MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE -----------------------------
DOAN THI TRUONG NHUNG
RESEARCH OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY IN SON LA PROVINCE
TO SERVE SOCIO-ECONOMIC PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
Major: Ecology
Code: 9 42 01 20
SUMMARY OF BIOLOGY DOCTORAL THESIS
Hà Nội - 2018
This thesis was finished at:
Graduate University of Science and Technology – Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
Supervisor 1: Asc. Prof. DSc. Tran Dinh Ly
Supervisor 2: Dr. Ha Quy Quynh
Reviewer 1: ……………………………………………………………….
Reviewer 2: ……………………………………………………………….
Reviewer 3: ………………………………………………………………..
The theisis will be defended in Committee in front of the thesis assement committee at Graduate University of Science and Technology – Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
at ….hour….. on …………date …..….month…….year 2018
The thesis shall be found at: - The Library of Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology - The Vietnam National Library
1
INTRODUCTION
1. The significance of study Son La province locates in the North West of Vietnam, which is essential geological position in socio-economic development strategy and protection of national and regional security and defense. Moreover, Son La is ensuring national and regional security and defense. Simultaneously, having the watersheds of Da and Ma River, this province is the crucial protection area for the Northern Delta and has the two largest hydropower projects in Vietnam. With the terrain predominated by low mountain, highlands and valleys, abundance of land and climate resources, and a special local knowledge system, Son La has great prospects for developing agriculture, forestry, trade and tourism, bringing socio-economic and environmental efficiencies.
Classify landscape ecology system and establish maps of landscape ecology in
Clarify the changes of landscape ecology in Son La over time (from 2005 to
Identify the scientific foundations based on studing landscape ecology to
However, low effectiveness of natural resource protection in Son La has positive effects on other regions in the downstream of Da River and Ma River. In recent 10 years, land use system and in structure of cultivated plants have been change rapidly. In the province, land degradation has been more seriously, water resource has been degraded; environment pollution caused by deforestation and agricultural chemical and natural hazards have been more frequently and caused more and more risks [84]. Thus, in long term strategy of socio-economic development need scientifically consider rapid and sustainable development following functional regions. Researching landscape ecology (LE) is a synthetic and interdisciplinary approach from research of species structure, environment characteristics, ecological and regional conditions, and distributional regions. Researching ecological landscape aims to clearly understanding of natural resources and natural conditions; the interaction relation among natural components; features and functions of each territorial unit, etc. which are foundations of new proposals of properly and sustainable natural resource extractions and uses.Thus, nowadays, it is necessary to research ecological landscapes in Son La province aiming to orientation of ecological function exploitation, reformation and rehabilitation of provincial territory. In this fact, the study of "Research of landscape ecology in Son La provinces to serverve socioeconomic planning and development" contributes to sustainable socio- economic development in Son La province. 2. Thesis Ojectives The thesis aims to: - Son La province - 2015) - orientate rational territory use in agriculture, forestry and conservation
2
Characteristics of components of the LE in Son La province such as natural
System of landscape ecology in Son La province Assessment of the changes of the landscape ecology system in Son La
3. Main contents of the thesis - Scientific bases of LE and classification of LE - features, socio-economic characteristics, humans and human activities - - province. - To propose solutions for rational and sustainable use of natural resources in Son
La province.
CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW AND SCIENTIFC BASES OF STUDY ISSUES
1.1. Scientific fields related to landscape ecology 1.1.1. Ecology
Ecology originated from Greek, “Oikos” means "house" or "living relation"; “Logos” means "study of". Thus, ecology means the scientific study of the relations of organisms and their habitats. There are many different definitions of ecology, but, generally, they are united that: ecology is a biology science that studies the interrelations between organisms and the environment. 1.1.2. Ecosystem
Ecosystem concept: Vu Trung Tang (2003) [63] defined: “ecosystem is a combination of biomes with their physical environment where they are existed, in which, organism interact each other and with environment to create a material cycle and energy metabolism"
Ecosystem components: Ecosystem includes two basic components: biomes và
physical environment.
Ecosystem structure: Including biomes,
interactions between organisms and their physical environment, their
interrelations among organisms, environment.
Ecosystem functions: The basic the ecosystem function of is
the implementation of the material cycle, energy and information exchange to recombine biomes adapting with condition of biophysical environments, creating a dynamic balance in development process.
Ecosystem Nature: Ecosystem has some features, three most significant
features of which have been mentioned in this part, including:
- Ecosystem is a constantly moving and changing system, the static state is
only relative and temporary.
- Ecosystem is an adjustable dynamic balance system - The higher the diversity, the greater the sustainability
1.1.3. Landscape study
Concept of landscape
3
Elements of landscape forming
System of landscape classification
In this thesis, LE is defined as a form concept. "landscape is a complete part of the earth's surface with geomorphology, structure, and determined complexion in the development process and causal relations of impact factor integration" [97]. In Son La province, the thesis analysed the culture features, the role of landscape forming factors and the relationship between them, and at the same time, grouped these elements. Group of abiotic elements includes: geological background, terrain and processes of geomorphology, climate and hydrology. Group of biotic elements includes soil, biological system, duration and human activities. Pham Hoang Hai and his colleagues (1997) constructed a landscape classification system applied to the Vietnam territory at the map of a 1/1,000,000 scale with 7 levels: Landscape systems →Landscape subsystems → Landscape class → Landscape subclass → Landscape type → Landscape sub-type → Landscapes kind [27]. Structure and dynamic of landscapes
- Landscape structures include horizontal, vertical and temporal structure - Landscape dynamic and changes
Landscape functions
Landscape functions have different conceptions
1.1.4. Biogeocenology Biogeocenos are defined as "synthesizing natural phenomena on a certain surface in a accordant manner with the matter exchange and transformation flow among natural conditions (mother rocks, floras, faunas, micro-organisms, soils and hydro-climatic conditions), which have particular characteristics for the interactions of the constituent elements and have the specific types of material and energy exchanges between them and other natural phenomena and is a dialectical unity having initial contradictory in the constantly movement "(Sukachev, 1947) [122]. In a simple understanding, biogeocenos includes biocoenosis and habitat. The nature of the interrelationship between the components of biogeocenos is the processes of matter and energy accumulation and transformation (Sukachev called the process of biogeocenos) that decide the arising, growth, development and ecological succession of forest ecosystems. 1.2. Research review of Landscape Ecology 1.2.1. Concept of landscape ecology
Definitions of landscape ecology focusing on ecological specialties of
landscape The most common point of definition focuses on two important aspects of interaction between organism and its environment that enables to differentiate between landscape ecology research and ecology research.
Definitions focus on humanity features of landscapes
4
In this way, the definitions focus on the theoretical points that this is general and interdisciplinary sciences that study the relationship between human and the landscape.
Landscape ecology of landscape scientists in Soviet and Vietnam
According to Soviet landscapeologists, LE is a new discipline of landscape study, in which, humans are included as a part of the landscape in the form of economic activities and surrounding elements forming the landscape [72].
In Vietnam, all the most important definitions of the LE are given by geographers. LE is a discipline of applied landscape study, with particular emphasis on ecological features of geology. Subjects of LE study are specific units with their own principles, methods, and special regulation to classify them in the spatial dimensions [27].
Integrated definition of landscape ecology LE has two basic aspects: teritorial landscape and ecosystem of lanscape. These two aspects are independent but link closely together in a united territory. The LE theory issues are also the unification of landscape theory and the ecosystem theory. Thus, the LE is a science studying and explaining the interactions of the system of biotic and abiotic elements in the definite space of the landscape.
Studying landscape considers two directions including landscape compositions and entire of landscape, while studying LE focuses on the ecological characteristics of landscape components. Each landscape component is specifically considered in terms of environment of the organism, and interacting with the organism according to ecological laws [72] 1.2.2. Structure and functions of landscape ecology
The structure of LE consists of the landscape structure (the natural geographic components of the landscape) and the ecosystem structure (organic and inorganic materials, producers, consummers and decomposers) which are intergrated in a unity.
The function of LE is multifunctional, including the natural functions of the landscape and the ecological functions of the ecosystem. The change of any structural element of the landscape will cause the change of other components and the change of landscape and all landscape functions. 1.2.3. Differentiation between “Landscape ecology” and “Ecological Landscape”
“Landscape ecology”: is the intermediate science between ecology and landscape where ecological content is more focused than ecological issues in the landscape, the centre of reflection is the ecosystems within the landscape boundary [87].
“Ecological landscape”: In the foreign references, we only found the term of Landscape Ecology (or Landschafts Oekologie in German) while the term of Ecological Landscape (Oekologische Landschaft) has not been found.
The explanation for the two concepts presented by Nguyen The Thon (1993) this research Therefore, these
[74] differentiated unclearly two concepts. recommends using the term of Landscape Ecology only.
5
1.2.4. Literature review of Landscape Ecology On the world Ecologycal study of landscape has begun in the second half of the 1960s at the Institute of Biology Landscape at the Academy Sciences of Czechoslovakia (1967). The Fifth Conference (1974) initiated the establishment of the International Association of Landscape Ecology (IALE), the first of meeting was held in Denmark in 1984. It i scan be seen that ecologycal study of landscape means determination of ecological characteristics and norms of a landscape in order to protect and improve the environment [72]. In Vietnam The study contents of the landscape ecology have become clearly since Vietnam joined the International Association of Landscape Ecology in 1992. Researches in this period is oriented and had research scale in accordance with demands for economic development and environmental protection at the territorial level. Most of the landscape ecology studies in Vietnam have been conducted following the landscape structure analysis, landscape assessment, and determination of ecological economic models. 1.3. Studies related to thesis topic in Son La province
Many previous studies related to the thesis topics, in different fields, are carried out in different periods. The authors investigated on the natural, socio-economic conditions of Son La province and grouped of researches implemented in the territory of Son La province. 1.4. Theoretical bases
Based on scientific publications of ecosystem, landscapes, this thesis create foundation theory for studing LE in Son La. The scientific contents and theory for thesis approaching the research isues include:
- The term of „landscape ecology“ or „ecology study of landscape“ has the same
definition of natural objects, thus, the thesis uses the term of „landscape ecology“.
- The viewpoint:"LE is the science of studying the interactions between organisms and the environment, organisms and organisms in a certain area limited by the landscape" (Schubert, 1986, p. 447) [121] was used in this study. LE units are ecosystems
- LE has clear hierarchy and classification as follows: LE system – LE sub- system - LE class – LE sub-class - LE type – LE sub-type – LE kind. The objects of LE study is the ecosystem in the landscape. Therefore, the specific object in this thesis is sub-system of monsoon tropical monsoons LE with mild winters and a dry season in Son La.
Because the separate classification for LE in Son La province has been inexistent, the thesis used the landscape classification by Pham Hoang Hai et al. (1997) [27] as a foundation for ranking the levels of the LE system in Son La province. From the theoretical and scientific bases, the criteria for applying LE classification, the thesis gave the classification criteria for the research area following
6
the hierarchy of system sub-system class sub-class sub-class type sub-type kind.
CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH CONTENTS, VIEWPOINTS AND METHODS
2.1. Research Contents
- Scientific bases of landscape ecology and landscape ecology classification - Characteristics of components of landscape ecology in Son La: Natural - social -
economic conditions - human beings and human activities
- System of landscape ecology in Son La - Change assessment of landscape ecology system in Son La - Suggestion of solutions for sustainable and proper use of natural resources in
Son La
2.2. Theoretical viewpoints of the research 2.2.1. Systematic viewpoint
The basis of the systemic viewpoints is the conception of the unity and completeness of internal relationships and the distribution of the external linkage of the system. 2.2.2. Synthetic viewpoint
the natural and socio-economic conditions,
Synthesis is considered at two different views: (1) Synthesis is the process of comprehensive research on the relationships between organisms in the ecosystem in the territory of the landscape. (2) Synthesis is a systematic and regulative combination based on comphrehensive and integrated analysis of the elements and factors of natural terrestrial aggregates, simultaneously, identifies biological laws, relationships between organisms in the geographic locations 2.2.3. Territorial viewpoint
For the evaluation process to be effective, research should establish theoretical and practical issues related to organization and planning based on the approach of the territorial point of view. This ensures that the research territory is assessed not only in relation to neighbouring territories, but also for the specific characteristics of Son La province. 2.2.4. Historical perspective
Every territorial unit or geographic entity has to go through the processes of formation, development and evolution over time. Thus, the process of assessing and perceiving the territory from a historical perspective is a full access to all aspects of territory in the past and forecast of their changes in the future. 2.2.5. Interdisciplinary and sustainable development viewpoints Sustainable Development (SD), a new and comprehensive aspect, has great concerned when the economic development affects on the human environment and natural resources. Research and assessment of landscape ecology from the SD point of view is understood to be an evaluation for each unit level based on an integrated assessment of the constituent elements, structure and functions of the landscape
7
ecology. Using landscape ecology units ensures economic, environmental and social factors in practice application. 2.3. Research methods 2.3.1. Fieldworks The fieldworks were conducted based on a detailed survey of the formation factors and the landscape slice. Main survey routes and timeframes include: - Route 1: Son La - Bac Yen - Phu Yen: April 15th - 14th, 2014. - Route 2: Son La - Thuan Chau - Muong La - Quynh Nhai: May 20 to 27, 2015. - Route 3: Son La - Mai Son - Yen Chau - Moc Chau: from March 1 to March 8, 2016. 2.3.2. Data and document analysis and synthesis Materials, data related to research topic, research areas are collected, selected, processed and systematized. 2.3.3. Mapping and GIS Map is considered as the second language of geography, because they are the most visible expressing spatial features of the research objects. Digital maps have enough spatial and attribute information for the features of interest, helping the composite mapping process to be performed accurately and objectively. Mapping and geographic information systems (GIS) are used in a various context throughout the research process. 2.3.4. Professional expert interview The researcher has consulted experts and scientists from the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Institute of Geography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Department of Science and Technology of Son La province; Son La Forest Protection Department, Son La Nature Reserve Management Board, University of Natural Sciences - VNU, Tay Bac University ... 2.3.5. Method group of landscape ecology research and assessment
The methodology group includes: - Method of Conjugate component map analysis - Method of the dominant factor analysis - Method of LE mapping - Method of landscape zoning
2.4. Steps of research
The research was done by this following main steps: Step 1. Difined the ojectives, duties and scales and contents of research Step 2. Collecting and reviewing typical issues related to thesis topic, at the same time, doing the field trips and identifying the differented characteristics of the constituent factors and their role in LE of Son La province.
Step 3. Research the landscape and LE classification systems, then, construct
the 1:100.000 scale map of LE in Son La.
8
Step 4. Calculate the area of each LE kind over time and the changes of each
LE kind.
Step 5. Give orientation of proper exploitation and use of territory toward
socio-economic developmemt.
CHAPTER 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Natural conditions, human ecology elements - formation factors of landscape ecology 3.1.1. Natural conditions
Geographical location
Son La is a mountainous province in northwestern Vietnam, far 280 km from south-east of Hanoi, with a total natural land area of 14,125 km², located in two large basins of Da River and Ma River.
Located deeply in the continent, Son La is situated within the latitude of 20°39’ N to 22°02’ N and longitude of 103°11’ E to 105°02’ east longitude. It borders with Yen Bai, Lao Cai provinces to the north, with Phu Tho, Hoa Binh province to the east, with Lai Chau, Dien Bien provinces to the West and Thanh Hoa province, Laos to the south
Geology - Typography
Geology: Son La belongs to the geosyncline zone of Da River, located between the two tectonic complexes of Hoang Lien Son mountain range and Ma River with deep-marine sediments of limestone, metamorphic schist and basis and acidic magma intrusive blocks.
Typography: The arrangement of mountain ranges, terrain types and tropical monsoon regimes divide Son La into different natural areas such as: upland, midland and lowland with specific characteristics of climate. The largest limestone range in the north goes through Son La in the northwest - southeast direction, intercalated by the sediment of clay forming the system of Son La - Moc Chau plateau. This is a terrain type with special features of the province.
Climate and Hydrology
Climate: Son La has a humid tropical monsoon climate, with mild winters and a dry season. Climate has a strong impact on the physical, chemical and biological processes of soil and rock.
Hydrology: Territorial topography features create a dense network of rivers and streams in Son La that flow into the Da and Ma rivers. Therefore, these two rivers are the main hydrological systems of Son La and the natural boundary of the huge waterway of the Xu Xen Chao Chai Range.
Soil
Results of soil survey, editing, land mapping at the rate of 1:100,000 (according to the soil classification system 1976-1984) in 2004 of the National Institute of Agricultural Planning and Projection shown that land resources in Son La province contain 7 groups with 24 types (mapping unit) with 1,329,644.1 ha,
9
accounting for 94.61% of the total natural area of the province (Table 3.1), (Figure 3.4). Floras Because of characteristics of geographical location, topography, climate and soil, Son La province has very different ecosystems, the floras of conservation areas, special- use forests, production forests and cultivated areas are also different from those in the North East, the Red River Delta and elsewhere. Over time, the area of natural forests, plantation forests have been evolved according to the demands of each period for war serves, economic construction and people's life. In general, the natural forests in Son La province have been degraded considerably, the areas of bare land and hills have been increased. Despite the investment of the province to restore the forest, create a material source to meet the essential needs, both positive and negative human impacts have changed the appearance of forests in Son La. Natural forests have retreated to areas with difficult terrain, few inhabitants, or only protected in nature reserves, instead of regenerating forests, plantation forests, industrial plants with industrial trees, fruit trees and up-land fields. Reforestation, zoning for protection and rehabilitation have great efforts, however, a large area of bare hills widely still distributes in all topographic types and forms. The vegetation cover in Son La province is classified into four classes according to the classification framework of UNESCO 1973 (Figure 3.5). Class I: Closed forests are determined by over 60% of the wood tree covers and from 5m height of the trees Class II: thin forests are defined by the canopy cover (k) from 0.3 to 0.6. Some authors argued that this type of forests exists in some small areas in Moc Chau, Thuan Chau and Yen Chau districts (Son La). Through the survey, this forest types in Son La was almost depleted or cut down and to be shrub or grass cover
Class III: Shrubs include woody vegetation cover with a height of 0.5 - 5m, possibly with scattered wood trees with canopy cover under 0.3. This class mostly have secondary origin and was regenerated after clear cutting or slash and burn. Only bushes on high mountains are primeval nature.
Class IV: Grassland Most of the grasslands in Son La have secondary origin and are formed after
clear cutting or slash and burn to create large gaps for grass growing 3.1.2. Elements of human ecology Ethnics and Population:
There are 12 ethnic groups in Son Lan, in which, the Thai have the most population, following by the Kinh, the H'mong, the Muong, the Dao, the Khơ Mú and others (Kháng, La Ha, Lào, Hoa, Xinh Mun...). Poverty reduction and employment:
In recent years, the National Program on Hunger Eradication and Poverty Reduction, socio-economic development projects such as Program 135; 134; sedentary
10
farming program; rural clean water and sanitation, etc. along with policies such as policy 120; subsidy policy, … have been done in Son La
Economic structure:
The economic growth rate in 2014 was higher than that of 2013 (10.26% in 2013 and 11.28% in 2014). The economic structure continued to change positively: the service sector increased from 40.92% in 2013 to 42.3% in 2014, occupied high proportion and are the most contribution of the economy; the industry-construction sector grew from 24.92% in 2013 to 26.65% in 2014; the agriculture, forestry and fishery sector decreased from 34.16% in 2013 to 31.05% in 2014.
Human impacts on the natural environment
Water Environment: Surface water and groundwater in Son La province are polluted mainly by agricultural activities, urban and industrial wastewater, loss of upstream forests, migration and resettlement.
Air environment: Human activities that polluted the air environment include
construction, transportation, industrial production, forest fire and mining.
Soil environment: The soil environment in Son La province is polluted and industrial to migration, resettlement, agricultural production,
degraded due production, natural disasters and environmental incidents. 3.2. Classification system of landscape ecology in Son La province
Based on analyzing the components of the landscape ecology system in Son La province, we set up the system of classifying the landscape ecologies in Son La province as follows: Son La is in the monsoon tropical zone, has a cold winter and a dry season. Thus landscape ecology is formed 4 classes, 5 sub-classes, 13 types, 33 sub- types and 63 kinds (table 3.2)
Table 3.2. Statistics of landscape ecology units in Son La province
Class Type Sub-type Area (ha) Sub- class
2,172.56
1. Forests on Humic Chromic Luvisol, including LE kind of 1a, 1b
High mountai n LE sub- class (SLI-1)
Mounta in LE class (SLI)
System/ sub- systems LE system of moonso on tropical, LE sub- type of moonso on tropical with a mild cold winter and a 1. Evergreen temperate and sub- tropical forests on high mountains, total of annual temperature under 5.500ºC, average annual temperature <10ºC, amount of rain: moderate to high, cold season has at least 8 months, dry season from 3-4 month, and a drought month (SLI-1-k1)
11
Class Type Sub-type Sub- class Area (ha)
35.21 System/ sub- systems dry season 2. Evergreen shrub on Humic Alisols including kind of 2g
745.90
21,925.52 LE sub- calss of everage mountai n (SLI-2)
3. Closed evergreen closed forests on Humic Alisols, including LE kind of 3c 4. Forests on Humic Ferrasols including LE kind of 4c
1,189.71
852.37
5. Shrubs and grasses on Humic Ferralsols, incl. kind of 5g. 6. Shrubs and grasses on Orthic Ferralsols, incl. kind of 6g
172,591.01
2. Temperate and sub-tropical evergreen shrub on high mountain, annual temperature total: under 5.500ºC, annual average temperature: under 10ºC, cold season:8 months (SLI-1-k2) 3. Evergreen temperate on everage mountain forest, total of annual temperature under 5500°C, annual average temperature of 10 - 15°C, moderate rainfall, cold season in over 8 months, dry season in 5 - 6 months, in which 0÷3-month drought (SLI-2-k1) 4. Sub-tropical bushes and grasses. Total of annual temperature under <5.500°C, average temperature from 10°C to 15° C, moderate rain. Cold season is less than 8 months, dry season is 5-6 months. The major botanical components are sub- tropical taxa. (SLI- 2-k2) 5. Closed evergreen sub-tropical forests The total LE sub- class of low 7. Forests on Chromic Ferrasols, incl. kind of 7c
12
Class Type Sub-type Sub- class Area (ha) System/ sub- systems
96,940.17
mountai ns (SLI-3)
63,845.74
temperature of 5.500° - 7.300°C, the average temperature is 15 - 20°C, heavy rain, 4÷7-month seasons, 3÷4 month dry seasons, 0÷1-month drought (SLI-3-k1)
18,553.47
5,341.79
4,376.52
6. Closed deciduous and semi-deciduous tropical rainforest (SLI-3-k2)
43,383.45
7. Tropical bushes and grasses (SLI-3- k3)
103,482.64
78,271.41
3,620.75
32,556.56
37,314.74
8. Closed evergreen sub-tropical forests on Orthic Ferralsols, incl. kind of 8c 9. Closed evergreen sub-tropical forests on Ferralic Acrisols, incl. kinds of 9c, 9e, 9f, 9k 10. Closed evergreen rainforests on Ferralsols, incl. kind of 10c 11. Mix bamboo forests on Ferralsols, incl. kind of 11e 12. Closed deciduous and semi-deciduous tropical rainforests on Orthic Ferrasols, incl. kind of 12d 13. Tropical bushes and grasses on Orthic Ferralsols incl. kinds of 13g, 13i, 13k 14. Shrubs and bushes on Ferralic Acrisols, incl. kinds of 14g, 14i, 14k 15. Shrubs and bushes on other Ferrasols, incl. kinds of 15i, 15k 16. Shrubs and bushes onn Dystric Gleysols, incl. kind of 16i, 16k 17. Bushes on Chromic Ferralsols, incl. kinds of 17g, 17i, 17k 18. Closed evergreen tropical rainforests Chromic Ferralsols, LE class of Pleatau LE subclas s of Son 8. Closed evergreen tropical rainforests, on the altitude of
13
Class Type Sub-type Sub- class Area (ha) System/ sub- systems
(SLII) La pleatau
32,720.81
incl. kinds of 18c, 18e, 18f 19. Closed evergreen tropical rainforests on Ferrasols, incl. kinds of 19c, 19f
500 - 900m (1000m). Total of annual temperature over 7,300°C. Annual rainfalls from 500 - 2500 mm. <4 cold months. Everage temperature >20 ° C, 3÷4-month dry season, 0÷1-month drought. Major botanical components are tropical taxa (SLII- k1)
917.49
57,103.79
125,837.86
10. Tropical Shrubs and grasses (SLII-k3)
5,539.85
133,088.76
LE class of hills and lowland s at the altitude under 500m (SLIII)
12,697.82
11. Closed evergreeen tropical rainforests Total of annual temperature over 7300°C, average annual temperature >20°C, annual rainfalls are 1500- 2500 mm, <4-month cold season, 3÷4- month dry season, 0÷1-month drought, major botanical 20. Closed deciduous and semi-deciduous tropical rainforests on Chromic Ferralsols, incl. kind of 20f 21. Closed deciduous and semi-deciduous tropical rainforests on Acric Ferralsols, incl. kind of 21i 22. Shrubs and grasses on Chromic Ferralsols, incl. kinds of 22g, 22i, 22k 23. Closed evergreeen tropical rainforests on Orthic Ferralsols, incl. kind of 23e 24. Closed evergreeen tropical rainforests on Chromic Ferralsols, incl. kinds of 24c, 24e, 24f, 24k 25. Closed deciduous and semi-deciduous tropical rainforests on
14
Class Type Sub-type Sub- class Area (ha) System/ sub- systems
components are tropical taxa (SLIII- K1) 1,943.37
25,541.54
263.07
87,688.30
other Ferrasols, incl. kinds of 25c, 25e 26. Closed deciduous and semi-deciduous tropical rainforests Ferralic Acrisols, incl. kind of 26e 27. Closed deciduous and semi-deciduous tropical rainforests on Ferralic Acrisols, incl. kinds of 27c, 27e 28. Closed deciduous and semi-deciduous tropical rainforests on Chromic Ferralsols, incl. kind of 28d 29. Tropical shrubs and grasses on other Ferralsols, incl. kinds of 29g, 29i, 29k
3,263.44
12. Closed evergreen tropical rainforests Total of annual temperature >7300°C; evarage annual temperature > 20°C, annual rainfalls are 1500 - 2500 mm, <4-month cold season, 3÷4 - month dry season; 0÷1-month drought; major botanical components are tropical taxa, some of them migrate from the easth (SLIII-k2) 13. Tropical shrubs and grasses (SLIII- k3)
187,967.04
24,144.93
1,041.84
30. Tropical shrubs and grasses on Chromic Ferralsol, incl. kind of 30i 31. Tropical shrubs and grasses on other Ferralsols, incl. kinds of 31i, 31k 32. Shrubs and grasses on Acric Ferralsols, incl. kinds of 32g, 32i, 32k 33. Bushes and grasses on Aluvisols, incl. kind of 33i
25,490.64
Rivers, streams , ponds, Rivers, streams , ponds,
15
Class Type Sub-type Sub- class Area (ha) System/ sub- systems
lakes
lakes (SLIV) Total 1,412,500.00
3.3. Change of Landscape ecology in Son La province
Based on the results of the formulation factor study of LE (terrain, soil, climate) and hydrography, especially, the results of the vegetation cover survey in 2015 and documents collected from 2005, the thesis has established the map of LE in 2 periods of the year 2005 and 2015, and then assessed the variation of all types of LE in Son La province. 3.3.1. Map of landscape ecology in 2005 Based on LE analysis, synthesis and mapping in Son La province in 2005 (Figure 3.16), then determined the area and position of each LE type, the area of LE kinds in Son La province in 2005 is illustrated in Table 3.5 and figure 3.17.
Figure 3.17. The area of LE kinds in Son La province in 2005
At the year 2005, the major LE kinds in Son La were 7c, 24c with an area of approximately 225,515.33 ha and 154,397.95 ha, respectively, followed by kind of 31i with an area of 149,101.44 ha and kinds of 22i with an area of 126,196.90 ha. Some LE kinds have smaller area such as 8c, 18c and 9c with a total of area is about 240,029.69 ha. The smallest kinds are scrubs on humic Alisols (2g) with 35.24 ha; residential land on low mountain (13k) with 59.79 ha; broadleaved deciduous and semi-deciduous forests on Ferralsols (27d) with 51.22 ha; residential land in class of hills and lowland (32k) with 63.16 ha; mixed broadleaved-coniferous forests on Humic Chromic Luvisol (1b) with an area of 269.25 ha.
16
3.3.2. Map of landscape ecology in 2015
By analyzing, synthesizing, mapping the STCQ of Son La province in 2015 (Figure 3.18), then determine the area and position of each type of STCQ. The area of STCQs in Son La province in 2015 is shown in Table 3.5 and figure 3.19.
Figure 3.19. The area of LE kinds in Son La province in 2015
In 2015, the major LE kinds are 7c with an area of 172,591.01 ha, 31i with an area of approximately 155,293.45 ha, 24c with an area of 128,613,93 ha and 22i with an area of 104,795.24 ha. Some smaller LE kinds are 8c, 9c and 14g with a total area of about 211,110.95 ha. The smallest area of LE kinds are grasses and bushes on humic Alisols (2g) with 35.21 ha; broadleaved deciduous and semi-deciduous forests on Chromic Ferralsols (28d) with an area of 263.07 ha; mixed broadleaved- coniferous forests on Humic Chromic Luvisols (1b) with an area of 268.98 ha. 3.3.3. Changes of landscape ecology in Son La over periods
Based on data of area of LE kinds in 2005 and 2015, the changes of area of LE
kinds between 2005-2015 are shown in Table 3.5 and figure 3.20.
Table 3.5. Changes of ara of landscape ecology kinds between 2005 and 2015
No.
1 2 3 4 5 Code of LE kinds 1a 1b 2g 3c 4c Area of LE kinds in 2005 1,905.50 269.25 35.24 746.66 22,330.56 Area of LE kinds in 2015 1,903.58 268.98 35.21 745.90 21,925.52 Unit: ha Changes between 2005 - 2015 -1.92 -0.27 -0.03 -0.76 -405.04
17
No.
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Code of LE kinds 5g 6g 7c 8c 9c 9e 9f 9k 10c 11e 12d 13g 13i 13k 14g 14i 14k 15g 15i 15k 16i 16k 17g 17i 17k 18c 18e 18f 19c 19f 20f 21i 22g 22i 22k 23e 24c 24e 24f Area of LE kinds in 2005 1,190.91 853.23 225,515.33 102,901.40 65,702.57 133.76 3,749.50 - 21,641.40 5,567.10 4,380.95 5,530.24 22,196.71 59.79 33,609.97 26,212.11 912.05 21,175.06 59,685.44 6,163.54 2,649.09 372.54 8,645.78 20,175.52 2,927.74 71,425.72 2,470.05 1,972.82 21,082.33 2,121.67 918.41 1,241.73 17,012.97 126,196.90 4,827.12 5,407.59 154,397.95 962.80 1,835.76 Area of LE kinds in 2015 1,189.71 852.37 172,591.01 96,940.17 59,107.08 133.62 1,912.24 2,692.80 18,553.47 5,341.79 4.376,52 8,747.37 33,437.08 1,199.00 55,063.70 45,738.75 2,680.19 21,959.09 50,666.54 5,645.78 2,646.42 974.33 8,629.80 17,160.58 6,766.18 33,455.82 547.39 3,311.53 29,477.79 3,243.02 917.49 57,103.79 16,593.36 104,795.24 4,449.23 5,539.85 128,613.93 964.66 2,945.67 Changes between 2005 - 2015 -1.20 -0.86 -52,924.32 -5,961.23 -6,595.49 -0.14 -1,837.26 2,692.80 -3,087.93 -225.31 -4.43 3,217.13 11,240.37 1,139.21 21,453.73 19,526.64 1,768.14 784.03 -9,018.90 -517.76 -2.67 601.79 -15.98 -3,014.94 3,838.44 -37,969.90 -1,922.66 1,338.71 8,395.46 1,121.35 -0.92 55,862.06 -419.61 -21,401.66 -377.89 132.26 -25,784.02 1.86 1,109.91
18
No. Area of LE kinds in 2005
45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 Code of LE kinds 24k 25c 25e 26e 27c 27d 27e 28d 29g 29i 29k 30i 31i 31k 32g 32i 32k 33i 34l
Area of LE kinds in 2015 564.50 9,232.27 3,465.55 1,943.37 23,925.28 0 1,616.26 263.07 50,964.86 20,724.18 15,999.26 3,263.44 155,293.45 32,673.59 22,320.89 1,547.29 276.75 1,091.84 25,490.64 1,412,500.00 - 10,249.44 3,800.54 2,202.95 31,299.49 51.22 1.752.85 212.11 52,418.83 20,616.71 3,131.90 1,723.80 149,101.44 22,775.38 17,452.49 1,102.12 63.16 232.81 15,200.00 1,412,500.00 Changes between 2005 - 2015 564.50 -1,017.17 -334.99 -259.58 -7,374.21 -51.22 -136.59 50.96 -1,453.97 107.47 12,867.36 1,539.64 6,192.01 9,898.21 4,868.40 445.17 213.59 859.03 10,290.64 0 Total of area
Figure 3.20: The area changes of LE kinds in Son La overtime
19
Overlaping of LE maps in Son La province in 2005 and 2015 to identify changes of LE kinds. The variation of LE kinds in Son La province during 2005 and 2015 is shown in Figure 3.20.
Area of some LE kinds increased from 2005 to 2015. The highest increase was kind of 21i (different species plantation on Acric Ferrasols) with an increase of 55,862.06 ha because of increasing demand for agriculture cultivation; fowlowed by kind of 14g (Scrubs and grasses on Ferralic Acrisols) with an area of 21,453.73 hectares, kind of 14i (different species plantation on Ferralic Acrisols) with an area of 19,526.64 ha and kind of 29k (residential landuse on Orthic Ferralsols) with an area of 12,867.36 ha. Increase of residential LE caused by population growth leading to increase the habitat demand. The area of hydrology system increased significantly with 10,290.64 ha. This is the result of the construction of the Son La hydroelectric dam leading to an increase in the surface area of rivers and lakes in this province.
In contrast, some LE kinds have been decreased between 2005 - 2015. The highest drop of LE kind was 7c (broadleaved forests on Chromic Ferralsols) with a declined area of 52,924.32 ha, the second was kind of 18c (broadleaved forests on Ferralsols) with a declined area of 37,969.90 ha and kind of 24c (broadleaved forests on Chromic Ferralsols, in class of lowland and hillside) with an area of about 25,784.02 ha. SomeLE kinds are almost unchanged between 2005 and 2015 such as kinds of 2g (Shrubs and grasses on Humic Alisols); 9e (mixed bamboo forests on Ferralsols) and 5g (Shrubs and grasses on Humic Ferralsols).
Based on the research results, application of the GIS and database system, the thesis edited the LE maps of Son La province in 2005 and 2015. The LE change in Son La province from 2005 to 2015 was determined by overlaping the LE maps in these two years. The LE changes show the trend of changing, which can identify the natural and social impacts of Son La and support for a sustainable natural resources management 3.4. The orientations of proper territory exploitation and use for socio-economic development
General plan for socio-economic development of Son La province
Agriculture, forestry and aquaculture: Rapidly moving towards commodity production; Establishing agro-industry- service-market linkages, ensuring sustainable development and high efficiency in the future; establishing concentrated commodity production areas; protecting watershed forests for hydroelectricity; developing farm economy, considering the household economy as autonomous units; stabilizing and increasing the production value of all sectors
Industry, handicrafts and construction: Transforming from agriculture economy to econoy with high proportion of industry and services; exploiting potentials and benefits from the Son La Hydropower Plant.
Toursim: Son La have potentials of tourism development with many kinds of
toursim activities. Thus, Son La should create tourism tours following ecotourism. Spatial orientations of LE units for conservation and rational resourse usages
20
The general viewpoints of these orientations based (1) the synthetic study of natural conditions and natural resources, (2) the results of the landscape assessment and the analysis of the development state of the agriculture, forestry, and toursm, and (3) combination of reviewing the general plan of provincial socio-economic development up to 2020 to propose an appropriate development orientation for Son La province. The status and orientation of using the territory of Son La province is shown in Table 3.6 and Figure 3.21.
Table 3.6. Status and orientations of territory use of Son La province
Area (ha) Characteristics Kinds of LE Services of LE kinds
Current state of landuse
493,468.60 Low hills and Providing food Paddy field and annual crops
mountain, quite flat, small slope ferrasols
13i, 14i, 15i, 16i, 17i, 21i, 22i, 29i, 30i, 31i, 32i, 33i
soil improve environment
184,279.07 Low mountains
and hills, Ferrasols.
13g, 14g, 17g, 22g, 29g, 32g Provide land for expansion of agricultural cultivation and husbandry
Bushes and shrubs alternate with small size woody trees remaining after exploitation and bamboo
8c, 9c, 178,128.98 Low mountains and hills; high Bare land; and Improve forest quality Suggested orientation of spatial conservation and proper use of natural resources - Maintain kinds of 13i, 21i; 14i, examine and select crops which are suitbale with the natural conditions and land slope of the locality - Increase the landuse efficiency - Prevent erosion, soil (22i) - Widen area of wet rice cultivation in places having suitable conditions (14g) large - Develop livestock and poultry farms (32g) - Encourage people to plant forests and Green the bareland and hills (17g, 22g, 29g) - Develop protetion production and forets - Forest protection in and plantaion
21
Area (ha) Characteristics Kinds of LE Services of LE kinds
Current state of landuse
Suggested orientation of spatial conservation and proper use of natural resources areas of 8c, 9c, 10c, 25c, 27c
Area of broadleaved forests declined 10c, 19c, 25c, 27c
slope; mild and huge amount of rainfalls; enough sunshine; deep soil thickness
Areas of mix bamboo forests decreased - Forest protection in and plantaion areas of 9e, 11e, 18e, 25e, 26e, 27e Natural ecological balance to improve the forest quality
19,552.49 Low mountains and hills; high slope; mild and huge amount of rainfalls; enough sunshine; deep soil thickness
9e, 11e, 18e, 23e, 24e, 25e, 26e, 27e 1a, 1b, 2g, Forest on
- In-situ LE kinds of 1a, 1b; - rehabilitation LE kind of 2g
Coniferous forests, mixed coniferous- broadleaved forests and part of scrubes and grasses. There are some specious timber species
Protecting biodiversity; endemic and specious species; genetic keeping; water regulation; flood mitigation; environment protection and prevention of climate change
2,207.80 High mountain, highest peak is Pu Luông (2853 m); temperate climate and floras; high humidity due to condesation and little vaporation; Humic Alisols; high soil humidity; few running water flow; shallow soil layer and low soil nutrients 88,460.14 Average
annual
To 3c, 4c, 7c, 18c, 24c, 5g, 6g
mountains, mean temperature from 10 - 15oC, season cold lasts 8 ≥ dry months, Area of mixed broadleaved- coniferous forests, broadleaved limestone forests, Protecting biodiversity; endemic and specious species; genetic keeping; water - Develop tourism to adventure Karst caves (3c, 4c, 7c, 18c, 24c); develop - tourism economy in combination with convalescent
22
Area (ha) Characteristics Kinds of LE Services of LE kinds
Current state of landuse
Suggested orientation of spatial conservation and proper use of natural resources tourism (3c, 4c, 7c, 18c, 24c); - Forest halibitation on LE kinds of 5g, 6g
season lasts 5 - 6 months; 0 - 3 month drought; rainfalls over 2.000 - 2.500 mm/year; Alisols
regulation; flood mitigation; environment protection and prevention of climate change
on
broadleaved deciduous and semi- deciduous forests; bushes and scrubs, shrubs on high and average mountain has been decreased, in which, the most declined is kind of 7c Plantation forests low mountain and plateau. 9f, 18f, 19f, 20f, 24f
Preventing soil erosion, flood, landslides; environment protection; regulation and production
12,329.95 Cool weather, temperature of 15oC - 20 oC, 4 - 7 month cold mid season, rainfalls with everage annual of amount 1.500 - 2.000 - 6 mm; 3 month dry season. Humic ferrasols
Develop socio- economics, and urban infrastructure development,
Residental land, commercial and service development and industry zones
Urban - Forest plantation on kinds of 9f, 20f. - Prospose some woody species for like: plantation Chukrasia tabularis (Lát hoa); siamea Cassia (Muồng đen); Manglietia glauca (Mỡ); Acacia lá magnum (Keo tràm); Pinus kesiya (Thông 3 lá). - Continuously develop these landscape kinds following their states to serve the production and the daily life of the local people - development: 9k, 13k, 14k, 15k, 16k, 17k, 22k, 24k, 29k, 31k, 73,921.61 Valley and low terrain, flat, altitude of 25 - 900 m, average annual temperature oC, over 20 average annual rainfalls < mm, 2.000
23
Area (ha) Characteristics Services of LE kinds Kinds of LE
Current state of landuse
32k
short cold seasons ≤ 4 months, dry season from 3 - 6 months
34l 25,490.64 Protect
ponds, rivers streams, of Incl. lakes, and growth hygrophyte Provide area of specialized surface water Aquaculture, hydorpower, tourism, wáter way trasportation Develop and
in
Suggested orientation of spatial conservation and proper use of natural resources Rational development of big cities, towns and townships. - Check of urban development planning - Integrated investment in urban infrastructure - Develop wood processing industry, forestry services and raising of value the forestry products; - Raise awareness in environmental protection - and develop the Son La hydropower plant - aquaculture waterway transportation potential areas - Develop tourims at the areas of the hydropower plant and reservoir streams beautiful and landscapes.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSION 1. The research classified LE system in Son La including: the tropical monsoon climate LE system, sub system of monsoon tropical monsoon LE with mild winters and a dry season. Four classes of LE includ: Mountain (SLI) with 649,884.78 ha; highland (SLII) with 253,894.66 ha; hills and lowland under 500m (SLIII) with 483,229.96 ha; rivers, streams, ponds, lakes (SLIV) with
24
25,490.64 ha. Mountain LE class has 3 sub-classes and 7 types. Plateu LE class has 1 sub-class, 3 types. LE class of hills and lowland less than 500m has 3 sub- classes. LE class of streams, ponds and lakes has 1 class. In Son La territory, 33 sub-types and 63 kinds of LE are divided.
2. The research constructed the maps of LE in Son La from 2005 to 2015 with scale of 1:100.000, and calculated the area of each LE kind and the changes of LE between 2005-2015. - Approximately 1,731.79 hectares of LE kinds were changed in a positive direction (bare lands were converted into LE kind of plantation forests), accounting for 0.12% of the area.
- Approximately 28,431.64 ha of LE kinds were changed in a negative direction (closed evergreen forests were converted into bare land and grasslands), accounting for 2.01% of the area.
- There is a strong fluctuation of 25,490.64 ha, accounting for 1.80% because of the construction of the Son La hydroelectric dam. This type of LE kinds significantly affects on the LE changes in Son La province from 2005 to 2015 as well as interaction between constituent components of LE.
3. Based on the natural characteristics, human ecology of each LE unit, the thesis has proposed 6 groups to exploit, use and develop sustainably LE in Son La province including: agriculture on the type SLII - k3; industry on the type SLII - k1; development of protected areas on the type LI-k1. More detailed kinds of business are proposed according to the characteristics of sub-type and kinds units.
RECOMMENDATION
1. To promote researches and access to LE in biodiversity conservation in order
to have better theoretical foundation.
2. To develop gradually a teaching plan of LE in biology and researches into the
establishment of protected areas in Vietnam.
THE NEW POINTS OF THE THESIS - The classification system of landscape ecology in Son La province was built
based on the selective inheritance of landscape and ecology research results.
- The map of landscape ecology in Son La province with scale of 1:100 000 was
built
- Initial clarification of ecosystem service values is the basis for proposing
conservation space and rational use of resources.
25
THESIS - RELATED PUBLICATIONS OF PHD. CANDIDATE STUDENT 1. Doãn Thị Trường Nhung, Hà Quý Quỳnh, 2015. Xây dựng hệ thống thông tin quản lý đa dạng sinh học Khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên, lấy KBTTN Tà Xùa, tỉnh Sơn La làm ví dụ. Báo cáo khoa học tại Hội nghị toàn quốc về Sinh thái và Tài nguyên sinh vật toàn quốc lần thứ VI, 2015. NXB Khoa học tự nhiên và Công nghệ, tr. 764-772. 2. Hà Quý Quỳnh, Doãn Thị Trường Nhung, 2015. Ứng dụng công nghệ viễn thám và GIS nghiên cứu biến đổi thảm thực vật Khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Tà Xùa, Sơn La. Báo cáo khoa học tại Hội nghị toàn quốc về Sinh thái và Tài nguyên sinh vật toàn quốc lần thứ VI, 2015. NXB Khoa học tự nhiên và Công nghệ, tr. 1627-1635. 3. Hà Quý Quỳnh, Doãn Thị Trường Nhung, Chu Thị Ngọc, 2016. Ứng dụng phần mềm MapEdit và GIS để xây dựng và hiển thị bản đồ trong máy định vị GPS Garmin 60.x phục vụ quản lý vườn quốc gia, lấy ví dụ tại Vườn Quốc gia Xuân Sơn, Phú Thọ. Báo cáo khoa học tại Tuyển tập báo cáo Hội nghị khoa học và công nghệ “Đo đạc bản đồ với ứng phó biến đổi khí hậu”. NXB Tài nguyên – Môi trường và Bản đồ Việt Nam. Hà Nội, tr. 221-229. 4. Doãn Thị Trường Nhung, Hà Quý Quỳnh, 2016. Ứng dụng viễn thám và GIS để nghiên cứu thảm thực vật lòng hồ thuỷ điện, lấy ví dụ hồ thuỷ điện Sơn La. Báo cáo khoa học tại hội nghị khoa học địa lý toàn quốc lần thứ 7. NXB Khoa học tự nhiên và Công nghệ. Hà Nội, tr.475-480. 5. Doãn Thị Trường Nhung, Hà Quý Quỳnh, Lê Quang Tuấn, 2017. Ứng dụng viễn thám và GIS để nghiên cứu biến động STCQ tại tỉnh Sơn La. Báo cáo khoa học tại Hội nghị toàn quốc về Sinh thái và Tài nguyên sinh vật toàn quốc lần thứ VII, 2017. NXB Khoa học tự nhiên và Công nghệ, tr. 1890-1894.
