Ngữ pháp tiếng Nhật

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BarCharts, Inc.® WORLD’S #1 ACADEMIC OUTLINE Japanese Use as a supplement with basic & intermediate Japanese course textbooks PRONUNCIATION A. Sound and Syllables 2. There are two exceptions: See B. Word Accent and Rhythm 3. Each word has a ﬁxed accent 1. Syllables consist of a vowel, [a], small [tsu] and long vowel in the 1. The Japanese language has a pattern [i], [u], [e] or [o], and a set of syllabary below pitch accent system hashi: bridge either a consonant or a consonant 3. Each syllable should be pronounced 2. Japanese words are pronounced on hashi: chop sticks + [y] and a vowel with same length two levels of pitch, low and high red indicates higher pitch WRITING SYSTEM Double Consonants きってさっか A. In authentic written texts, no spaces are used in between words postal stamp kitte author sakka 私はアメリカ人です。きっぷはっぱ ticket kippu leaf happa Watashi wa amerikajin des. I am an American. ざっしにっき magazine zasshi diary nikki B. Three writing systems, kanji, hiragana, and katakana, are used in Japanese written texts 1. Kanji 3. Katakana a. Ideographs borrowed from Chinese characters, each conveying an idea, a. Each katakana character was made from part of a kanji most of which have at least two readings character b. Used to write most of nouns and core of adjectives and verbs b. Most words borrowed from romance languages and 2. Hiragana onomatopoeias are transcribed in katakana a. A phonetic syllabary made from simplified kanji characters b. Consists of five basic vowels, and 41 other letters with 25 variations Basic Katakana Variations Basic Hiragana Variations K S T N HMY RW G Z D B P KST N H M Y RW G Z D B P a a ka sa ta na ha ma ya ra wa n ga za da ba pa a a ka sa ta na ha ma ya ra wa n ga za da ba pa アカサタナハマヤラワンガザダバパあかさたなはまやらわんがざだばぱ i i ki shi chi ni hi mi ri gi ji ji bi pi i i ki shi chi ni hi mi ri gi ji ji bi pi いきしちにひみりぎじぢびぴイキシチニヒミリギジヂビピ u u ku su tsu nu fu mu yu ru gu zu zu bu pu うくすつぬふむゆるぐずづぶぷ u u ku su tsu nu fu mu yu ru gu zu zu bu pu ウクスツヌフムユルグズヅブプ e e ke se te ne he me re ge ze de be pe えけせてねへめれげぜでべぺ e e ke se te ne he me re ge ze de be pe o o ko so to no ho mo yo ro wo go zo do bo po エケセテネヘメレゲゼデベペおこそとのほもよろをごぞどぼぽ c. Glides: A smaller-sized letter や[ya], ゆ[yu] or よ[yo] is attached to き[ki], o o ko so to no ho mo yo ro wo go zo do bo po し[shi], ち[chi], に[ni], ひ[hi], り[ri] or its variation to transcribe sound of オコソトノホモヨロヲゴゾドボポ syllables containing a consonant and [y] Katakana Glides Hiragana Glides Ky Sy Ch Ny Hy My Ry Gy J J By Py Ky Sy Ch Ny Hy My Ry Gy J J By Py a kya sha cha nya hya mya rya gya ja ja bya pya a kya sha cha nya hya mya rya gya ja ja bya pya キャシャチャニャヒャミャリャギャジャヂャビャピャきゃしゃちゃにゃひゃみゃりゃぎゃじゃぢゃびゃぴゃ u u kyu shu chu nyu hyu myu ryu gyu ju ju byu pyu kyu shu chu nyu hyu myu ryu gyu ju ju byu pyu きゅしゅちゅにゅひゅみゅりゅぎゅじゅぢゅびゅぴゅキュシュチュニュヒュミュリュギュジュヂュビュピュ o kyo sho cho nyo hyo myo ryo gyo jo jo byo pyo o kyo sho cho nyo hyo myo ryo gyo jo jo byo pyo きょしょちょにょひょみょりょぎょじょぢょびょぴょキョショチョニョヒョミョリョギョジョヂョビョピョ d. Double consonants: Small letter of つ [tsu] is used to indicate the first c. Double consonants: Small ツ [tsu]is used in the same way as consonant of double consonants; it occurs in a word and requires a slight in hiragana pause of the same duration of one syllable d. Double vowels: A dash (–) is used to indicate a second vowel Some Examples of Double Vowels when there are double vowels in Katakana k s t n h m y r w e. Small vowel: In order to transcribe the pronunciation of ああかあさあたあなあはあまあやあらあわあ aa borrowed sounds (such as people’s names) as closely as possible, the following combinations are commonly used, only いいきいしいちいにいひいみいりい ii N/A N/A in katakana ううくうすうつうぬうふうむうゆうるう uu N/A ええええせえてえねえへえめえれえウェティフォ [we] [ti] [fo] ee N/A N/A えいけいせいていねいへいめいれいウォファジェおおこおそおとおのおほおおおよおろお [wo] [fa] [je] oo N/A おうこうそうとうのうほうもうようろうシェフィディ [she] [fi] [di] For the second vowel of double vowels of “e” and “o,” a letter of “い” and “う” チェフェデュ [che] [fe] [de] are also used respectively 1
STYLES OF SPEECH An appropriate style of speech is used depending on the relationship 2. It is used in informal everyday situations 3. To form casual speech, plain verbal form is used between a speaker and the listener(s), the topic, and the context わたしがする。 A. Polite Speech Watashi ga suru. I will do it. 1. Used in a formal situation, including the classroom, in business, or at a C. Respect Language speech or lecture 1. To show respect, terms of honor are used when referring to others 2. Also used between unfamiliar people to maintain polite formality and しゃちょうがなさいます。 distance Shachoo ga nasaimas. The president will do it. 3. Polite form of verb, copula and adjectives (desu masu form) are used わたしがします。 2. Humble terms are used when refering to oneself わたしがいたします。 Watashi ga shimas. I will do it. Watashi ga itashimas. I will do it. (respectful) B. Casual Speech わたくしがさせていただきます。 1. Used among those who are familiar with each other, such as colleagues, Watakushi ga sasete itadakimas. I will do it. (more respectful) friends, family members and to children CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAMMAR A. Sentence Structure 4. When the preceding word is omitted, the particle should be omitted also, as 1. Word order they act as a set and are pronounced as one word 5. Sentence Topic Marker: は[wa] a. Generally, the verb comes at the end of the sentence or clause a. The topic of a sentence is indicated with [wa], and は is used for a sound b. The red word of each sentence is the verb わたしはアメリカじんです。 of [wa] only in case of a particle Watashi wa amerikajin des. I am an American. b. The topic is often the same as the subject, but not always えいごとにほんごをはなします。 c. は [wa] is used for the object, especially in a negative sentence 6. Subject marker: が[ga] Eigo to nihongo o hanashimas. I speak English and Japanese. にほんごはおもしろいです。 a. が[ga] is used to mark the subject when the information is new to the listener b. が[ga]is used in the following structure as well Nihongo wa omoshiroi des. Japanese language is interesting. わたしはめがあおいです。 2. Omission of information a. Omit information understood from the context Watashi wa me ga aoides. As for me, the eyes are blue. b. Avoid consecutive use of わたし (watashi) when it is clear from the context とうきょうはひとがおおいです。 c. Do not use あなた (anata), a pronoun meaning either you or your, if it Tookyoo wa hito ga ooides. There are lots of people in Tokyo. 7. Question Marker: か [ka] is possible to use the actual name and/or name of a title or role a. A sentence particle か [ka] is attached to a statement to make it a d. Speech that overuses pronouns sounds less polite B. Grammatical Function Indicator: Particles question Statement: ひるごはんをたべます。I eat lunch or 1. The grammatical function of nouns are indicated by particles 2. Most particles are attached to the end of a noun; some are attached to Hirugohan o tabemas. I am going to eat lunch. Question: ひるごはんをたべますか。Do you eat lunch or another particle 3. Sentence particles are attached to a sentence, including the question marker か[ka] Hirugohan o tabemasuka? Are you going to eat lunch? List of particles Particle Function Example Pronunciation Translation は[wa] きょうはどようびです。 topic of the sentence Kyoo wa doyoobi des. Today is Saturday. げつようびにしけんがあります。 Getsuyoobi ni shiken ga arimas. There will be a test on Monday. が[ga] subject きのうあめがふりました。 Kinoo ame ga furimashita. It rained yesterday. あさはさむいですが、 Asa wa samuides ga, It’s cold in the morning, が[ga] contradiction ひるまはあついです hiruma wa atsuides. but it’s hot during the day. が[ga] すみませんが、いまなんじですか。 softener Sumimasen ga ima nanji desuka. Excuse me, but what time is it now? を[o] なまえをかいてください。 direct object Namae o kaite kudasai. Please write your name. place or object from which I leave home at eight in the を[o] あさはちじにうちをでます。 Asa hachiji ni uchi o demas. something or someone leaves morning. place that something moves を[o] こうえんをさんぽします。 Kooen o samposhimas. I take a walk in the park. over, along or through に[ni] らいねんにほんにいきます。 destination Rainen nihon ni ikimas. Next year, I am going to Japan. に[ni] うちにねこがいます。 location Uchi ni neko ga imas. I have a cat at my home. に[ni] ともだちにあいます。 indirect object Tomodachi ni aimas. I see my friends. に[ni] まいばんじゅうじにねます。 time Maiban juuji ni nemas. I go to sleep at 10:00 every night. に[ni] あしたかいものにいきます purpose Ashita kaimono ni ikimas. I am going shopping tomorrow. で[de] としょかんでべんきょうします。 site for the activity takes place Toshokan de benkyoo shimas. I study at the library. means or implement of the で[de] えんぴつでなまえをかきます。 Empitsu de namae o kakimas. Write your name in pencil. action で[de] かぜでがっこうをやすみました。 cause or reason Kaze de gakkoo o yasumimashita. I missed school due to a cold. へ[e] らいねんにほんへいきます。 direction Rainen nihon e ikimas. Next year, I am going to Japan. starting point of time or point, から[kara] クラスはくじからです。 Kurasu wa kuji kara des. My class starts at nine. origin まで[made] まいあさこうえんまではしります。 ending point or time Maiasa kooen made hashirimas. I run to the park every morning. 2
の[no] わたしのともだち modifier Watashi no tomodachi my friend と[to] しゅみはアニメとおんがくです。 list maker Shumi wa anime to ongaku des. My hobbies are anime and music. と[to] ともだちとべんきょうします。 accompany Tomodachi to benkyoo shimas. I study with my friend. と[to] もういちど「おはよう」いってください。と quotation marker Mooichido “ohayoo” to itte kudasai. Please say “ohayoo” once again. Kudamono wa budoo ya As for fruits, I like grapes and や[ya] くだものはぶどうやいちごがすきです。 list of example ichigo ga sukides. strawberries, etc. も[mo] バナナもすきです。 additional info Banana mo sukides. I like bananas, too. C. Verb and Adjective Conjugation 4. Verbs 1. Verbs and adjectives conjugate to show non-past, past, negative and a. Classified into groups: Group I, group II and group III, depending on afﬁrmative form of the sentence their conjugation patterns 2. A non-past form is used to indicate present and future tense, and past b. To obtain te-form, replace “ta” and “da” at the end of each plain past form is for past, present perfect and past perfect tense affirmative form with “te” and “de,” respectively: “katta” turns to 3. The conjugation is not affected by the type of the subject of a sentence “katte,” and “tabeta” changes to “tabete” Group I Verb Conjugations (うverb) けいたい: Polite form じょうたい: Plain form keitai jootai Non-past form Past form Non-past form Past form Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative かくかきますかきませんかきましたかきませんでしたかくかかないかいたかかなかった write/ draw kaku kakimasu kaki kakimashita kakimasendeshita kaku kakanai kaita kakanakatta いくいきますいきませんいきましたいきませんでしたいくいかない *いったいかなかった go iku ikimasu ikimasen ikimashita ikimasendeshita iku ikanai itta ikanakatta かうかいますかいませんかいましたかいませんでしたかうかわないかったかわなかった buy kau kaimasu kaimasen kaimashita kaimasendeshita kau kawanai katta kawanakatta わたしはアメリカではよくえいごでなまえをかきます。わたしはにほんではよくにほんごでなまえをかきました。 Polite, Polite, non-past, Watashiwa amerikadewa yoku eigode namaeo kakimasu. past, Watashiwa nihondewa yoku nihongode namaeo kakimashita. affirmative: (I often write my name in English in the US.) affirmative: (I often wrote my name in Japanese in Japan.) わたしはアメリカではあまりにほんごでなまえをかきません。 Polite, わたしはにほんではあまりえいごでなまえをかきませんでした。 Polite, non-past, Watashiwa amerikadewa amari nihongode namaeo kakimasen. past, Watashiwa nihondewa amari eigode namaeo kakimasendeshita. negative: (I don’t write my name in Japanese often in the US.) negative: (I didn’t write my name in English often in Japan.) Group II (るverb) けいたい: Polite form じょうたい: Plain form keitai jootai Non-past form Past form Non-past form Past form Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative おきるおきますおきませんおきましたおきませんでしたおきるおきないおきたおきなかった get up okiru okimasu okimasen okimashita okimasendeshita okiru okinai okita okinakatta たべるたべますたべませんたべましたたべませんでしたたべるたべないたべたたべなかった eat taberu tabemasu tabemasen tabemashita tabemasendeshita taberu tabenai tabeta tabenakatta みるみますみませんみましたみませんでしたみるみないみたみなかった see/ watch miru mimasu mimasen mimashita mimasendeshita miru minai mita minakatta わたしはアメリカではよくピザをたべる。わたしはにほんではよくすしをたべた。 Plain, Plain, non-past, Watashiwa amerikadewa yoku pizao taberu. past Watashiwa nihondewa yoku sushio tabemashita. affirmative: (I often eat pizza in the US.) affirmative: (I often ate sushi in Japan.) わたしはアメリカではあまりすしをたべない。わたしはにほんではあまりピザをたべなかった。 Plain, Plain, non-past, Watashiwa amerikadewa amari sushio tabenai. past Watashiwa nihondewa amari pizao tabenakatta. negative: (I don’t eat sushi often in the US.) negative: (I didn’t eat pizza often in Japan.) Group III (Irregular verb) けいたい: Polite form じょうたい: Plain form keitai jootai Non-past form Past form Non-past form Past form Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative くるきますきませんきましたきませんでしたくるこないきたこなかった come kuru kimasu kimasen kimashita kimasendeshita kuru konai kita konakatta するしますしませんしましたしませんでしたするしないしたしなかった do suru shimasu shimasen shimashita shimasendeshita suru shinai shita shinakatta わたしはアメリカではよくえいごでイーメールをします。わたしはにほんではよくにほんごでイーメールをしました。 Polite, Polite, non-past, Watashiwa amerikadewa yoku eigode iimeeruo shimasu. past Watashiwa nihondewa yoku nihongode iimeeruo shimashita. affirmative: (I often do email in English in the US.) affirmative: (I often did email in Japanese in Japan.) わたしはアメリカではあまりにほんごでイーメールをしません。 Polite, わたしはにほんではあまりえいごでイーメールをしませんでした。 Polite, non-past, Watashiwa amerikadewa amari nihongode iimeeruo shimasen. past Watashiwa nihondewa amari eigode iimeeruo shimasendeshita. negative: (I don’t do email in Japanese often in the US.) negative: (I didn’t do email in English often in Japan.) 3
c. How to obtain te-form/ta-form from masu-form (polite non-past d. How to obtain te-form/ta-form from dictionary-form (plain non- affirmative form) past affirmative form) Group I Group II Group I Group II masu-form te-form ta-form masu-form te-form ta-form dictionary- dictionary- te-form ta-form te-form ta-form かいますかってかったおきますおきておきた form form kaimasu katte katta okimasu okite okita かうかってかったおきるおきておきたまちますまってまったたべますたべてたべた kau katte katta okiru okite okita machimasu matte matta tabemasu tabete tabeta まつまってまったたべるたべてたべたかえりますかえってかえったみますみてみた matsu matte matta taberu tabete tabeta kaerimasu kaette kaetta mimasu mite mita かえるかえってかえったみるみてみたしにますしんでしんだ kaeru kaette kaetta miru mite mita shinimasu shinde shinda しぬしんでしんだよびますよんでよんだ Group III shinu shinde shinda yobimasu yonde yonda よぶよんでよんだよみますよんでよんだ Group III yobu yonde yonda yomimasu yonde yonda よむよんでよんだかきますかいてかいた yomu yonde yonda kakimasu kaite kaita かくかいてかいたいきますいっていったしますしてしたするしてした kaku kaite kaita ikimasu itte itta shimasu shite shita いくいっていった suru shite shita (exception iku itte itta to rule) およぐおよいでおよいだくるきてきたおよぎますおよいでおよいだきますきてきた oyogu oyoide oyoida kuru kite kita oyogimasu oyoide oyoida kimasu kite kita はなしますはなしてはなしたはなすはなしてはなした hanashimasu hanashite hanashita hanasu hanashite hanashita e. Table of Verb Form Conjugations Group I Stem + Stem + Stem +A column + ない、なかった、れる or せる Stem +E column, or ば or る Stem + U I column + O column + column nai, nakatta, reru, seru ba ru ます masu うu Polite, Plain, Plain, neg., Plain, neg., past Passive Causative non-past non-past Conditional Potential Volitional ∼なかった ∼れる non-past Imperative ∼せる seru ∼ば ba ∼る reru ~う u (masu-form) (dictionary ~ない nai nakatta reru ~ます masu form) かうかわないかわなかったかわれるかわせるかいますかうかえかえばかえるかおう Kau (buy) kawanai kawanakatta kawareru kawaseru kaimasu kau kae kaeba kaeru kaoo まつまたないまたなかったまたれるまたせるまちますまつまてまてばまてるまとう Matsu (wait) matanai matanakatta matareru mataseru machimasu matsu mate mateba materu matoo かえるかえらないかえらなかったかえられるかえらせるかえりますかえるかえれかえればかえれるかえろう Kaeru (return) kaeranai kaeranakatta kaerareru kaeraseru kaerimasu kaeru kaere kaereba kaereru kaeroo あるないなかったありますあるなければ N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Aru (exist) nai nakatta arimasu aru nakereba よぶよばないよばなかったよばれるよばせるよびますよぶよべよべばよべるよぼう Yobu (call) yobanai yobanakatta yobareru yobaseru yobimasu Yobu yobe yobeba yoberu yoboo よむよまないよまなかったよまれるよませるよみますよむよめよめばよめるよもう Yomu (read) yomanai yomanakatta yomareru yomaseru yomimasu yomu yome yomeba yomeru yomoo しぬしなないしななかったしなれるしなせるしにますしぬしねしねばしねるしのう Shinu (die) shinanai shinanakatta shinareru shinaseru shinimasu shinu shine shineba shineru shinoo かくかかないかかなかったかかれるかかせるかきますかくかけかけばかけるかこう kaku (write) kakanai kakanakatta kakareru kakaseru kakimasu kaku kake kakeba kakeru kakoo いくいかないいかなかったいかれるいかせるいきますいくいけいけばいけるいこう Iku (go) ikanai ikanakatta ikareru ikaseru ikimasu iku ike ikeba ikeru ikoo およぐおよがないおよがなかったおよがれるおよがせるおよぎますおよぐおよげおよげばおよげるおよごう Oyogu (swim) oyoganai oyoganakatta oyogareru oyogaseru oyogimasu oyogu oyoge oyogeba oyogeru oyogoo はなすはなさないはなさなかったはなされるはなさせるはなしますはなすはなせはなせばはなせるはなそう Nanasu hanasanai hanasanakatta hanasareru hanasaseru hanashimasu hanasu hanase hanaseba hanaseru hanasoo (speak/talk) わたしはいもうとにわたしのきょうかしょにいもうとのなまえをかかれた。 Plain Conditional: ひらがなでかけばわかります。 Plain passive: I was written of her name on my textbook by my younger sister. (literal complaint) If you write it in hiragana, I will understand. My younger sister wrote her name on my textbook. (English equivalent) いもうとはかんじがすこしかけます。 Plain Potential: Plain causative: わたしはいもうとにじぶんのなまえをかんじでかかせる。 My younger sister can write kanji a little. I make my younger sister write her name in kanji. Plain Volitional: なまえははっきりとかこう。 Plain Imperative: つぎのことばをかんじでかけ。 Let’s write names clearly. Write the following words in kanji - “quiz instructions.” 4
Group II Plain, neg., Plain, Polite, non-past Plain, non-past non-past neg., past Passive Causative (masu-form) (dictionary form) Imperative Conditional Potential ~ない ∼なかった ∼られる ∼させる ~ます ∼る ∼ろ ∼れば ∼られる Volitional ~よう yoo nai nakatta rareru saseru masu ru ro reba rareru おきるおきないおきなかったおきられるおきさせるおきますおきるおきろおきればおきられるおきよう okiru okinai okinakatta okirareru okisaseru okimasu okiru okiro okireba okirareru okiyoo たべるたべないたべなかったたべられるたべさせるたべますたべるたべろたべればたべられるたべよう taberu tabenai tabenakatta taberareru tabesaseru tabemasu taberu tabero tabereba taberareru tabeyoo みるみないみなかったみられるみさせるみますみるみろみればみられるみよう miru minai minakatta mirareru misaseru mimasu miru miro mireba mirareru miyoo Group III Plain, neg., Plain, Polite, non-past Plain, non-past non-past neg., past Passive Causative (masu-form) (dictionary form) Imperative Conditional Potential ~ない ∼なかった ∼られる ∼させる ~ます ∼る ∼れば Volitional ~よう yoo nai nakatta rareru saseru masu ru reba くるこないこなかったこられるこさせるきますくるこいくればこられるこよう kuru konai konakatta korareru kosaseru kimasu kuru koi kureba korareru koyoo するしないしなかったせられるさせるしますするしろすればできるしよう suru shinai shinakatta serareru saseru shimasu suru shiro sureba dekiru shiyoo f. Connection Forms of Important Expressions (for beginners) Conjunctive–form: Plain, neg., non-past Plain, non-past Polite, non-past te-form Plain, past ( ta-form) ~ない nai (dictionary form) (masu-form)−Masu Group I かうかわないかいますかうかってかった Kau (buy) kawanai kaimasu kau katte katta Group II おきるおきないおきますおきるおきておきた Okiru (get up) okinai okimasu okiru okite okita Group III するしないしますするしてした Suru (do) shinai shimasu suru shite shita くるこないきますくるきてきた Kuru (come) konai kimasu kuru kite kita Vないでください Vましょう V＋N Vてください Vたことがあります Vないで Vませんか Vこと Vてもいいです VたりVたりします Vない＋N VにVます Vことができます Vています V＋N Connection Vないとおもいます Vたいです Vとおもいます Vてはいけません Vとおもいます Forms of Vないとき Vながら Vとき Vてみます Vとき Important Vないの(niminalizer) Vすぎます Vの(nominalizer) Vてしまいます Vたら Expressions Vないそうです(hearsay) Vそうです(hearsay) Vたので (for beginners) Vつもりです Vてきます/いきます Vたかもしれません Vかどうか Vたそうです(hearsay) Vし、し Vたのに V, Be-verbs (Copula) けいたい: Polite form じょうたい: Plain form keitai jootai Non-past form Past form Non-past form Past form Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative Used in ですではありませんでしたではありませんでしただではないだったではなかった Topic wa Noun des dewaarimasen deshita dewaarimasendeshita da dewanai datta dewanakatta + des structure To obtain te-form, replace “da” in plain past affirmative form with “de” 5
CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAMMAR (continued) Adjectives けいたい: Polite form keitai Non-past form Past form Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative おいしいおいしいですおいしくないですおいしかったですおいしくなかったです delicious いけいようし oishii oishiides oishikunaides oishikattades oishikunakattades いいいいですよくないですよかったですよくなかったです i-adjective good ii iides yokunaides yokattades yokunakattades なけいようししずかしずかですしずかではありませんしずかでしたしずかではありませんでした quiet Na-adjective shizuka shizukades shizukadewaarimasen shizukadeshita shizukadewaarimasendeshita きれいきれいですきれいではありませんきれいでしたきれいではありませんでした pretty/clean/ neat kirei kireides kireidewaarimasen kireideshita kireidewaarimasendeshita じょうたい: Plain form To obtain te-form of i- adjective, change “i” at jootai the end of plain non- Non-past form Past form past affirmative form to Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative “kute”; to obtain te-form おいしいおいしいおいしくないおいしかったおいしくなかった delicious いけいようし of na-adjective, replace oishii oishii oishikunai oishikatta oishikunakatta いいいいよくないよかったよくなかった i-adjective “da” at the end of plain good ii ii yokunai yokatta yokunakatta non-past affirmative なけいようししずかしずかだしずかではないしずかだったしずかではなかった with “de”; for example, quiet Na-adjective shizuka shizukada shizukadewanai shizukadatta shizukadeanakatta “oishii” turns “oishikute” きれいきれいだきれいではないきれいだったきれいではなかった pretty/ and “kirei” changes to clean/neat kirei kireida kireidewanai kireidatta kireidewanakatta “kireide” Interrogatives Each of なに、だれ、どこ should be used accompanied by an appropriate particle Japanese pronunciation English Japanese pronunciation English Japanese pronunciation English なに／なんなぜ／どうしてなにじん nani/nan what naze/dooshite why Nani-jin What nationality だれどうやってなにご dare who doo yatte how Nani-go What language いつどんななんさい itsu when donna what kind Nan-sai How old どこいくつなんねんせい doko where ikutsu how many Nan-nensei What academic year CREDITS DAILY EXPRESSIONS Greetings Author: Sumiko Uo Japanese Pronunciation English Note NOTE TO STUDENTS おはようございます Ohayoo gozaimas Good morning. Used until around 10:00 AM. こんにちは ® NOTE TO STUDENT: This QuickStudy guide is an outline of the Konnichiwa Hello. major topics taught in Japanese courses. Keep it handy as a quick こんばんは Konbanwa Good evening. Used after dark. reference source in the classroom, while doing homework, and as a memory refresher when reviewing prior to exams. Due to its condensed おげんきですか Ogenkidesu ka How are you? format, use it as a Japanese guide, but not as a replacement for assigned class work. © 2005 BARCHARTS INC. Boca Raton, FL. 0408 はい, げんきです Hai, genkides Yes, I am fine. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, さようなら electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, Sayoonara Good-bye. without written permission from the publisher. おやすみなさい Oyasuminasai Good night. ISBN-13: 978-142320632-3 いってまいります Itte mairimas I’ll be back. Lit. I am going out and coming back. ISBN-10: 142320632-0 いってらっしゃい Itte rasshai See you later. Used by a person staying. ただいま Tadaima I’m back. おかえりなさい Okaeri nasai Welcome back. Customer Hotline # 1.800.230.9522 またあとで Mata, atode See you later. informal Other Daily Expressions free downloads & hundreds of titles at quickstudy.com どうもありがとうございます Doomo arigatoo gozaimas Thank you very much. You are welcome. どういたしまして Doo itashimashite (Or Don’t mention it.) ちょっとまってください Chotto matte kudasai Wait a moment. U.S. $5.95 すみません Sumimasen Excuse me. (Or thank you Or sorry) CAN. $8.95 どうぞおさきに Doozo osakini Please go ahead Or after you. おさきに Osakini Pardon my going ahead. 6