ỨNG DỤNG VÀ XỬ
LÝ VẬT LIỆU
tranhaiung@gmail.com
ỨNG DỤNG VÀ XỬ LÝ
KIM LOẠI
2
Các loại hợp kim
•A
3
Metal alloys
Ferrous Non-ferrous
Steels Cast Iron
Low Alloy Gray
Iron
Ductile
Nodular
Iron
White
Iron Malleable
Iron
Compacted
Graphite
Iron
Plain Tools Stainless
Low Carbon Medium Carbon High Carbon
High Alloy
Plain Plain
High
strength
Heat
treatable
Phân loại
hợp kim của
sắt
Hợp kim sắt
Thép
• Thép là hợp kim sắt-cacbon có thể chứa nồng độ
đáng kể của các nguyên tố hợp kim khác
• Thép cacbon trơn: chỉ chứa nồng độ còn lại của
các tạp chất khác ngoài cacbon và một ít mangan
• Đối với thép hợp kim, nhiều nguyên tố hợp kim
được chủ ý thêm vào với nồng độ cụ thể.
Thép: thép thấp carbon
![Bài giảng Trắc địa xây dựng [chuẩn nhất]](https://cdn.tailieu.vn/images/document/thumbnail/2026/20260310/hoaphuong0906/135x160/61031773283870.jpg)
%20--%3e%3cdefs%3e%3cstyle%3e%20.st0%20{%20fill:%20%23fff;%20}%20.st1%20{%20fill:%20%237800fa;%20}%20%3c/style%3e%3c/defs%3e%3cpath%20class='st1'%20d='M117.78,12.18H43.11c2.9,3.47,4.65,7.94,4.65,12.82,0,5.6-2.3,10.66-6.01,14.29h76.02l7.22-13.56-7.22-13.56Z'/%3e%3cg%3e%3cpath%20class='st0'%20d='M53.58,26.17h-.59v-1.46h.59v-4.96h2.83c1.78,0,2.67.94,2.67,2.82v5.76c0,1.87-.89,2.81-2.67,2.81h-2.83v-4.96ZM55.36,21.37v3.34h1.1v1.46h-1.1v3.34h1.01c.61,0,.91-.37.91-1.1v-5.93c0-.74-.3-1.1-.91-1.1h-1.01Z'/%3e%3cpath%20class='st0'%20d='M65.99,31.14h-1.8l-.31-2.07h-2.19l-.31,2.07h-1.64l1.82-11.39h2.62l1.82,11.39ZM65.28,18.04c-.25.46-.51.77-.75.94-.21.15-.47.22-.79.22-.26,0-.57-.07-.92-.22l-.38-.15c-.14-.05-.26-.07-.37-.07-.3,0-.53.18-.71.54l-.91-.68c.25-.46.51-.77.75-.94.21-.14.48-.21.79-.21.26,0,.57.07.92.21l.38.15c.14.05.26.07.37.07.3,0,.53-.18.71-.54l.91.68ZM61.91,27.52h1.73l-.87-5.76-.87,5.76Z'/%3e%3cpath%20class='st0'%20d='M74.53,26.89v1.52c0,1.91-.89,2.86-2.67,2.86s-2.67-.95-2.67-2.86v-5.93c0-1.91.89-2.86,2.67-2.86s2.67.95,2.67,2.86v1.11h-1.69v-1.22c0-.75-.31-1.12-.93-1.12s-.93.37-.93,1.12v6.15c0,.74.31,1.11.93,1.11s.93-.37.93-1.11v-1.63h1.69Z'/%3e%3cpath%20class='st0'%20d='M81.4,31.14h-1.8l-.31-2.07h-2.19l-.31,2.07h-1.64l1.82-11.39h2.62l1.82,11.39ZM75.9,19.2l1.52-1.91h1.71l1.51,1.91h-1.61l-.76-.95-.75.95h-1.61ZM77.32,27.52h1.73l-.87-5.76-.87,5.76ZM83.1,15.99l-1.76,1.91h-1.26l1.17-1.91h1.86Z'/%3e%3cpath%20class='st0'%20d='M84.86,19.75c1.78,0,2.67.94,2.67,2.82v1.48c0,1.87-.89,2.81-2.67,2.81h-.85v4.28h-1.79v-11.39h2.64ZM84.01,21.37v3.86h.85c.58,0,.87-.36.87-1.08v-1.71c0-.71-.29-1.07-.87-1.07h-.85Z'/%3e%3cpath%20class='st0'%20d='M93.51,19.75c1.78,0,2.67.94,2.67,2.82v1.48c0,1.87-.89,2.81-2.67,2.81h-.85v4.28h-1.79v-11.39h2.64ZM92.66,21.37v3.86h.85c.58,0,.87-.36.87-1.08v-1.71c0-.71-.29-1.07-.87-1.07h-.85Z'/%3e%3cpath%20class='st0'%20d='M98.8,31.14h-1.79v-11.39h1.79v4.88h2.03v-4.88h1.83v11.39h-1.83v-4.88h-2.03v4.88Z'/%3e%3cpath%20class='st0'%20d='M105.36,24.55h2.46v1.62h-2.46v3.34h3.09v1.63h-4.88v-11.39h4.88v1.63h-3.09v3.18ZM108.17,17.29l-1.76,1.91h-1.26l1.17-1.91h1.86Z'/%3e%3cpath%20class='st0'%20d='M112.2,19.75c1.78,0,2.67.94,2.67,2.82v1.48c0,1.87-.89,2.81-2.67,2.81h-.85v4.28h-1.79v-11.39h2.64ZM111.35,21.37v3.86h.85c.58,0,.87-.36.87-1.08v-1.71c0-.71-.29-1.07-.87-1.07h-.85Z'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3ccircle%20class='st1'%20cx='25'%20cy='25'%20r='20'/%3e%3cpath%20class='st0'%20d='M32.78,19.27c2.92,0,4.43,2.55,5.28,5.33l.71,2.17c.14.38-.33.75-.71.75h-5.61c.19-.33.24-.71.09-1.08l-.75-2.45c-.43-1.32-.99-2.64-1.79-3.77.75-.57,1.65-.94,2.78-.94h0ZM25,18.38c3.25,0,4.9,2.78,5.89,5.89l.76,2.45c.14.42-.33.8-.8.8h-11.69c-.42,0-.94-.38-.8-.8l.75-2.45c.99-3.11,2.64-5.89,5.89-5.89h0ZM25,11.35c1.74,0,3.11,1.37,3.11,3.11s-1.37,3.11-3.11,3.11-3.11-1.41-3.11-3.11,1.41-3.11,3.11-3.11h0ZM17.27,19.27c1.08,0,1.98.38,2.73.94-.8,1.13-1.37,2.45-1.74,3.77l-.8,2.45c-.14.38-.05.75.09,1.08h-5.56c-.42,0-.9-.38-.75-.75l.71-2.17c.9-2.78,2.41-5.33,5.33-5.33h0ZM17.27,12.91c1.51,0,2.78,1.27,2.78,2.83s-1.27,2.83-2.78,2.83-2.83-1.27-2.83-2.83,1.27-2.83,2.83-2.83h0ZM32.78,12.91c1.56,0,2.78,1.27,2.78,2.83s-1.23,2.83-2.78,2.83-2.83-1.27-2.83-2.83,1.27-2.83,2.83-2.83h0ZM27.07,28.56v.09c0,.57-.24,1.08-.61,1.46h0v.05c-.38.33-.9.57-1.46.57s-1.08-.24-1.46-.61h0c-.38-.38-.61-.9-.61-1.46v-.09h1.41v.09c0,.19.05.38.19.47v.05c.09.09.28.19.47.19s.38-.09.47-.19v-.05c.14-.09.24-.28.24-.47t-.05-.09h1.41ZM30.99,28.56v.09c0,1.65-.66,3.16-1.74,4.24-1.08,1.08-2.59,1.79-4.24,1.79s-3.16-.71-4.24-1.79l-.05-.05c-1.04-1.08-1.7-2.55-1.7-4.2v-.09h1.41v.09c0,1.27.47,2.4,1.27,3.25h.05c.85.85,1.98,1.37,3.25,1.37s2.4-.52,3.25-1.37c.85-.8,1.37-1.98,1.37-3.25v-.09h1.37ZM34.99,28.56v.09c0,2.78-1.13,5.28-2.92,7.07-1.79,1.79-4.29,2.92-7.07,2.92s-5.23-1.13-7.07-2.92c-1.79-1.79-2.92-4.29-2.92-7.07v-.09h1.41v.09c0,2.4.94,4.53,2.5,6.08,1.56,1.56,3.72,2.5,6.08,2.5s4.52-.94,6.08-2.5c1.56-1.56,2.5-3.68,2.5-6.08v-.09h1.41Z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)