Lịch sử thế giới: Bài giảng chương 2 - Tây Á và Ai Cập (3500-500 TCN) Glencoe

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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: Civilization Begins in

Mesopotamia

Section 2: Egyptian Civilization

Section 3: New Centers of

Civilization

Section 4: The Rise of New Empires

Visual Summary

Chapter Menu

During the 1960s, Egypt built the Aswan High Dam to control flooding of the Nile River. The lake rising behind the dam threatened to destroy ancient Egyptian monuments. An international team saved several temples including Abu Simbel—Ramses II’s temple. Abu Simbel was carved into 20-ton blocks, moved 200 feet, and reassembled. In this chapter you will learn about Egyptian rulers and temples.

• Why would other countries help Egypt preserve its monuments?

• How can countries adapt to changing needs and still preserve their history?

Chapter Intro

How does progress affect history?

Chapter Intro

Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia

Why were the first farming societies located along rivers?

Chapter Intro 1

Egyptian Civilization

What factors contribute to a stable and lasting civilization?

Chapter Intro 2

New Centers of Civilization

How did the monotheism of the Israelites differ from religious beliefs of previous cultures?

Chapter Intro 3

The Rise of New Empires

What did lasting empires have in common?

Chapter Intro 4

Chapter Preview-End

The BIG Idea

Physical Geography Fertile soil between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers allowed an early civilization to flourish in Mesopotamia.

Section 1-Main Idea

• polytheistic

• cuneiform

• city-state

• empire

• ziggurat

• patriarchal

•

theocracy

Content Vocabulary

•

transport

innovations

Section 1-Key Terms

Academic Vocabulary •

• Tigris River

• Uruk

• Euphrates

• Akkadians

River

• Sargon

• Mesopotamia

• Babylon

• Fertile

• Hammurabi

Crescent

• Sumerians

Section 1-Key Terms

People and Places

Do you agree that geography plays an important role in the development of societies?

A. Agree

B. Disagree

A. A B. B

0%

Section 1-Polling Question

Geography and Religion

The physical environment of Mesopotamia supported the development of civilization and influenced people’s religious beliefs.

Section 1

Geography and Religion (cont.)

• The first civilization began in a valley known as Mesopotamia, which was between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.

• Mesopotamia (today’s Iraq) was located in the Fertile Crescent, an area of good farmland located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf.

Ancient Mesopotamia

Section 1

Geography and Religion (cont.)

• The Sumerians created the first civilization

in Mesopotamia around 3000 B.C.

• Mesopotamians were polytheistic, and

Section 1

believed in nearly 3,000 gods and goddesses.

What enabled the Mesopotamians to switch from a nomadic lifestyle to permanent settlements?

A. Polytheism

B. Civilizations

C. Large armies

0%

D. Farming

Section 1

A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia

Religion played a powerful role in the economic, political, and social structure of Mesopotamian city-states.

Section 1

City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)

• Sumerian cities, such as Eridu, Uruk, and

Ur, gained political and economic control of Mesopotamia.

• The basic units of Sumerian society were

Section 1

independent city-states.

City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)

• Much of the wealth of the cities was

dedicated to building temples dedicated to the god or goddess of the city. These temples were often built atop a massive stepped tower called a ziggurat.

Section 1

• Priests and priestesses held a great deal of power, making the state a theocracy, a government by divine authority.

City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)

• Farming was the basis of the economy of the

Sumerian city-states.

• Sumerian metalworkers used copper, gold,

and silver to make tools and jewelry.

Section 1

• Sumerians discovered how to make bronze by adding tin to copper. Bronze is a hard metal used for making tools and weapons.

City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)

• The invention of the wheel in 3000 B.C. made

the transport of goods much easier.

• Sumerian society was divided into three

major social groups: nobles, commoners, and slaves.

Mesopotamia Trade Route

Section 1

Which of the following most accurately describes a theocracy?

A. A government by divine authority

B. A society of farmers

C. A society with different social

classes

0%

D. A government where the king

Section 1

is the ruler A. A B. B C. C D. D

The Creativity of the Sumerians

The Sumerians invented writing and several new technologies that made life easier.

Section 1

The Creativity of the Sumerians (cont.)

• The Sumerians are credited with many

technological innovations that affect our lives today.

Section 1

• Around 3000 B.C., the Sumerians created a system of writing known as cuneiform (“wedge-shaped”). People used a stylus or other tool to make wedge-shaped impressions on clay tablets, which were then baked or dried in the sun.

The Creativity of the Sumerians (cont.)

• Writing was important because it allowed

Section 1

Mesopotamian peoples to keep records and to communicate ideas with others.

The Creativity of the Sumerians (cont.)

• Examples of Sumerian technology and

innovation:

− Wagon wheel − Potter’s wheel − Sundial − Arch used in construction − Bronze metalwork − Advances in mathematics, geometry, and

Section 1

astronomy

Which of the following was not an example of Sumerian technology?

A. Bronze weapons

B. Wagon wheels

C. Ceramic pottery

0%

D. Use of geometry to erect buildings

Section 1

A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia

Strong leaders established empires and codified the laws of Mesopotamia.

Section 1

Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)

• Around 2340 B.C., the Akkadians, a people

north of the Sumerian city-states, took control of the Sumerian city-states and established the first empire in world history.

• The leader of the Akkadian Empire was

Section 1

Sargon.

Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)

• In 1792 B.C., the city-state of Babylon took

control of Sumer and Akkad. The Babylonian ruler was Hammurabi.

• The Code of Hammurabi was a collection of written laws based on a system of strict justice.

The Influence of Hammurabi

Section 1

Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia (cont.)

• The Code of Hammurabi covered:

− Criminal offenses

− Duties of public officials

− Consumer protection laws

− Marriage and family

• Mesopotamian society was patriarchal—

Section 1

men dominated society.

Which of the following set up the first empire in world history?

A. Babylon

B. Hammurabi

C. Cuneiform

D. Akkadia

0%

Section 1

A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

Section 1-End

The BIG Idea

Order and Security Continuity and stability were characteristics of Egyptian civilization for thousands of years.

Section 2-Main Idea

• dynasty

• mummification

• pharaoh

• hieroglyphics

• bureaucracy

• hieratic script

Content Vocabulary

• vizier Academic Vocabulary

• major

• physical

•

identifying

Section 2-Key Terms

• Nile River

• Hatshepsut

• Lower Egypt

• Akhenaten

• Upper Egypt

• Tutankhamen

• Menes

• Ramses II

• Giza

• Cleopatra VII

• Hyksos

Section 2-Key Terms

People and Places

Is religion an essential component for empires?

A. Yes

B. No

A. A B. B

0%

Section 2-Polling Question

Geography and Religion

The Nile River was fundamental to the development of Egyptian civilization.

Section 2

Geography and Religion (cont.)

• The Nile River is the longest river in the

world. It begins in central Africa and empties into the Mediterranean Sea to the north.

• The Nile River splits into two major

branches:

− Lower Egypt is the delta area that flows into

the Mediterranean Sea.

Section 2

− Upper Egypt is the land to the south which is upstream from the Mediterranean Sea.

Geography and Religion (cont.)

• Egypt’s important cities developed at the tip of the delta, where the Nile River divides.

• Regular flooding from the Nile River created an area of rich farm soil. Farmers in the Nile Valley grew a surplus of crops, making Egypt very prosperous.

The Geography of Ancient Egypt

Section 2

Geography and Religion (cont.)

• The Nile River was the fastest way to travel

through the kingdom, making both transportation and communication easier.

• Natural barriers protected Egypt from

invasion.

The Geography of Ancient Egypt

Section 2

Geography and Religion (cont.)

• The Egyptians were polytheistic.

• source of life

• Re is one of the Sun God’s names.

− Sun Gods:

• Osiris brought civilization to Egypt and was a symbol of resurrection. By identifying with Osiris, Egyptians hoped to gain life after death.

Section 2

− River and Land Gods:

Which of the following enabled farmers to grow crops in the Nile Valley?

A. The use of slaves

B. Annual flooding of the

Nile River

C. New farming equipment

0%

Section 2

D. Egyptian gods A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

Egyptian Kingdoms

Egyptian history is divided into three major periods, called kingdoms.

Section 2

Egyptian Kingdoms (cont.)

• Around 3100 B.C., King Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom and created the first royal dynasty.

• Scholars divide Egyptian history into three

Section 2

periods: the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom.

Egyptian Kingdoms (cont.)

• The Old Kingdom (2700 B.C.–2200 B.C.)

− Egyptian monarchs called pharaohs ruled

Egypt with absolute power.

− A government bureaucracy developed

during this period.

− The vizier was in charge of the government administration.

Section 2

− Pyramids were built to honor the dead.

Egyptian Kingdoms (cont.)

• Egyptians practiced mummification to

preserve the physical body. It was believed that preserving the physical body would allow the person’s spirit to return.

• Pyramids were tombs for the mummified

Section 2

bodies of pharaohs, as well as symbols of royal power. The largest pyramid was built for King Khufu at Giza.

Egyptian Kingdoms (cont.)

• The Middle Kingdom (2055 B.C.–1650 B.C.)

− A golden age of stability and expansion

into Africa and western Asia.

− Pharaohs built public works and provided

for the public welfare of the people.

− The Middle Kingdom ended with an

Section 2

invasion of the Hyksos from western Asia around 1650 B.C.

Egyptian Kingdoms (cont.)

• The New Kingdom (1550 B.C.–1070 B.C.)

− Hatshepsut was one of the first women to

become pharaoh.

− Akhenaten closed the temples of all other gods except for Aten, god of the sun disk.

− The popular boy-pharaoh Tutankhamen

Section 2

restored the old gods.

Egyptian Kingdoms (cont.)

− Ramses II restored the old borders of the

empire that had been lost during the religious revolution under Akhenaten.

− Cleopatra VII unsuccessfully fought for

Section 2

Egyptian independence in the first century B.C.

Which is true of the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom?

A. They all featured women rulers.

B. They featured long-term stability

and strong leadership.

0%

C. A pyramid was built for each period.

D. The kingdoms all had the same

Section 2

ruling family. A. A B. B C. C D. D

Life in Ancient Egypt

Egyptian Society was organized into classes.

Section 2

Life in Ancient Egypt (cont.)

• Egyptian society was highly structured and

“pyramid” shaped.

− Pharaoh

− Upper class: priests, nobles, government

officials

− Middle class: merchants, artisans, scribes,

tax collectors

Section 2

− Lower class: peasants, farmers

Which of the following professions would not have come from the middle class?

A. Scribe

B. Tax collector

C. Farmer

D. Merchant

0%

Section 2

A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

Egyptian Accomplishments

Egyptians developed complex writing and made advances in the arts and sciences.

Section 2

Egyptian Accomplishments (cont.)

• Hieroglyphics, or “sacred writings,”

appeared around 3000 B.C. and were carved into stone.

Section 2

• Hieratic script was a simplified version of writing used for business transactions and record keeping. It was written on papyrus.

Egyptian Accomplishments (cont.)

• Advances in Egyptian Art and Science

− Architecture: pyramids, monuments, and

temples

− Mathematics and Geometry

− A 365-day calendar

− Human anatomy: embalming, treating

Section 2

wounds and disease

How did the Egyptians keep records of daily activities?

A. Carvings in stone

B. Writings on papyrus

C. Beads kept in a jar

D. Etches on wax tablets

0%

Section 2

A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

Section 2-End

The BIG Idea

Ideas, Beliefs, and Values The Israelites’ belief in one God resulted in a distinct society.

Section 3-Main Idea

• pastoral nomad

• monotheistic

Content Vocabulary

•

• created

technology

• domesticated

Section 3-Key Terms

Academic Vocabulary

•

Indo-Europeans

• Hittites

• Phoenicians

•

Israelites

• King Solomon

• Jerusalem

Section 3-Key Terms

People and Places

Do you think residents of your community are suspicious of strangers?

A. Yes

B. No

A. A B. B

0%

Section 3-Polling Question

The Role of Nomadic People

Nomadic peoples, especially the Indo- Europeans, served an important function for civilized societies by spreading goods and new technology.

Section 3

The Role of Nomadic People (cont.)

• In central Asia, pastoral nomads lived on the fringes of civilization. These people depended on hunting, gathering, herding, and sometimes farming for survival.

• These people domesticated animals for

Section 3

food and clothing.

The Role of Nomadic People (cont.)

• People in settled communities and nomads

traded goods and technology.

• The nomadic peoples sometimes overran

Section 3

civilizations and created their own empires.

The Role of Nomadic People (cont.)

• The Indo-Europeans were one of the most

important nomadic peoples.

− Originated in the steppe region north of the

Black Sea

− Spoke Greek, Latin, Persian, Sanskrit, and

the Germanic languages

Section 3

− Moved to India, western Asia, and Europe

The Role of Nomadic People (cont.)

• Hittites (1600 B.C.–1200 B.C.) created an

empire in western Asia and were the first to use iron.

The Hittite Empire, 1650–1200 B.C.

Section 3

Who were the first Indo-Europeans to use iron?

A. Greeks

B. Syrians

C. Hittites

D. Pastoral nomads

0%

Section 3

A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

The Phoenicians

The Phoenicians created an international trade empire and invented an alphabet.

Section 3

The Phoenicians (cont.)

• After the fall of the Egyptian and Hittite

empires, many city-states and kingdoms emerged.

• The Phoenicians lived on the Mediterranean

coast in Palestine. They built ships and became great international sea traders. They sailed to Britain, Spain, and the west coast of Africa.

Phoenicia and its Colonies, 1000 B.C.–700 B.C.

Section 3

The Phoenicians (cont.)

• The Phoenicians are best known for their alphabet. It was copied by the Greeks and the Romans.

Hebrew, Phoenician, and Latin Alphabets

Section 3

What was the most significant cultural invention of the Phoenicians?

A. Their alphabet

B. Maps from their exploration

C. Glass

D. Dome-shaped temples

0%

Section 3

A. A B. B C. C D. D

The Israelites

The Israelites had lasting influence through their religious beliefs rather than from military power.

Section 3

The Israelites (cont.)

• The Israelites lived south of the Phoenicians

and were a minor factor in politics.

• The Israelites were monotheistic and their

religion, Judaism, influenced Christianity and Islam.

Section 3

• Around 970 B.C., King Solomon established an empire in the land known today as Israel. The capital was Jerusalem.

The Israelites (cont.)

• After Solomon’s death in 930 B.C., the

Israelite empire was divided:

− The Kingdom of Israel was located in the north. The Assyrians conquered the ten northern tribes of the Kingdom of Israel in 721 B.C.

Section 3

− The Kingdom of Judah was to the south. The Chaldeans defeated the Assyrians and the two tribes of the Kingdom of Judah in 586 B.C.

The Israelites (cont.)

Section 3

• The religion of the Jews was unique among religions of Egypt and western Asia. Despite being conquered by other states, the Jewish people would not accept the gods of their conquerors.

Which aspect of Israelite culture had the greatest impact on Western civilization?

A. The use of iron

B. King Solomon’s wisdom

C. Trade routes

0%

D. A monotheistic religion

Section 3

A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D

Section 3-End

The BIG Idea

Competition Among Countries The Assyrians and the Persians established vast empires in the ancient world.

Section 4-Main Idea

• satrapy

• monarchy

• satrap

Content Vocabulary

•

restraint

• sustained

• sought

Section 4-Key Terms

Academic Vocabulary

• Assyrians

• Nebuchadnezzar

• Persians

• Cyrus

• Darius

• Royal Road

•

Immortals

• Zoroaster

Section 4-Key Terms

People and Places

Do you agree that it is more important to be able to conquer an enemy than it is to rule an empire?

A. Agree

B. Disagree

A. A B. B

0%

Section 4-Polling Question

The Assyrian Empire

The Assyrians ruled with harsh tactics that brought about the fall of their empire.

Section 4

The Assyrian Empire (cont.)

• The Assyrians were a Semitic-speaking

people who established an empire in 700 B.C.

• Assyrians used iron weapons and a large, well-organized, and disciplined army to conquer others.

• A major factor in the army’s success was its

Section 4

ability to use different military tactics.

Which of the following is not a reason for the success of the Assyrian conquest of other nations?

A. Wealth from the captured

trade routes

B. The use of iron weapons

C. A large, disciplined army

0%

D. The army could utilize different military tactics

A. A B. B C. C D. D

Section 4

The Persian Empire

Strong Persian leaders conquered and ruled a vast empire for more than 200 years.

Section 4

The Persian Empire (cont.)

• After the collapse of the Assyrian Empire,

Section 4

the Chaldean king Nebuchadnezzar II made Babylonia the leading power in western Asia. The capital of Babylonia was one of the greatest cities in the ancient world.

The Persian Empire (cont.)

• Babylonia was conquered by the Persians, an Indo-European people from today’s Iran. The nomadic Persians were unified under one ruling family with dynamic leaders.

The Persian Empire, 500 B.C.

Section 4

The Persian Empire (cont.)

• In 539 B.C., Cyrus captured Babylonia. He

was known as Cyrus “the Great” because of his wisdom and restraint toward his conquered foes.

Section 4

• Cyrus respected other civilizations and used Assyrian, Egyptian, and Babylonian designs for building his palaces.

The Persian Empire (cont.)

• Cambyses sought to extend the empire by

successfully invading Egypt.

• Darius added territory in western India and Thrace, today’s Greece. He divided the empire into provinces called satrapies.

Section 4

• Each satrapy was ruled by a satrap who collected taxes, provided justice, and recruited soldiers.

The Persian Empire (cont.)

• The Royal Road stretched across the

Persian kingdom and allowed for communication and travel. This communication and travel sustained the Persian Empire.

Section 4

• The power of the Persian Empire came from its military. Its professional soldiers were known as the Immortals because when one was killed, he was immediately replaced.

The Persian Empire (cont.)

• Persian religion was known as

Zoroastrianism. This monotheistic religion was started by the prophet Zoroaster, who wrote his teachings in the Zend Avesta.

• The Persian Empire was weakened by

Section 4

struggles over succession to the monarchy. The Empire finally fell to Alexander the Great and the Greeks in the 330s B.C.

What caused the Persian Empire to decline after the death of Darius?

A. The Royal Road fell into disrepair.

B. Succession of Darius was uncertain, causing internal struggles.

C. The rise of Zoroastrianism

divided people.

0%

D. They were defeated in battle by

the Greeks.

A. A B. B C. C D. D

Section 4

Section 4-End

Ancient Environments

• The Egyptians received

fertile soil from the floodwaters of the Nile for farming.

• The Phoenicians set up a

trading empire and colonies on the Mediterranean.

• The Mesopotamians created irrigation and flood control systems.

VS 1

Ancient Religions

• The Mesopotamians and the Egyptians, who both were polytheistic, believed their rulers derived their power from the gods.

• The Israelites were monotheistic and believed

God communicated through prophets.

• The Persians followed Zoroastrianism, a monotheistic religion.

VS 2

Ancient Innovations

• The Mesopotamians

established a collection of laws, along with inventing the arch, dome, wheel, and a system of writing.

• The Phoenicians invented

the alphabet.

• The Persians created the

concept of a standing army.

VS 3

VS-End

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polytheistic

Vocab1

having many gods

city-state

Vocab2

a state with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside

ziggurat

Vocab3

a massive, stepped tower on which was built a temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a Sumerian city

theocracy

Vocab4

government by divine authority

cuneiform

Vocab5

“wedge-shaped,” a system of writing developed by the Sumerians using a reed stylus to create wedge-shaped impressions on a clay tablet

empire

Vocab6

a large political unit or state, usually under a single leader, that controls many peoples or territories

patriarchal

Vocab7

dominated by men

transport

Vocab8

the moving of goods or people

innovation

Vocab9

a new idea, method, or device

dynasty

Vocab10

a family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family

pharaoh

Vocab11

the most common of the various titles for ancient Egyptian monarchs; the term originally meant “great house” or “palace”

bureaucracy

Vocab12

an administrative organization that relies on nonelective officials and regular procedures

vizier

Vocab13

a high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries

mummification

Vocab14

a process of slowly drying a dead body to prevent it from decaying

hieroglyphic

Vocab15

a picture or symbol used in a hieroglyphic system of writing

hieratic script

Vocab16

simplified version of hieroglyphics used in ancient Egypt for business transactions, record keeping, and the general needs of daily life

major

Vocab17

great; significant in size or importance

identifying

Vocab18

believing that one is the same or very similar to another

physical

Vocab19

relating to the body

pastoral nomad

Vocab20

a person who domesticates animals for food and clothing and moves along regular migratory routes to provide a steady source of nourishment for those animals

monotheistic

Vocab21

having one god

created

Vocab22

made or brought something new into

domesticated

Vocab23

adapted to life with and to the advantage of humans

technology

Vocab24

the science or study of the practical or industrial arts; applied sciences

satrapy

Vocab25

one of the 20 provinces into which Darius divided the Persian Empire

satrap

Vocab26

“protector of the Kingdom”; the governor of a province (satrapy) of the Persian Empire under Darius

monarchy

Vocab27

government by a sovereign ruler such as a king or queen

restraint

Vocab28

a controlling force

sought

Vocab29

made an attempt; tried

sustained

Vocab30

supported or held up

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