into Asia Minor and Spain. In 732 the Arab forces were defeated at the Battle of Tours, ending the expansion into Europe.

The Umayyads (cont.)

• The Umayyad dynasty had gained wealth

from its large empire and was influenced by the different cultures of the Persians and Byzantines.

• A revolt in 680 led to a split in Islam that

Section 2

exists today. Hussein, the son of Ali, led a rebellion against Umayyad rule and was defeated.

The Umayyads (cont.)

• Islam was split into two groups. The Shia

Muslims accept only the descendants of Ali as the true rulers of Islam. Sunni Muslims accepted the Umayyads as the rulers of Islam.

Arab Campaigns into France

Section 2

What caused the split in Islam?

A. Muhammad’s daughters

wanted to rule the empire.

B. Disagreement over the caliphate between descendants of Ali and the Umayyad rulers.

0%

C. Disagreement over the

Five Pillars.

D. Disagreement between Arabs and non-Arabs over

political control of the empire.

Section 2

A. A B. B C. C D. D

The Abbasid Dynasty

Under the Abbasid dynasty, Islam experienced prosperity and a new cultural outlook.

Section 2

The Abbasid Dynasty (cont.)

• Non-Arabs resented the increasingly corrupt government of the Umayyad rule. In 750, Abū al-′Abbās overthrew the Umayyad dynasty and set up the Abbasid dynasty.

• The Abbasids moved the capital to Baghdad

on the Tigris River.

• Persian influence encouraged a new cultural

Section 2

outlook, and judges, merchants, and government officials replaced warriors as the ideal citizens.

The Abbasid Dynasty (cont.)

• The golden age of the Abbasid caliphate

occurred with the rule of Hārūn al-Rashīd. The bureaucracy of the government became more complex, and a vizier advised the caliph.

Section 2

• Financial and political corruption weakened the empire, and the provinces of the empire began to break away.

What was the result of the Abbasids’ decision to relocate the capital to Baghdad?

A. Non-Arabs revolted.

B. Abbasid and Umayyad

dynasties had a civil war.

0%

C. The empire was weakened.

D. There was an increase in A. A B. B C. C D. D

Section 2

Persian influence and wealth from trade.

Seljuk Turks and the Crusades

Political turmoil disrupted Southwest Asia after the Seljuk Turks became a powerful military force.

Section 2

Seljuk Turks and the Crusades (cont.)

• In Egypt, the Fatimid dynasty grew strong

from trade and created a strong army of non- native soldiers. One of these groups was the Seljuk Turks.

• The Seljuk Turks were a nomadic people

from Asia who had distinguished themselves in battle. In 1055, a Turkish commander captured Baghdad and proclaimed himself sultan.

Abbasid Empire, 800

Section 2

Seljuk Turks and the Crusades (cont.)

• In 1071, the Byzantine Empire attacked the Turks at Manzikert in modern-day Turkey. The Byzantines were easily defeated and looked to Europe for help.

• In 1096, the first crusades began to retake

Muslim areas.

• After initial success against the Muslims,

Section 2

Christian forces were expelled by Saladin in 1169.

What event led to the Crusades?

A. The Byzantines were routed at Manzikert by Arab forces.

B. The rise of the Fatimid

dynasty in Egypt.

0%

C. The death of Alexius I.

Section 2

D. The invasion of Europe by the Muslims. A. A B. B C. C D. D

The Mongols

The violent invasion of the Mongols destroyed the old Islamic Empire established by the Arabs and created a new center of Islamic civilization in Cairo, Egypt.

Section 2

The Mongols (cont.)

• The Mongols were a pastoral, horse-riding people who lived in the Gobi region of Asia.

• These nomadic warriors were destructive and attempted to create terror to prevent people from fighting back.

Section 2

• Led by leaders such as Ghengis Khan and Kublai Khan, the Mongols an empire that stretched from the Sea of Japan to the Caspian Sea.

The Mongols (cont.)

• The Mongols captured Persia and

Mesopotamia, ending the Abbasid dynasty. The Mongols destroyed schools, libraries, mosques, and palaces.

• Over time, the Mongols settled in the

Section 2

conquered areas and converted to Islam. The new center of Islamic civilization became Cairo, in Egypt.

Where did the Mongols come from?

A. Western Greece

B. Southern Egypt

C. Northern China

D. Eastern India

0%

Section 2

A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

Section 2-End

The BIG Idea

Struggle for Rights Though Islamic teaching says that all people are equal under Allah, this was not strictly the case in the Arab Empire.

Section 3-Main Idea

• bazaar

• dowry

Content Vocabulary

• compiled

• eroded

Section 3-Key Terms

Academic Vocabulary

• Morocco

• Caspian Sea

• Fatimids

• Córdoba

Section 3-Key Terms

People and Places

Does your community meet your needs for your lifestyle?

A. Yes

B. No

A. A B. B

0%

Section 3-Polling Question

Prosperity in the Islamic World

Growing trade and favorable geography allowed both urban and rural areas to flourish during the period of the Arab Empire.

Section 3

Prosperity in the Islamic World (cont.)

• The Arab Empire was prosperous due to its trading system. Extensive trade was carried out within the empire and extended from Morocco to the Caspian Sea.

• Cities such as Baghdad, Cairo, and

Section 3

Damascus were commercial and cultural centers in the Arab Empire.

Prosperity in the Islamic World (cont.)

• The Fatimids made Cairo one the greatest

cities in the empire and in the world.

• Islamic cities, such the capital of Umayyad Spain, Córdoba, had a distinct physical appearance. Mosques and political buildings were built to be impressive.

Trade in Southwest Asia, 737–1212

Section 3

Prosperity in the Islamic World (cont.)

• Public buildings and bazaars were an

important part of Muslim cities.

Section 3

• Even though the Arab Empire was more urbanized than other areas, most of the people still made their living by farming.

Which of the following was not one of the great cultural cities of the Arab Empire?

A. Venice

B. Cairo

C. Damascus

0%

D. Baghdad

Section 3

A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

Islamic Society

According to Islamic teaching, all groups are equal under the eyes of Allah. However, this was not strictly the case in the Arab Empire.

Section 3

Islamic Society (cont.)

• Allah’s teachings were compiled in the Quran to teach Muslims how to live their lives.

• One facet of Islam is that all people are

created equal.

• Slaves were not treated equally. Since

Section 3

Muslims could not be slaves, most of their slaves came from Africa or Asia.

Islamic Society (cont.)

• Women were granted spiritual and political equality with men, but some of the rights they possessed were eroded by older customs.

• Women had male guardians and were

required to cover virtually all parts of their bodies in public.

• Men could marry more than one wife, but

Section 3

few could afford the dowry to more than one bride.

Which of the following does not describe an article of clothing worn by Muslim women?

A. Burka

B. Chador

C. Hijab

0%

D. Dowry

Section 3

A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

Section 3-End

The BIG Idea

New Technologies Islamic achievements in philosophy, science, history, and the arts had an important influence on European civilization.

Section 4-Main Idea

• astrolabe

• muezzin

• minaret

• arabesques

Content Vocabulary

•

• commentary

transform

Section 4-Key Terms

Academic Vocabulary

•

Ibn-Rushd

•

Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna)

•

Ibn-Khaldūn

• Omar Khayyám

• Sāmarrā’

• Granada

Section 4-Key Terms

People and Places

Do the achievements of other societies impact you today?

A. Yes

B. No

A. A B. B

0%

Section 4-Polling Question

Philosophy, Science, and History

Islamic advancements in philosophy, science, and history contributed to the world’s knowledge.

Section 4

Philosophy, Science, and History (cont.)

• The preservation of scholarly works was

aided by paper, which was introduced from China in the eighth century.

• Muslim scholars translated the works of

Section 4

Aristotle and the Greek philosophers into Arabic.

Philosophy, Science, and History (cont.)

• The Muslim philosopher Ibn-Rushd wrote a commentary of virtually all of Aristotle’s literary works.

• In mathematics, Muslims adopted and

Section 4

passed on the numerical system of India, including the use of zero. The mathematical discipline of algebra was also developed by Muslims.

Philosophy, Science, and History (cont.)

• Muslims perfected the astrolabe, an instrument used for navigation. The astrolabe allowed Europeans to sail to the Americas.

• Ibn Sīnā wrote a medical encyclopedia that

became the basic medical textbook for European students during medieval times.

Section 4

• Ibn-Khaldūn was a prominent historian who wrote about the cyclical life of civilizations in Muqaddimah (Introduction to History).

How did Europeans learn about the works of the Greek philosophers?

A. Roman manuscripts

B. Translated works of Muslim scholars

C. Muslim traders

0%

D. Muslim history books

A. A B. B C. C D. D

Section 4

Literature

The Rubaiyat and The 1001 Nights are two major early Islamic works of literature that are still enjoyed today.

Section 4

Literature (cont.)

• Islamic literature influenced the culture of

Southwest Asia.

• The Rubaiyat, written by Omar Khayyám, is

one of the most familiar books of Middle Eastern literature.

• The anonymous stories of The Arabian

Section 4

Nights also called The 1001 Nights are a collection of folktales, fables, and romances that blend the natural with the supernatural.

Which of the following literary works contains a collection of folktales and fables?

A. Rubaiyat

B. The 1001 Nights

C. The Astrolabes

0%

D. Rushd’s Adventures

A. A B. B C. C D. D

Section 4

Art and Architecture

Muslim art and architecture reflect the spiritual glory of Islam.

Section 4

Art and Architecture (cont.)

• The Great Mosque of Sāmarrā′ was the

world’s largest mosque when it was built.

• It is famous for its minaret, which enabled the muezzin to ascend an outside spiral staircase to call the faithful to prayer daily.

Section 4

• Located in southern Spain, the mosque at Córdoba contains hundreds of columns which transform the structure into a unique “forest of trees.”

Art and Architecture (cont.)

• Islamic palaces also showcase the glory of Islamic power. In the castle of Alhambra in Granada, Spain, every inch of the fortress is covered in floral and abstract patterns.

Section 4

• Islamic art and architecture are dominated by repeating geometric patterns called arabesques that completely cover the surface of objects.

What is unique about the Great Mosque at Sāmarrā′?

A. It was built by non-Muslims.

B. It is constructed of

limestone.

C. It is not covered by

arabesques.

0%

D. The staircase to the

minaret is on the outside.

A. A B. B C. C D. D

Section 4

Section 4-End

MUHAMMAD’S VISION and a Powerful New Faith

•

In A.D. 622, Muhammad began preaching a new religion—Islam.

• Arab leaders persecuted Muslims,

but Muhammad led an army against them; for Muslims, he was a political, along with a religious, leader.

• The revelations of Allah (God)

to Muhammad are written down in the Quran, or holy book of Islam.

VS 1

ARAB MUSLIMS Build an Empire

•

In time, issues about who should be the caliph, or successor to Muhammad, resulted in a split between Sunni and Shia Muslims.

•

Islamic zeal and territorial ambition led to vast conquests and an empire ruled first from Makkah, then Baghdad.

• The Seljuk Turks established a new Islamic dynasty in 1055; in 1071 they defeated Byzantine rulers who asked the European states for help.

VS 2

ISLAM Focuses On All Aspects of Muslim Life

• Commerce and scholarship throve in the Islamic cities of Baghdad, Cairo, and Damascus.

• Social classes existed, but Islam granted merchants and women more status than most other cultures of the era.

• Muslim scholars preserved Greek learning while making

significant advances in mathematics and medicine.

• Mosques and palaces testified to Islamic architectural

innovation.

VS 3

VS-End

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sheikh

Vocab1

the ruler of an Arabic tribe, chosen from one of the leading families by a council of elders

Allah

Vocab2

Arabic for “God”; the supreme god of Islam

Quran

Vocab3

the holy scriptures of the religion of Islam

Islam

Vocab4

monotheistic religion that emerged in the Arabian Peninsula during the seventh century A.D.

Hijrah

Vocab5

the journey of Muhammad and his followers to Madinah in 622, which became year 1 of the official calendar of Islam

hajj

Vocab6

a pilgrimage to Makkah, one of the requirements of the Five Pillars of Islam

shari’ah

Vocab7

a law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after Muhammad’s death; it provided believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives

revelations

Vocab8

divine truths

submission

Vocab9

act of submitting to the control or authority of another

caliph

Vocab10

a successor of Muhammad as spiritual and temporal leader of the Muslims

jihad

Vocab11

“struggle in the way of God”

Shia

Vocab12

a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammed’s son-in- law Ali as the true rulers of Islam

Sunni

Vocab13

a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of the Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam

vizier

Vocab14

a high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries

sultan

Vocab15

“holder of power,” the military and political head of state under the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans

mosque

Vocab16

a Muslim house of worship

oriented

Vocab17

directed toward the interests of a particular group

complex

Vocab18

having many intricate parts

bazaar

Vocab19

a covered market in Islamic cities

dowry

Vocab20

a gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, either by the bride’s parents to her husband or, in Islamic societies, by a husband to his wife

compiled

Vocab21

collected and edited into a volume

eroded

Vocab22

diminished or destroyed by degrees

astrolabe

Vocab23

an instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the positions of stars

minaret

Vocab24

the tower of a mosque from which the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer five times a day

muezzin

Vocab25

the crier who calls the Muslim faithful to prayer from the minaret of a mosque

arabesque

Vocab26

geometric patterns repeated over and over to completely cover a surface with decoration

commentary

Vocab27

an explanatory treatise

transform

Vocab28

to change the form or appearance of

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